GED 103 – Life and Works
“dogmas”
of Rizal
Why Study Rizal?
- Mandated by Law (obligatory)
- Lessons (contained on this course is to
inspire students)
MANDATED BY LAW
Seeks to accomplish the following goals:
1. To rededicate the lives of youth to the
ideals of freedom and nationalism, for
which our heroes lived and died
2. To pay tribute to our national hero for
devoting his life and works in shaping the
Filipino character
3. To gain an inspiring source of patriotism
through the study of Rizal‟s life, works, and
writings
Republic Act 1425
- Rizal Law
- Teaching of Jose Rizal‟s life, works and
writings
- Signed by Pres. Magsaysay in June 12,
1956
- Signed: May 17, 1956
- Passed: June 12, 1956
- A requirement to Tertiary Education.
o Exemption: Pwede „di basahin ang
novels ni Rizal, but you can‟t skip the
course.
Senate Bill 438 – Rizal Bill
o Author: Sen. Claro M. Recto
o Supported by: Sen. Jose P. Laurel
o One of the most controversial bill in the
Philippines during the Presidency of
Ramon Magsayay
Who are the Anti’s?
1. Catholic Church
- Rizal unraveled the Christian Friars
through his novels (Noli & El Fili) that
contain criticism on Catholic Church.
- Said that Rizal works will destroy the
- Through his novels, one‟s faith can be
different
- Rizal works contains pagbebenta ng
indolehensya. (money from Filipinos that
Rizal saw as a way of corruption)
- THREAT: Pag patuloy ang bill na „to
isasara ang mga Catholic Schools.
Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the
Philippines
o Said that Rizal Law is violating the
Canon Law 1399
o Canon Law 1399 – bans books that
contains criticism on Religion
2. People from the Legislative Branch
FIST FIGHT
- Ramon Dorano (Anti)
o Congressman of Cebu
- Emilio Cortez (Pro)
o Congressman of Pampanga
ANTI RIZAL BILL
1. Francisco Rodrigo
- Fromer Catholic Action President
2. Marian Cuenco
- Personal Belief. Avid Follower
3. Decroso Rosales
- Brother of Arch. Julio Rosales
IDEAS OF RIZAL BILL/LAW
1. Sen. Jose P. Laurel
- Said that Rizal literature works are for
tertiary only.
- Was the Chairman of Committee on
Education
2. Sen. Lim
- State exemptions: Kung ayaw/sa
tingin ng student makakaapekto sa
faith niya,
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 3. Sen. Primicias
- created an additional amendment that
promulgates the rules and regulations
in getting an exemption only from
reading the two novels through written
statement or affidavit and not from
taking the Rizal Course
LESSONS
Reasons:
1. To recognize the importance of Rizal‟s
ideals and teachings in relation to present
conditions and situations in the society.
 About then and now
 Yung nangyayari noon ay
nangyayari pa din ngayon
 History repeats itself
2. To encourage the application of such
ideals in current social and personal
problems and issues.
 application
 The approach & strategy how
Filipino deal with issues then, we
can use them to face/deal with
today‟s societal problems.
3. To develop an appreciation and deeper
understanding of all that Rizal fought
and died for.
 Inspiration & understanding
 Appreciating & emphasizing Rizal‟s
heroic actions.
4. To foster the development of the Filipino
youth in all aspects of citizenship.
 citizenship
 To develop the Filipino in us
 Holistic development
RIZAL AS A HERO
1. Rizal as an evolving personality within an
evolving historical period.
2. Rizal was capable of unraveling the myths
that were woven by the oppressors of his
time, but he would have been at a loss to see
through the more sophisticated myths and
recognize the subtle techniques of present-day
colonialist
a. Fuedalism – during Spanish era
workers, laborers are oppressed and
not given rights.
3. Many of his social criticisms are still valid
today because certain aspect of our life is still
carry-over of the feudal and colonial society of
his time
4. To be able to appreciate a hero for that
matter, we must be able to learn more
about him.
RIZAL AS A SACRIFICE
Rizal demonstrates his sacrifice through his death
1. Our national hero was a man of peace
with a vision.
- A man of peace
- Chose to fight through knowledge &
writings
2. Rizal suffered as much as his countrymen
- Pain = Pain
3. He was the spark that gave birth to
Philippine pride for one‟s country and
people
- Pagtindig
- Ugat kung bakit naging mulat ang
mga Pilipino
- Andres Bonifacio – rason bakit
nagtayo ng KKk; avid reader ni Rizal;
Blueprint ng KKK ay derived from El
Fili
4. All he wanted for his people was that they
educate themselves so that they could
stand as free men and face the world with
head held high
- Freedom through knowledge
RIZAL IS PRE-EMINENT / SUPERIOR
Virtues of Rizal – reason why reason is superior
1. Honesty
2. Personal Integrity
3. Patriotism
4. Civic Responsibility
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 5. Willingness to Sacrifice Francisco Mercado (2nd Gen)
6. High Sense of Justics - Anak ni Ines de la Rosa at Domingo Lamco
7. Family Solidarity - Naging Gobernadorcillo or Mayor of Biňan.

RIZAL ON MODERN DAY Bernarda Monicha (2nd Gen)

- Asawa ni Francis Mercado
Nick Joaquin - Chinese
- Famous novelist
- Said Rizal was aggrieved because of his Juan Mercado (3rd Gen)
physique that was compensated with body - The older of two brothers, Juan and
building, athletic, writing, arts, arithmetic. . Clemente – sons of Fransisco Mercado &
- Rizal has a fear of commitment because he Bernarda Monicha
thought he‟s not enough. (kaya daw siya - Anak ni Bernarda Monicha at Francisco
babaero) Mercado
- Wants to be a taller person than himself. - May 13 na anak
- Naging Gobernadorcilllo ng Binan

LESSON 2 Cirila Alejandra (3rd Gen)

- Asawa ni Juan Mercado
JOSE RIZAL’s GENEALOGY and - Daughter of Maria Guiňo
EARLY EDUCATION
Francisco Mercado Rizal
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonso - Rizal‟s Father
Realonda - Son of Juan Mercado and Cirala Alejandra
- Rizal Full name - Named after his grandfather
- well educated farmer with studies in Latin
June 19, 1861, 11pm – 12am – Jose Rizal and philosophy at the Colegio de San
Birthday Jose in Manila
- Fell in love on Colegio de Sta. Rosa,
Teodora Alonso – almost lost her life kasi malaki Teodora Alonso
ulo ni Rizal - he moved to Calamba and became a tenant
farmer. (inquilinos)
“Muy Bonito” – family of Rizal labeled him. - Birthday; May 11, 1818
Francisco Rizal – inquilinos were middlemen - Death: January 5, 1898
landlord, who had other tenant farmers tilling the
land for them ANCESTORS – MOTHER’S SIDE
ANCESTORS – FATHER’S SIDE Eugenio Ursua (1st Gen)
- Japanese Ancestry
Domingo Lamco (1st Gen)
- Paternal ascendant Benigna (1st Gen)
- Full blooded Chinese who migrated to the - Asawa ni Eugenio Ursua
Philippines from Amoy, China in the late
17th Century Regina Ursua (2nd Gen)
- Anak ni Eugenio Ursua at Benigna
Ines de la Rosa (1st Gen)
- Wife of Domingo Lamco Manuel de Quintos (2nd Gen)
- Chinese Catholic Girl - Asawa ni Regina
- Traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay &
some Negro ancestry

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 Brigida De Quintos (3rd Gen)  Mercado
- Daughter of Regina Ursua and Manuel De - Came from Domingo Lamco
Quintos - Conflict of Chinese & Spaniards that time
and changing surnames to shay away
Lorenzo Alberto (3rd Gen) hostilisty with the Spaniards, nadisregard
- Asawa ni Brigida De Quintos and Lamco.
- Spanish
 Y - and
Teodora Alonso Realonda  Alonso
- Mother of Rizal - Old name of Teodora
- One of the highly educated women in the
Philippines at that time.  Realonda
- student of Colegio de Santa Rosa, she - it was used by Doña Teodora from the
had a business and literary sense far ahead surname of her godmother based on the
of her time culture by that time.
- gifted woman with insights into literature,
art, music, and other forms of Filipino Dr. Austain Craig
culture - discovered the Ancestry of Rizal
- one of the most masterful commands of
Spanish in the Philippines. “A model of fathers”
- Frist Teacher of Rizal - how Rizal see Francisco Mercado
- Birthday: November 9, 1827
- Death: August 16, 1911 “First Teacher”
- Teadora Alonso
June 28, 1848 - Reading, Writing, Religion
- Wedding of Teodora Alonso and Francisco
Mercado
- Sa Calamba, Laguna
- Farming Business ang kinapamuhay
THE SIBLINGS

1. Saturnina Rizal
- Eldest
June 22, 1861 - Malaki ang influence kay Rizal
- Rizal was baptized on a Catholic Church in
Laguna 2. Paciano Rizal
- 2nd
Fr. Rufino Collantes – priest who baptized Rizal - Eldest sa lalaki
Pedro Casanas – ninong ni Rizal - Same school ni Francisco Mercado,
Colegio De san Jose
THE NAME - V close kay Rizal
- Kasama sa studies and edeavors
 Jose – St. Joseph, his mother was a devotee niya
of St. Joseph - Minulat sa kamalayang
nasyonalismo si Rizal dahil
 Protacio – St. Protacio (martyr). Catolic kinwento niya ang Martyrdome ng
Calendar Gomburza na binitay/garrote
- Farmer
 Rizal - Naging General ng Pilipinas
- the name was adapted in 1850 by authority - Inspirtaion of the character
of the Royal Decree of 1849, upon the order Pilosopotasyo
of Governor Narciso Claveria. - Marunong na pabalang
- Means green field
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 3. Narcisa Rizal PROPERTIES
- 3rd
- Inspiration the character Sisa Rizal‟s Family was considered as Middle Class /
character sa novel Principali / Creoles
- Musician & Teacher
Properties:
4. Olympia Rizal  Private Library – Approximately 1,000 books
- Nickname: Ypia  Karwahe / Kabayo
- Namatay hanggang nanganganak  Two – story stone house
 Naipadala ng magulang ang mga anak sa
5. Lucia Rizal Manila para makapag-aral
- Very prominent
 Religion Aspect: May certain lugar sa bahay
- Asawa si Mariano Herbosa na di
na pinaglalagyan ng Altar.
pinayagan ng Catholic Burial /
Catholic Cementery dahil bayaw si
Rizal RIZAL CHILDHOOD MEMORIES

6. Maria Rizal Physique

- Nickname: Biang - Frail and weak
- Kinuha si Rizal ng “aya” (nurse maid), at
7. Jose Rizal kinekewentuhan si Rizal tungkol sa mga
- Nickname: Pepe, Ute, Pepito kababalaghan
- Execution: Dec. 30, 1896
Infancy
8. Concepcion Rizal - Another memory of his infancy was the
- Nickname: Concha nocturnal walk in the town, especially when
- 1st sorrow in life of Jose Rizal there was a moon.
- 3 ys old ay may sakit at namatay si
Concepcion 3 years old
- Sumasama na si Rizal sa mga prosisyon,
9. Josefa Rizal bumabasa ng novena at religious doctrine.
- Nickname: panggoy
- Nagging member ng katipunan 5 years old
- Namatay ng spinster - Nagbabasa ng Spanish Bible
- Into arts and sketches
10. Trinidad Rizal - Rizal was known to be a keen observer,
- Nickname: Trining especially in nature.
- Last man standing
Gamo-gamo
11. Soledad Rizal - A particular night, while studying Rizal has
- Nickname: Choleng become so distracted that his mother Dona
- Youngest Teadora told him about this story.
- Namatay ng spinster - Lesson of the Story: Wag padalos dalos,
wag impulsive.
Ferdinand Bluementritt
- Russian Ethnologist 8 years old
- Very intimate friend of Rizal - Rizal wrote a his First Poem entitled, “Sa
- Kung kanino nagkkwento si Rizal ng aking mga kabata”
happenings niya sa Life - “Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling
wika, ay masahol pa sa malansang isda.”

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15 years old
- Rizal studied on Ateneo de Manila RIZAL’s KINSFOLK
- By staying there, he missed his hometown
Laguna. Leandro
- He wrote the poem “Un Recuerdo A Mi - Jose Rizal‟s Cousin
Pueblo” or “A tribute to my town” “A - Mischievous, playful and a trouble maker
memory of my town” out of - Incident: Habang nasa ilog, tinulak ni Leandro
homesickness. si Rizal sa ilog at muntikan na mamatay si
Rizal.

EARLY EDUCATION OF RIZAL IN Florentina

CALAMBA AND BIŇAN - Vulgar Type

Doňa Teodora Arcadia

- Rizal‟s first teacher when it comes to Reading, - Hot headed
writing, arts and religion. - Honest and simple

The next morning (Monday) Paciano brought his

PRIVATE TUTORS younger brother to the school of Maestro Justiniano
Aquino Cruz.
1. Maestro Celestino
2. Maestro Lucas Padua Maestro: “Do you know Spanish”
Rizal: “A little, Sir”
3. Maestro Leon Monroy Maestro; “Do you know Latin?”
- A former classmate of his father, Rizal: “A little, Sir”
Francisco Mercado
- lived at the Rizal home and instructed Rizal received laughter from that encounter on his
Jose in Spanish and Latin class and the boy who laughs the most was Pedro.
- He did not lived long. He died five
months later Pedro
- Nang-asar kay Rizal with his encounter with the
FORMAL EDUCATION Maestro
- Anak ng Teacher
June 1869
- Rizal left Calamba and went to Biňan During siesta time, Jose challenged Pedro to a fight.
together with his brother, Paciano. The The latter readily accepted. Jose won on the first
teacher that Rizal will have is a former round at „di natuloy ang 2nd round kasi nagising si
teacher of Paciano. Maestro.

The two boys wrestled furiously in the classroom,

Maestro Justiniano Cruz
much to the glee of their classmates. Jose, having
- Teacher of Rizal and Paciano
learned the art of wrestling from his athletic Tio
- Implement the “Nol Spare The Rud” approach.
Manuel, defeated the bigger boy. For this feat, he
He believed that the only way for a child to learn
became popular among his classmates.
is through punishment. (corporal punishment)
- Rizal still managed to have scolding from
Andres Salandanan
Maestro Justiniano Cruz
- challenged him to an arm-wrestling match after
the class in the afternoon
Palmetazo
- Jose, having the weaker arm, lost and nearly
 The term use of spanking and beating from
cracked his head on the sidewalk.
Maestro Cruz
Juan Canera (Old Juancho)
- Gave and taught Rizal lesson in Painting and
Tomasa Mercado drawing
- Tinigilan ni Rizal sa Binan - Helped Rizal to develop arts
- about 30 meters from Maestro Cruz
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Noli me Tangere CLASSMATES
- his novel were derived from his experience on 1. Florencio G Oliva – a Lagunense, great
Maestro talent but mediocre industry
- “Build a house in San Diego where the primer 2. Joaquin Garrido – mestizo of poor memory
would not be a black book bathed in children‟s but talented
fears biy a friendly guide ti a marvelous
3. Moises Santiago – mathematician
secrets”. “not a torture-chamber but a
playground of the mind” 4. Gonzalo Marzan – Interno and Roman
Emperor of their class.
STUDIES IN ATENEO DE MANILA
Ateneo Offers; (Jesuit System of Education)
June 10, 1872 - Physical Culture
- Together with Paciano Rizal. Rizal went to - Humanities
Manila and took the entrance examination - Scientific Studies
at the College of San Juan de Letran run - Agriculture
by Dominican - Commerce,
- Mechanics and
Paciano following the instruction of Don Francisco - Surveying
Mercado, enrolled Jose in Ateneo using Rizal as
Jose‟s surname to avoid suspicion by the TWO GROUPS IN ATENEO
Dominican‟s, Mercado being used by Paciano and 1. Roman Empire (Internos)
marked by the friars as liberal having been a  Students na nakatira within the
disciple of Padre Burgos. campus of Ateneo

Ateneo de Manila 2. Carthaginian Empire (Externos)

- Also known as Ateneo Municipal De Manila  Students na naka-dorm but outside ng
- More advance than other colleges campus ng Ateneo.
- Run by Jesuits
RANKS IN ATENEO
Fr. Magin Fernando - Emperor – Best Student
- Refused to admit Jose for two reasons: - Tribune – 2nd
o Being late - Decurion – 3rd
o Sickly and undersized - Centurion – 4th
- Standard Bearer – 5th
Manuel Xerex
- Nephew of Padre Burgos Rizal an externo Carthaginian was at the bottom
- Rizal was finally admitted in Ateneo by his of his class but within 1 month he becomes
help Emperor.
- Backer system
Santa Isabel College
GOMBURZA - Rizal attended private lesson on Spanish
- Mariano Gomez - Gusto ni Rizal na ma-develop sa Spanish
- Jose Burgos Literacy
- Jacinto Zamora
1st Year College
Father Jose Bech - Rizal become the 2nd best in class at the
- First teacher in Ateneo end of the school year.
- June 1872, Rizal‟s first day in class in
Summer Vacation
Ateneo
- Rizal was unhappy because of his mother
was imprisoned.

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INJUSTICE TO TEODORA ALONSO mother told him about her dream and Rizal
interpreted it that his Mother will be
2 ½ years released. After 3 months, her mother was
- Dona Teodora Alonso was imprisoned released.

Jose Alberto Rizal Interest in Reading:

- Dona Teodora‟s brother - The Count of Monet-Cristo by Alexander
- In 1872, he found his children abandoned Dumas
and his wife living with another man, - Universal History by Cesar Cantu
- Dona Teodora prevailed over J. Alberto not - Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor
to divorce his wife as he announced. Jagor.
o Rizal requested this book to his father
Teodora Formoso
- Asawa ni Jose Alberto THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO
- Have an affair and abandoned her children. - Rizal’s grades were the same
- Gain one medal in Latin
Story: - Failed to gain the medal in Spanish
Jose Alberto was used to travels. One day when - Top & five medals
he came back, he saw his kids abandoned and T.
Formoso was also out of the picture. It has been Teodora AlAonso
revealed that T. Formoso has an affair. J. Alberto - Released
wants divorce but Dona Teodora prevailed and - Rizal‟s Prophecy
Jose Alberto obey. J. Alberto locked his wife in a
room and asked her sister to look over his wife
such as bringing her food. FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO

T. Alonso gave food to T. Formoso. T. Formoso Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez

gave the food to the dog and the dog died. The - According to Rizal, he was the best
wife interpreted as if they were plotting something professor in Ateneo
criminal against her. - “Model of uprightness, earnestness, and
love for the advancement of his pupils”
Antonio Vivencio Del Rosario
- Spanish Lieutenant of Guardia Civil LAST YEAR IN ATENEO
- Where Teodora Formoso filed against Dona - “The pride of the Jesuits”
Teodora Alonso - “Most brilliant Atenean of his time”
Francisco De Marcaida Obtained highest Grades:
Manuel Marzan o Philosophy
- Defendor of Dona Teodora o Physics
- Most famouse lawyers of Manila o Biology
o Chemistry
Dona Teodora was acquitted by Manila Royal o Languages
Audiencia and was released after 2 ½ years. o Mineralogy
o Etc
SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO
- Emperor again EXTRA-CURRICULAR
- Excellent Grades & Gold Medal - Emperor and Campus Leader
Rizal Prophecy
- Rizal and his mother have and encounter
before Dona Teodora was released. His
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Marian Congregation 3. Al Niño Jesus
- A religious society  To the child Jesus
- As member & later on as secretary because  To express his roman Catholicism
of his devotion to Our Lady of the
Immaculate Concepcion. 4. Through Education the country receives
light
Academy of Spanish Literature  Education as guide (lighthouse)
- Member being gifted
5. Intimate Alliance Between Religion
Academy of Natural Science  Goad as the center of Education
- Member
March 23, 1877 – Rizal‟s Graduation
Father Jose Villa Clara Bachelor of Arts – degree of Rizal at the age of
- Advised Rizal to focus on Philosophy and 16
Natural Sciences
RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION –
FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
Agustin Saez
- A peninsular Doña Teodora Alonso
- Rizal‟s professor in drawing/painting - Don‟t want to send Rizal to Manila and
pursue college as she have fear if he gets
Romualdo de Jesus to know more, baka mapagya sa mga
- A Filipino edukado that time. Yung mga may reform
- Rizal‟s instructor in sculpture movement na namamatay.
Tio Manuel Rizal uncertain as to what profession to follow
- Taught Rizal gymnastics, wrestling and as per advice
fencing 1. Priesthood
2. Farming
SCULTURE WORK IN ATENEO
Options:
The Virgin Mary 1. Literature
- Carved on Batikuling wood 2. Law
- and penknife 3. Medicine

Sacred Heart of Jesus Paciano to Jose: Don‟t practice law because of

- Father Lleonart requested him to carve the social injustices that time.
Sacred Heart of Jesus and now places on Leaving Rizal with 2 (two) options: Literature or
the door of their dormitory Medicine.

LITERARY WORKS IN ATENEO 1st year – UST

1. Mi Primera Inspiracion
 My first inspiration
 Dedicated to his mother in her birthday
2. Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo
 In memory of my town
- Rizal took Philosophy and Letters mainly
because 2 reasons:
 Because of his father, Francisco
Mercado
 Di pa nagrerespond si Father Ramon
Pablo.
- Subjects: Cosmology and Metaphysics,
Theodicy, History and Philosophy

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2nd Year – UST LIBERALISM AND FILIPINO AT UST
- Rizal‟s change of heart
- Rizal shifted program mainly for 2 reasons: Liceo Artistico Leterario de Manila
 Failing eyesight of his mother - Organiztaion of Art Lovers on Manila, Rizal
 Upon the advice of his Ateneo Prof., submitted 2 pieces:
Father Ramon Pablo  A la Juventud Filipino (to the Filipino
Youth)
Scholastic Record Inspiring poem wherein Rizal
- Mediocre beseeched the Filpino you to rise
- Medical Subjects – Fair / Average from lethargy.
- Mas outstanding si Rizal sa Ateneo
- Di masyado nagexcel kasi „di masyado
passionate, more on external factors.  El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of
the Gods)
UST EXPERIENCE (Academic Rizal won first prize but was not
Performance) awarded because the piece was
Rizal was unhappy in UST, reasons: created by an Indio

1. Hostility of Dominican Professors (Strict YOUTH (Nation Building)

and implementation of Corporal Punishment) 1. Cultivate Talents in the Arts (use arts to
2. Racial Discrimination express)
3. Obsolete and Repressive Method (quality 2. Develop their knowledge of the Science
of education, walang lab works) (innovate0
3. Break their chain of bondage (pagtindig)
Fascinated with Women
- Become a distraction to Rizal Junto Al Pasig
- A zarzuela staged by the Atenean on
Segunda Katigbak December 8, 1880 on the occasion of the
- Rizal‟s first love annual celebration contatining subtle attire
- From Batangas of Rizal‟s nationalist ideas
- Binibisita ni Rizal sa Boarding House (to
show off quality time) A Filipinas
- Hindi sila nagtagal dahil enganged na si - A sonnet written by Rizal urging Filipino
Segunda artists to glorify the Philippines.

Leonor Valenzuela STUDENT ACTIVISM AT UST

- Nickname Orang
- Na-two time ni Rizal
- Madalas padalhan ni Rizal ng sulat gamit
ang Salt and water (invisible ink) at nakikita
lang pag tinatapat sa gasera.
Leonor Rivera
- Na-two time ni Rizak
- Pinsan ni Rizal (2nd / 3rd)
- Francisco Mercado and Antonio Rivera are
cousins
- Longest relationship of Rizal, 11 years
- Di nauwi sa kasalan
Josephine Bracken – asawa ni Rizal
Opening of Suez Canal
- Paraan para makipagkalakalan sa Foreign
- Economic Growth = people become Middle
Class, and these middle class family are
capable of letting their children study in
abroad.
Illustrados
- Mga taong nakapagaral sa abroad
Ano pinagaaralan sa abroad?
- Liberal Ideas
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Nagcompare ang mga Illustrados ang system sa
Pilipinas at sa ibang bansa and Rizal initiated a
secret organization.

Compañerismo (Comradeship)
- Members were called “Companions of
Jehu”
- President: Jose Rizal
- Secretary: Galicano Apacible

FIRST TASE OF SPANISH BRUTALITY

Summer Vacation
- Summer Vacation in Calamba in 1878,
Rizal dimly pereceuved a figure of a man
which turned out to be Lieutenant of the
Guardia Civil. Rizal was whipped for
failing to greet the Lieutenant with
stingray / buntot pagi.
- Rizal tried to tell Primo de Rivera the
Captain General but could not obtain
justice.

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