LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
books of Rizal from the schools
1| Introduction to the Course: RA 1425
The Rizal Law, otherwise known as RA
1425
 Section 1 states that Rizal Law was
passed by Congress to increase
nationalism among Filipinos during
time of diminishing Filipino identity
 Signed by the president on June 12,
1956
 Was made effective 30 days after its
implementation
 (a) Today, more than any other time
in our history, it is essential for the
re-dedication to ideals of nationalism
and freedom for which our heroes
died for this country.
 The country was still recovering from
Japanese occupation and very
dependent on US governance
 (b) Every educational institution is
subject to regulation and supervision
of the State, and all schools are
advised to develop moral character,
civic consciousness, personal
discipline, and learn the duties of
citizenship.
 It is important for academe to make
students realize that they belong to
this country
 (c) The Board of National education
shall cause the translation of Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, and
other writings of Rizal to be
translated in English, Tagalog, and
principal Philippine dialects
 They should be distributed to people
free of charge
 Specific, Measurable, Attainable,
Realistic, and Time-bound (SMART)
 Claro M. Recto firmly supported the
reading of the uncensored version
 “The people who would eliminate the
would absorb out from our minds the
memory of the national hero. It is not
a fight against Recto, but a fight
against Rizal.” (Ocampo, 2012)
 Bill was passed with an article that
would allow exemptions for people
who think that reading these would
destroy their belief
 Senate Bill 438 – Rizal Bill first
authored and sponsored by Sen.
Claro M. Recto
 Requires inclusion in curricula of
Rizal’s life, works, and writings in all
public and private schools, colleges,
and universities and the novels Noli
Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo
 The bill was vehemently
contradicted by some of the
legislators and the Roman Catholic
Church
 Sen. Jose P. Laurel sponsored the
bill
 Bill was opposed by 3 senators:
Mariano Cuenco, Francis Rodrigo,
Decoroso Rosales
 Oppositions from Lower House:
Ramon Durano, Marciano Lim,
Manuel Soza, Godofredo Ramos,
Miguel Cuenco, Jose Nuguid, Lucas
Paredes, Tecia San Andres Ziga,
Carmen Consing
 Bill would go against freedom of
religion and conscience and violation
of 1939 Canon Law (prohibits attack
on Catholic doctrine and practices)
 Opposition argued only 25 passages
were nationalistic out of 333 pages &
120 passages were anti-Catholic
(Noli) and 50 passages in El Fili are
against Catholic faith
 Not only attacked friars but Catholic
faith itself
  Rizalian Anthology – collection of
Rizal’s works that contain patriotic
reasoning prohibiting 2 novels
 Recto and Laurel defended the bill
 Bill was passed on May 17, 1956
and signed into RA 1425 by Pres.
Ramon Magsaysay
Republic Act 1425 and Other Rizal Laws
 Objectives: (1) To rededicate the
lives of the youth to the ideals of
independence and nationalism, for
which our heroes lived and died, (2)
To dignify our national hero for
devoting his life and works in
shaping the Filipino character, & (3)
To stimulate patriotism through the
study of Rizal’s life, works, and
writings
 In 1994, through memorandum order
no. 247, Pres. Fidel V. Ramos
ordered to fully implement RA 1425
 In 1995 CHED memorandum no. 3
was issued
 RA 229 – act prohibiting cockfighting,
horse racing, and jai-alai on 30th day
of December
Essentials of Studying Rizal
 Provide insights on how to deal with
current problems
 Helps people understand better us
Filipinos
 It teaches nationalism and patriotism
 It provides several valuable life
lessons
 It helps in developing logical and
critical thinking
 Rizal can serve as a valuable model
and inspiration to every Filipino
 Rizal’s life is full of fascinating non-
fictional accounts:
- Love triangle with Antonio Luna
- Model in some of Juan Luna’s
paintings
- His common law wife was
remarried to a man from Cebu
and tutored former Pres. Sergio
Osmena
- Leonor Rivera had a son who
married the sister of former Pres.
Of UN Gen Assembly Carlos P.
Romulo
- Filipina beauty queen Gemma
Cruz Araneta is a descendant of
Rizal’s sister Maria
- Sportscaster Chino Trinidad is a
descendant of Segunda Katigbak
- Original manuscripts of Rizal’s
novels were once stolen for
ransom, but Alejandro Roces
had them retrieved without
paying
Rizal as an American Sponsored Hero?
In 1901, William Howard Taft proposed
Rizal as our National Hero because:
 Rizal was already dead by the time
the Americans colonized the
Philippines
 He did not make any negative or
embarrassing remarks of anti-
American quotations
 Martyrdom of Rizal was a symbol of
Spanish oppression
 He urged reform from within by
publicity, by public education, and
appeal to public conscience
Rizal, Pioneer Asian Nationalist Leader
 His ideas matured at an early age
 Prime proponent of Asian
nationalism during his time since he
was the source of inspiration for the
outbreak of Philippine revolution of
1896
 Pioneer Exponent of Liberal
Democracy in Asia
 Ideas on liberal democracy in Rizal’s
novels, essays, and letters:
 - worth and dignity of the
individual
- inviolability of human rights
- innate impartiality of all men and
races
- necessity for constitutional
government
- due process
- popular sovereignty as basis of
all political jurisdiction
- faith in human reason and
wisdom
- rights of masses to public
education
- belief in social progress through
freedom
Four major Phases in the Life of our
Hero
1. First Phase (1861-1872)
 He learned how to read, write,
and listen to stories
 Different values and virtues
developed in him
 He became industrious,
creative, rational, and
dignified
2. Second Phase (1872-1882)
 First turning point in Rizal’s
life
 He was 11 when he was
enrolled in Ateneo Municipal
despite his mother’s
objection
 Martyrdom of GomBurZa led
Rizal to be awakened to the
abuses of the regime and he
wanted to avenge the victims
of injustices
3. Third Phase (1882-1892)
 1882 was the next great
decisive moment in the life of
Rizal
 He decided to leave the
Philippines to escape
persecution
 He went to Europe
 He persuaded Filipinos in
Spain to prove that they can
compete with Europeans in
intellect and talent
 Rizal cooperated with
Propaganda Movement
 Through his writings, novels,
and essays, he sought to
make sincere divulgence of
the social, political, and
economic circumstances of
the country
4. Fourth and Final Phase (1892-1896)
 1892 was the final tuning
point in Rizal’s life
 He got exiled in Dapitan
 He was executed on
December 30, 1896
2| The Philippines in the 19th Century as
Rizal’s Context
The Global Context: The Three Great
Revolutions
1. Industrial Revolution
 Economic revolution that
started with invention of
steam engine and resulted in
use of equipment in
manufacturing sector in cities
of Europe
 Merchants of Europe who
became wealthy through
trade became early
capitalists
 Farmers from rural areas and
remote provinces migrated to
cities and became industrial
workers
 Abrupt change in Philippine
economy in the 18th century
and middle of 19th
  Encouraged Spain in 1834 to
open Phil. Economy to world
commerce
 New ports and cities were
built
 Merchant banks and financial
systems were established
 British and Americans
improved machinery for
agricultural products, sugar
milling, and rice hulling
 Fast tempo of economic
development in 19th century
resulted in rise of new breed
of influential and wealthy
Filipino middle class
 Spanish and Chinese
mestizos rose to position of
power in Filipino community
and became leaders in
finance and education
 Safer, faster, and more
comfortable means of
transportation and
communication (railways and
steamships)
2. The French Revolution
 Changed political tone of the
period
 Political and social upheaval
and radical change in history
of France (from absolute
monarchy to more
democratic government)
 Equality and fraternity started
to spread in Europe and
around the world
 Spain experienced turbulent
century of political
disturbances (numerous
changes in parliaments &
constitutions)
 Global power of Siglo de Oro
of Spain waned abroad in the
19th century
3. The American Revolution
 Political upheaval during last
half of 18th century in which
13 colonies of North America
overthrew the rule of the
British Empire and rejected
British monarchy to make
USA a sovereign nation
 Gave the world in 19th
century the idea that
colonized people can gain
independence from their
colonizers
 Americans were able to
overthrow their British
colonial masters
The Church in the 19th Century
 Weakening grip of the Catholic
Church of the growing secularized
society of Europe and Spain
 The power of friars in the Philippines
did not decline
 Filipinos turned more and more to
the friars for moral and political
guidance
 Encouraged nationalists to double
their efforts to win the people to the
ir side
The Birth of Filipino Nationalism
 Rise of Filipino nation was slow but
inevitable
 Flowering of national spirit
stimulated by: (1) opening of
Philippines to world trade, (2) rise of
enlightened middle class, (3)
Spanish revolution of 1868, (4)
opening of Suez Canal, (5) Influx of
liberal ideas, (6) Cavite Mutiny of
1872, (7) Martyrdom of fathers
Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora
Opening of Philippines to World Trade
 Europe adopted more liberal
commercial policy
  Spain permitted foreign firms to do
business in Manila
 1834 – Manila opened to world trade
 Remarkable progress in agriculture,
business, and industry
 Contact with outside world
broadened people’s minds about the
evils of Spain’s colonial
administration
Rise of an Enlightened Middle Class
 Consisted of well-to-do farmers,
teachers, lawyers, physicians,
writers, and government employees
 Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar,
Luna brothers, Jose Ma.
Panganiban, Mariano Ponce,
Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Dr. Pedro A.
Paterno
The Spanish Revolution of 1868
 Sept. 19, 1863 – a revolution broke
out in Cadiz, Spain
 Colonial officials with democratic
views were sent to Manila
Opening of the Suez Canal
 November 17, 1860
 Built by Ferdinand de Lesseps
 Connects Red Sea and
Mediterranean linking Europe and
the Orient closer
 Shortened sailing distance between
Barcelona and Manila
 Facilitated travel and communication
 1810 – 4000 Spaniards in PH; 1870
– 13, 500; 1898 – 34, 000
Influx of Liberal Ideas
 Ships that came via Suez Canal
carried liberal ideas from America
and Europe
 General Carlos Maria de la Torre –
New Spanish governor-general; took
office on June 23, 1869
 De la Torre was a true liberal; made
notable achievements during his 2-
year term
 He eliminated censorship of press
and fostered free discussion of
political problems
 July 7, 1869 – de la Torre
suppressed flogging as a form of
punishment for desertion by Filipino
soldiers
 His greatest achievement – peaceful
settlement of agrarian reform trouble
in Cavite
Cavite Mutiny of 1872
 Feb. 17, 1872 – Gomburza along
with co-accused Zaldua were
escorted from Fort Santiago to the
Luneta
 Gomez, 73; Zamora, 37; Burgos, 35
 The execution hastened the growth
of Philippine nationalism
 Greatest tribute to the was written by
Jose Rizal in El Filibusterismo
The Philippines and Spain of Rizal’s
Times in the 19th Century
 Philippines became an
intermediating economy bridging
gap between America, Asia, and
Europe
 Assimilation of Philippines in
Spanish Empire brough social
cohesion that favored construction of
national identity
 Empire promoted public works such
as lighthouses, Manila Harbor Board,
and Hydrographic Committee of
Pacific, and Manila observatory
The Philippines of Rizal’s Time in 1808
 Ferdinand VII was king of Spain
 Country divided between liberals
and traditionalists
The Philippines in Rizal’s Time in 1812
  Cadiz Constitution – terminated
oppressive Galleon trade
 1815 – last galleon Magallanes left
Acapulco to return to Manila
The Philippines in Rizal’s Time in 1833
 Carlism – traditionalist and legitimist
political movement in Spain seeking
establishment of separate line of
Bourbon family on Spanish throne
 Spain’s downfall in 1898 – lost
remaining significant colonies Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and Philippines
Notable Asian People during the Time of
Dr. Rizal
Mohandas K. Gandhi (Oct. 2, 1869 – Jan.
30, 1948)
 Mahatma Gandhi or Bapu father of
Indian independence
 Non-violence, civil rights, and
democracy
 Became leader of Muslims
protesting declining status of the
Caliphate
 Campaigns to eradicate poverty,
expand women’s rights, build
religious and ethnic amity, end
untouchability, increase economic
self-reliance, achieve Swaraj
(independence of India from British
domination)
Dr. Sun Yat- Sen (Nov. 12, 1866 – March
12, 1925)
 Chinese revolutionary, first president,
and father of Republic of China
 “Father of the Nation” in Republic of
China and “forerunner of democratic
revolution” in People’s Republic of
China
 instrumental in overthrow of Qing
dynasty
 Co-founded Kuomintang (KMT)
Nguyen Tat Thanh also known as Chi
Minh (1890 – 1969)
 Vietnamese Communist Leader and
leading force behind Vietnamese
struggle against French colonial rule
 Used pseudonym Nguyen Ai Quoc
and engaged in radical activities
3| Rizal’s Life: Family, Childhood, and
Early Education
Birth of the First Filipino
 June 19, 1861
 Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y
Alonso Realonda
 First among Indios to refer to himself
as “Filipino” – Guerrero (2003)
 Christened by Fr. Rufino Collantes
 Mother: Dona Todora Alonso y
Realonda
 Father: Don Francisco Mercado y
Alejandro
Of Noble Ancestry
 “Mercado” had been given to Jose’s
great-grandfather in 1731
 1850 – Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria
decreed that Mercado should be
their family name
 Don Francisco found it unsuitable for
an inquilino or tenant farmer
 Don Francisco decided to modify it
into “ricial” which means “green field”
and changed the spelling into “Rizal”
The Ilustrado Family
 Don Francisco studied at Colegio de
San Jose in Manila
 Don Francisco was teniente
gobernadoracillo in Calamba
 Dona Teodora studied at Colegio de
Santa Rosa
 Mercados and Alonsos belonged to
principalia (enough land and money
to raise a living)
  Saturnina (1850), Paciano (1851),
Narcisa (1852), Olympia (1855),
Lucia (1857), Maria (1859), Josefa
(1865), Trinidad (1868), Soledad
(1870)
 Concepcion or Concha (1862) – only
lived for 3 years and died of illness
 Jose’s parents and siblings called
him Ute
 During his ateneo days, he was
called Pepe
 At age of 5, Jose was able to read
the Spanish family bible (Historia
Rizal’s Early Informal Education
Sagrada)
Memories and Stories like No Other
 Two-story house: first floor was built
of stone
 Ground floor was his mother’s store
 There was a cimarin (b=vast
storehouse where rice and sugar
were kept)
 Favorite dish of Jose as a child was
carne asada or beef steak
 House had a private library with a
grand veranda called azotea
 Large garden filled with trees that
became abode to different species
of birds
 Donkey named “Alipato” and dog
named “Usman”
The town that Inspired a Hero
 Uncle Jose Alberto helped him
develop his innate gift in arts
 Uncle Manuel encouraged him to
nurture his frail body through athletic
drills, martial arts, and physical
exercises
 Father Leoncio Lopez – another
influence in building Jose’s character
 Jose paid tribute to Father Leoncio
in Noli Me Tangere
 Jose’s mother was arrested and
imprisoned for 2 years
 First teacher was his mother
 She discovered his talent for poetry
and encouraged him to write
 As he grew older, his parents
employed private tutors (Maestro
Celestino, Maestro Lucas Padua,
and Leon Monroy)
 After Monroy’s death, Rizal was sent
to a private school in Binan
 Jose was sent to learn from
Justiniano Aquino Cruz

 Calamba – midst of a rich

agricultural region
 Enclosed between Laguna de Bay
and Mt. Makiling
 Encomienda – excessive taxes for
non-Spanish families; became
instrument for friars’ gains
 Town essentially became his
inspirations in life and rote the poem
“Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo” (In
memory of my town)
Many Splendid Talents

First Day in Binan (1869 – 1871)
 School was within the vicinity of
teachers’ ancestral home
 Paciano brought Rizal to Justiniano
Cruz
First School Brawl
 Jose challenged Pedro to a fight
 He defeated Pedro
 Andes Saladanan challenged him to
an arm-wrestling match
 Jose lost and nearly cracked his
head on the sidewalk
 He was quarrelsome by nature
Painting Lesson in Binan
 Juancho – an old painter who is also
the father-in-law of the
schoolteacher
 He gave lessons in drawing and
painting
Best Student in school
 Jose beat also Binan boys in
academics (Spanish, Latin, and
other subjects)
End of Schooling in Binan
 1870 – Jose received letter from
Saturnina about the arrival of
steamer Talim which would take him
to Calamba
 Dec. 17, 1870 – he left Binan
 Arturo Camps – his father’s friend;
took care of him on board
Life and Studies at Ateneo (1872 – 1877)
 June 10, 1872 – went to Manila with
Paciano to take examinations and
passes them
 Enrolled at Ateneo Municipal
 At first, Fr. Magin Ferrando who was
college registrar refused to admit
him because (1) he was late for
registrar, and (2) he was sickly and
undersized for his age; he was 11
 He was admitted upon intercessions
of Manueleres Burgos
 Jose boarded at Titay’s lodging
house to collect debt of P300
Jesuits System of Education
 More advanced than that of other
colleges
 Rigid discipline, and religious
instruction
 Offered vocational courses aside
from academic courses
 Students heard mass before
beginning of daily class
First Year in Ateneo (1872 – 1873)
 Fr. Jose Bech – Rizal’s first
professor in Ateneo
 He became “emperor”
 Rizal took private Spanish lessons in
Santa Isabel (3 pesos)
Second Year in Ateneo (1873 – 1874)
 He once more became “emperor”
 He received a gold medal at the end
of the school year
Third Year in Ateneo (1874 – 1875)
 His mother was released from prison
 He won only one medal in Latin
 He was not impressed by his
academic work
Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875 – 1876)
 June 16, 1875 – he became an
interno in Ateneo
 Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez –
great educator and scholar
Last Year in Ateneo (1876 – 1877)
  He excelled in all his subjects
 “Pride of the Jesuits”
 Gained highest grades in all subjects
Graduated with Highest Honors

 He received a top mark in all his

classes
 Used surname Rizal to break away
from agitational reputation of his
older brother
 Studied for a degree of Land
Surveying and Assessment and
graduated with honors or
sobrasaliente
 Graduated on March 14, 1877
 Took licensure exam in 1878 but
was not given a license until he was
21 in 1881
 1878 – he enrolled at Faculty of Arts
and Letters for a degree in
Philosophy at UST; also enrolled in
faculty of Medical Sciences in UST
to specialize in opthalmology
4| Rizal’s Life: Higher Education and
Life Abroad
● Rizal decided to pursue higher
education in Spain
● He completed a 4 year medical
course at the University of Santo
Tomas (UST)
● He decided to study in Spain
because he was disgusted with the
method of instruction by the
Dominican - owned university and
to escape the racial prejudice of
Dominican professors against
Filipino students.
● Rizal’s departure for Spain was
kept secret to avoid detection by
the Spanish authorities and friars.
● He used his cousin’s name from
Biñan, Jose Mercado.
Rizal’s First Trip to Abroad
● May 3, 1882 - Rizal left the
Philippines for the first time to go
to Spain.
● He boarded the steamer
“Salvadora”.
● He used a passport named Jose
Mercado, which was procured by
his uncle, Antonio Rivera, father of
Leonor Rivera.
Singapore
● May 9, 1882 -the Salvadora
docked at Singapore.
● From Singapore, he transferred to
another ship, Djemnah.
● May 17, 1882 - Djemnah reached
the Point Galle, a quiet and lonely
place.
● The day after, Djemnah reached
Colombo which he described to be
“Beautiful, Smart and Elegant”
● Rizal sighted the barren coast of
Africa and called it “inhospitable
land but famous”.
● From Aden, Djemnah proceeded
to the city of suez, the red sea
terminal of suez canal.
Naples and Marseilles
● June 11, 1882 - Rizal reached
Naples which is in Europe.
● June 12, 1882 - the steamer
docked at French Harbor of
Marseilles.
● June 15, 1882 - Rizal left
Marseilles for Barcelona boarding
on an express train.
● June 16, 1882 - Rizal reached
Barcelona.
● August 20, 1882 - his article “Amor
Patrio” was published in the
Diariong Tagalog, a manila
newspaper edited by Basilio
Teodoro.
● September 2, 1882 - he enrolled at
the Universidad Central de Madrid.
● He took the following subjects:
Medical clinic, Surgical Clinic,
Obstetrical Clinic and Legal
Medicine
● Paciano advised Rizal to finish his
medical course in Madrid.
● In Madrid, Rizal enrolled in the
Universidad Central de Madrid in
two courses - Philosophy and
Letters and Medicine.
Rizal in Madrid
● September 28, 1883 - Rizal
enrolled at the central Universidad
de Madrid for the second course in
medicine.
● January 2, 1884 - Rizal proposed
to the members of the Circulo
assembled in the house of the
Pateros, the publication of a book
by association.
● This idea became the embryo of
his first novel Noli Me Tangere.
● June 2, 1884 - he finished the
degree of Licentiate in Medicine
with the grade aprobado by the
Central Universidad de Madrid.
● June 25, 1884 - Rizal won first
prize in a Greek contest, after
which he delivered a speech in
honor of the two Filipino painters,
Juan Luna, and Felix Resurreccion
Hidalgo.
● July 1, 1884 - Rizal explained the
term "Filibusterismo" in the
newspaper of Madrid El Progreso.

Rizal in Berlin, Germany
● March 21, 1887 - copies of his
novel came off the press. He sent
one copy to Prof. Blumentritt.
Important Things to Remember in
Europe
Potsdam
1. Companion: Dr. Maximo Viola
2. May 11, 1887: spring season
3. Rizal's luggage includes letters from his
friends.
Dresden
1. Regional Floral Exposition
2. Visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer (Museum
of Art)
3. Met Dr. Jagor who advised them to wire
Blumentritt.
Leitmeritz, Bohemia
1. Arrived on May 13, 1887 (1:30 p.m)
2. Meeting with Blumentritt- kind-hearted,
old Austrian professor who helped Rizal &
Viola during their stay in Leitmeritz
3. Enjoyed the hospitality of Blumentritt's
family: Rosa (wife), Children (Dora,
Conrad, and Fritz)
4. He painted a portrait of Blumentritt and
gave it to him.
5. Met a renowned scientist named Dr.
Carlos Czelopak
6. May 16 (9.45 A.M) they left Leitmeritz
by train.
Prague
1. Carried letters of recommendation from
Dr. Willkomm
First Homecoming
● Rizal arrived in Manila on August 5,
1887, at 9:00 p.m..
● August 30, 1887 - Jose Rizal left
Calamba for Manila to see
Governor-General on the issue of
the Noli Me Tangere which caused
torment among the friars in the
Philippines.
● August 30, 1887 - an order of the
Archbishop of Manila issued an
order prohibiting the possession
and reading of the Noli Me
Tangere.
● October 19, 1887 - Rizal made a
pencil drawing of a sailboat sailing
on Laguna de Bay
● December 20. 1887 - the drawing
was sent to Blumentritt.
Rizal's Second Trip Abroad
● February 3, 1888 - Rizal left Manila
for Hong Kong
● February 8, 1888 - he arrived at
Hong Kong
● February 19, 1888 - Rizal left Hong
Kong for Macau on board the Kui
Kiang.
● February 22,1888 - Rizal left Hong
Kong for Japan on board the
Oceanic.
Yokohama, Japan
● In the year 1888, between
February 28 and April 13 - Rizal
arrived in Japan.
● He was visited by Juan Perez
Caballero who invited Rizal to live
at the Spanish Legation.
● Rizal accepted it for 2 reasons:
One, he could economize his living
expenses and second, Rizal had
nothing to hide from the prying
eyes of the Spanish authorities.
London, England
While he was in London, he received good
news and bad news from his hometown
as such:
1. Persecution of Filipinos who signed the
Anti-Friar petition was rampant;
2. Persecution of the Calamba tenants
including Rizal's family and relatives;
3. Furious attacks on Rizal by Spanish
senators:
4. Rizal's brother-in-law exiled to Bohol.
5. A friend of Rizal was arrested and jailed
in Bilibid prison for keeping a copy of Noli.
● December 1888 - Rizal visited
Barcelona and Madrid where he
first met Marcelo H. Del Pilar and
Mariano Ponce, the leaders of the
propaganda movement.
● December 31, 1888 - the
Asociacion La Solidaridad was
inaugurated, Rizal chose the
honorary president.
● February 15, 1888 - Graciano
Lopez Jaena founded La
Solidaridad in Barcelona.
● March 25, 1889 - Rizal's first article
in La Solidaridad entitled Los
Agricultores Filipinos was
published.
● February 22, 1889 - Jose wrote the
Tagalog version of The Women of
Malolos. This letter was about a
Filipino woman and her rights.
● Rizal finished four sculptural works:
1. Prometheus bound
2. The triumph of death over
life
3. The triumph of science
over death
4. A carving of the heads of
the Beckett sisters
Rizal's Second Sojourn in Paris and the
Universal Exposition of 1889
● January 28, 1890 - Rizal left Paris
for Brussels, capital of Belgium.
Belgium, Brussels
● Rizal was busy writing his second
novel. El Filibusterismo which is a
continuation of the Noli.
● The management of Dominican
hacienda continually raised the
land rents until such time that
Rizal's father refused to pay his
rent.
● The Dominican Order filed a suit in
court to dispossess the Rizal
family of their lands in Calamba.
● July 18, 1890 - Rizal wrote a letter
to Ponce where he expressed his
determination to go home.
● Something however, happened
that suddenly made him change
his mind - a letter from Paciano
which related that they lost the
case against the Dominicans in
Manila, but they appealed it to the
Supreme Court in Spain.
Rizal Arrived in Madrid
● In August 1890, Rizal arrived in
Madrid, Spain.
● Rizal failed to seek justice for his
family and the Calamba tenants.
With the Bousted in Biarritz, France
● March 29, 1891 - he finished
writing his book El Filibusterismo.
● May 30, 1891 - the revision of the
El Fili was completed and was
ready to be published.
To Paris and Back to Brussels
● March 30, 1891 - Rizal went back
to Paris.
● May 1, 1891 - he notified the
Propaganda authorities of his
retirement.
● He also immediately stopped
writing for La Solidaridad after his
retirement.
Salient Point to Ponder before El
Filibusterismo was Published in Ghent
1. October 1887 Jose Rizal started writing
El Filibusterismo
2. In 1888 in London he made changes in
the plot and added more characters in
Paris and Madrid.
3. On March 19, 1891, he finished his
manuscript in Biarritz 4. July 5, 1891,
Rizal left Brussels for Ghent
5. On August 6, 1891, he suspended the
publishing of the novel because of lack of
funds
6. Valentin Ventura in Paris Gave Rizal
funds to resume the novel.
7. September 18, 1891, El fili came off the
press.
Second Homecoming and the Liga
Filipina
● June 26, 1892 - Rizal arrived in the
Philippines from Hong Kong on
board the boat Don Juan.
● The founding of the Liga Filipina, a
civic league of Filipinos, which he
desired to establish and its role in
the socio-economic life of the
people.
Liga Filipina officers were
1. Ambrosio Salvador - President
2. Deodato Arellano - Secretary
3. Bonifacio Arevola Agustin de la Rosa -
Treasurer
Fiscal Conditions of Liga Filipina
1. To unite the archipelago into one
compact and homogeneous body.
2. Mutual Protection in every want
and necessity.
3. Defense against all violence and
injustice.
4. Encourage education, agriculture,
and commerce.
5. Study of application and reforms.
The Motto of Liga Filipina: One Like
Them (unus instar omnium)
● Rizal was arrested and jailed in
Fort Santiago
Last Trip Abroad
● Rizal traveled from Dapitan to
Manila
● Andres Bonifacio and Katipunan
start a revolution in Balintawak.
● Rizal was arrested and taken to
the fortress Monjuch.
● General Despujol sends Rizal back
to Manila for trial in court.
Last Homecoming and Trial
● October 11 - Spanish authorities
confiscate Rizal's diary
● Rizal chose Don Luis Taviel de
Andrade to defend him in court.
● December 26, 1896 - Rizal's mock
trial begins and was sentenced to
death by the court.
● December 28 - Polavieja approves
Rizal's execution by firing squad.
5| Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial and Death
An Exile in Dapitan
● July 17, 1892 - Rizal reached
Dapitan (a remote town in
Mindanao under missionary
jurisdiction of the Jesuits) at 7pm.
● Rizal lived at the residence of
Captain Carnicero - politico-military
governor of the district.
All about Faith
● Rizal had a scholarly debate with
Fr. Pastells regarding religion.
● Fr. Pastells gave Rizal a copy of a
famous Catholic book by Father
Thomas á Kempis entitled
"Imitacion de Cristo" (Imitation of
Christ).
The Awakening of Dapitan
● Rizal devoted much of his time in
improving his artistic and literary
skills.
1. Architectural and Engineering
Works
● Rizal provided a sound
water system in the
province of Dapitan.
2. The Doctor is “In”
 ● Provided free medicine to
his patients
● Don Ignacio Tumarong
gave rizal ₱300 for
restoring his sight
● August 1893 - Rizal’s
mother, Doña Teodora
Alonzo was placed under
ophthalmic surgery for the
third time.
3. Rivaling the Best in Europe
● Rizal together with his
friend Fr. Francisco
Sanches remake the plaza.
4. From Lotto to Lot: Farmer to
Trader
● Rizal planted cacao, coffee,
sugarcane, and coconuts in
his 16-hectare land,
reaching as large as 70
hectares which he was able
to buy because of his
₱6,200 from the lottery
● The industry in which Rizal
became more successful
was in hemp
5. Once a Poet, Always a Poet
● Rizal Left Hong Kong for
Manila in 1892 with his
sister Lucia.
● August 26, 1896 - Trinidad
and Doña Teodoro
proceeded to where Rizal
was.
● October 22, 1895 - Rizal
sent his mother the poem
entitled “Mi Retiro”
6. A Polyglot
● Rizal knew 22 languages
7. Inventions and Scientific Works
● In 1887- Rizal invented a
particular type of lighter
called Sulpukan which he
sent to Blumentritt as a gift.
● Rizal’s most significant
contribution in the scientific
world:
○ Draco Rizali; a
flying dragon
○ Apogonia Rizali; a
small beetle.
○ Rhacophorus
Rizali; a rare frog.
8. Tree of Knowledge
● Rizal established a school
in Talisay where 16 young
boys attended his class.
● Rizal’s favorite rendezvous
with his boys was under a
Talisay tree
● In honor of Talisay, he
wrote a poem entitled
“Himno A Talisay”
9. The “Sweet Foreigner”
● Rizal fell in love with
Josephine Bracken.
● The parish priest of Dapitan,
Fr. Pedro Obach refused to
marry them unless Rizal
retracted from religious
error and returned to the
Catholic Church.
● In 1896, Josephine
Bracken was pregnant, but
she gave birth to a
premature child that later
on died after 3 hours.
● The child was buried in
Dapitan. His name was
"Francisco" after Rizal's
father.
10. A Talk in the Garden
● May 2, 1896 - secret
meeting at Bitukang Manok
River in Pasig, Pio
Valenzuela was sent to
Dapitan to inform Rizal of
their plan to launch a
revolution against the
Spaniards.
● Pio Valenzuela used the
name Procopio Bonifacio
● “Venus” the steamship that
is headed to Dapitan.
 ● July 21, 1896 - he arrived
at Dapitan with Josephine
Bracken, Narcissa and
Angelica Lopez.
● However, Rizal objected to
Bonifacio’s ideas for two
reasons: 1) Filipinos were
unprepared for bloody
revolution; 2) Katipuneros
lacked Machinery.
● Rizal objected to the idea
of rescuing him from
Dapitan.
● Procopio Bonifacio
returned to Manila without
convincing Rizal
11. “Nails in the coffin”
● Rizal offered his services
as a military doctor in Cuba
● December 17, 1895 - he
sent a letter to the governor
general about rendering his
service in Cuba.
● July 30, 1896 - he received
a letter that was dated July
1, 1896, that his offer was
accepted.
12. The Trap is Laid
● At midnight, July 31, 1896 -
Rizal’s 4-year exile ended.
● Boarded on the steamer
“España” with Josephine,
Narcissa, Angelica, 3
nephews and 6 students.
● August 6, 1896 - España
arrived in Manila.
● August 1896, Andres
Bonifacio and the
Katipuneros wreaked
havoc
in Manila.
“El Último Viaje”
● Rizal received two letters from the
Governor-General Blanco stating
that his conduct in Dapitan was
exemplary.
● September 3, 1896 - he was
transferred to the boat Isla de
Panay at 6pm.
● Left Manila for Spain - destined to
be his last trip abroad.
A “Dangerous Filipino”
● Governor-General Blanco and the
Ministers of war labeled Rizal as a
“Dangerous Filipino” and was
plotting Rizal’s arrest upon
reaching Barcelona
● September 28, 1896 - Rizal wrote
a letter to Blumentritt expressing
his disgust and bitterness
● September 29, 1896 - Rizal was
informed by Capt. Alemany to stay
in his cabin until further orders
from Manila.
● October 3, 1896 - The Isla de
Panay Arrived in Barcelona with
Rizal as a prisoner on Board.
● October 6, 1896 - Rizal was
imprisoned in Montjuich Castle in
Barcelona
● October 6, 1896 (8:00 PM)- Rizal’s
diary was confiscated and critically
scrutinized but nothing dangerous
was found in its contents.
Last Attempt to Save the Hero
● Antonio Maria Regidor sought help
from familiar friends in Singapore
requesting them to petition the
Singaporean court to issue a writ
of habeas corpus
● Unfortunately, the request was
discarded since Rizal was a
Spanish prisoner on board on a
Spanish boat.
● Rizal was unaware of the attempt
of heroism of his friends to rescue
him in Singapore.
● England tried 3 times to aid him
but still failed.
● Rizal was shipped home to face, to
Ambeth Ocampo’s words, “a
kangaroo court that sentenced him
to death”.
“Thrilla in Manila”
● November 3, 1896 - the Colon
reached Manila.
● Rizal was transferred to Fort
Santiago
 ● Filipinos that were recognized at
his side was brutally tortured,
searching for evidence. One of
them was Pio Valenzuela.
● His brother, Paciano, was arrested.
“Fishing” Evidence
● November 20, 1896 - the
preliminary investigation began
● The prosecution presented 15
documents against Rizal.
● One of them is a letter from
Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce
proving that Rizal helped organize
La Solidaridad.
● Pio Valenzuela testified against
Rizal.
● December 11, 1896 - the
information of charges formally
read to Rizal in his prison cell in
Fort Santiago.
● December 15, 1896 - Rizal wrote a
manifesto to his people appealing
to stop bloodshed and achieve
liberty through education and
industry.
The “Kangaroo Trial”
● December 26, 1896, around 8am -
Rizal was brought to a trial before
a military court.
● He was denied the right of counsel.
● He was only permitted to choose
from the strange Spanish officers
that were untrained in law.
● He chose Lt. Luis Taviel de
Andrade, who happened to be the
brother of Rizal’s bodyguard in the
first homecoming.
● He was accused of Rebellion,
Sedition and Illegal Association.
● There were 12 points to prove his
innocence.
● One of them is “As testified by Pio
Valenzuela, Rizal was against
rebellion.”
● The court unanimously deemed
Rizal guilty and voted “death” as a
verdict
● Judge Advocate General Nicolas
de la Peña found the verdict just
and final.
● December 28, 1896 - Governor
General Polavieja signed, ordered,
and sealed the execution of Jose
Rizal through firing squad in
Bagumbayan at 7am of December
30, 1896.
Alone in the Cell
● December 29, 1896, at 6am -
Captain Rafael Dominguez read
before him the official notice of his
execution.
● Rizal spent his last hours in a
prison chapel.
● He wrote correspondences to his
friends and family, bidding them
farewell.
● From 12 noon to 3pm, Rizal was
left alone in his cell.
● He took his lunch and wrote his
last letter, in German, to
Blumentritt - his best friend.
Last Masterpiece
● The account of Rizal’s family was
very different from what the
enemies told about his final hours.
● He tried to give some
remembrance to each member of
the family.
● Rizal gave his real legacy to
Trinidad, his lamparilla.
● On New Year’s Eve, they opened
the lamparilla and found a
handwritten poem “Mi Ultimo
Adios”.
● His sisters made copies of the
poem and distributed them to their
friends.
● Mariano Ponce received his copy
and gave a title “Ultimo
Pensamiento” and financed his
first printing and distributed it for
free.
Of Letters and Tears
● A controversy wherein retraction
letter was said to have been
“written and signed by Rizal, in
which he renounced the mason
movement” and as to whether
Rizal married Josephine Bracken
or not. It is argued that “he
 recanted in order to marry
Josephine under Catholic rites”
● December 29, 1896 (8:00 PM) -
Rizal had his last supper then
informed Capt. Dominguez that he
forgave his enemies including
those who condemned him to
death.
● December 30, 1896 (3:00 AM) -
Prayed and confessed his sins,
Inside the chapel and read
Imitacion de Cristo by Thomas a
Kempis
● December 30, 1896 (5:30 AM) -
Rizal ate his last breakfast of three
hard-boiled eggs. He gave
Imitacion de CristoImitacion de
Cristo as a gift to Josephine
● December 30, 1896 (6:00 AM) -
The soldiers were getting ready for
the death march to Bagumbayan,
Rizal wrote his last letter to his
beloved parents.

To Die is to Rest

● Rizal was dressed accordingly in

black
● December 30, 1896 - Death of
Rizal
● Rizal died at 7:03 a.m
● The military band played “Marcha
de Cadiz” after rizal’s execution