Unit I – PRELIMINARIES

Topics

1. Rizal Law (R.A. No. 1425)

2. The Qualities of a Hero
3. Rizal’s time
1. The world
2. The Philippines

I Republic Act No. 1425 (RIZAL LAW)

 House Bill No. 5561

 Senate Bill No. 438
 It was Claro M. Recto who authored the bill, while Senator Jose P. Laurel, who was then the Chairman of the
committee on Education, sponsored the bill in the Senate.
 Both of them were known for their great sense of Nationalism.

Rizal Law

 Rizal Act was sponsored by Senator Claro M. Recto. He was the main proponent of Rizal Bill.
 The Senate Bill was headedly opposed by the three Senators; namely;
1. Senator Francisco Rodrigo
2. Senator Mariano Cuenco
3. Decoroso Rosales
 Date of Effectivity: Rizal Law (R.A. No. 145) was singed/approved into law on June 12, 1956 by President
RAMON MAGSAYSAY (to honor not only Jose Rizal but all other heroes.).
 CLARO M. RECTO was considered the father of Rizal Law.

SENATOR CLARO M. RECTO (MAIN PROPONENT OF RIZAL LAW)

“Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly the past, so that we may be in
complete openness with the men who made that history and in intimate communion with their thoughts, their deeds, and
their noble lives.”

BATAS RIZAL

 R.A. No 1425 – An act to include in the Curricula of all Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities
courses on the Life, Works & Writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and distribution thereof and for other puposes.

BATAS RIZAL (AIMS/OBJECTIVES OF RIZAL LAWS (RA 1425))

1. To rededicate the lives of the youth to ideals of freedom and nationalism.

2. To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the Filipino character.
3. To gain inspiring source of patriotism through Rizal’s life, works and writing.
4. To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals, thoughts, teaching the life values to present condition in the
community, and
5. To develop an understanding and appreciation of the qualities, behavior and character of Rizal.
Note: The bill was passed with a clause that would give exemptions to those who feels that reading Rizal’s
Novels would damage their faith. Thus, the law provides exemption of students for reason of religious belief as
stated in a sworn written statement/affidavit attesting to their brittle faith and apply an exemption, - not from Rizal
Course which you still have to take – but from reading the Novels of Rizal.
 No recorded instances of students applying for exemption from reading the Novels.
 In 1994 when President Fidel Valdez Ramos learned that some Colleges and Universities has not
implemented the said law (RA 1425), He issued Memorandum No. 247 ordering directly the Secretary
of the Department of Education Culture and Sports (DECS) and the Chairman of the Commission on
Higher Education (CHED) to take steps to immediately and fully implement the letter, intent and spirit
of R.A. 1425.

2. Hero; Defined:

 Hero – defined as a person who, in the opinion of others, has heroic qualities or has performed heroic act is
regarded as a model or ideal.
 Hero – a man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his brave deeds or noble qualities.
 Hero – a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering.
 HERO a man honored after death by public worship because of exceptional service to mankind.
QUALITIES OF A HERO: (IN GENERAL)

1. Sacrifice – forfeiture of something highly valued for the sake of one considered to have a greater value.
2. Determination – a firmness of purpose or resolve.
3. Loyalty – feeling of allegiance.
4. Dedication – self-devotion.
5. Valor – single exhibited in war, and cannot be applied to single combat.
6. Intrepidity – is firm, unshaken courage.
7. Selfless – unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
8. Gallantry – adventurous courage, which courts danger with a high and cheerful spirit.
9. Perseverance – is a persistent determination.
10. Fortitude – has often been “passive courage” and consist in the habit encountering danger and enduring pain with
a steadfast and unbroken spirit.
11. Bravery – daring and impetuous courage, one who has the reward continually in view, displays his courage in
daring acts.
12. Courage – firmness of the spirit and “mettle” of the soul to stare at danger and trouble right in the eye.
o Or stand to signify the valor it takes to overcome adversities and adversaries.

3. RIZAL’S TIME:

 Dr. Jose Rizal is a unique example of a many–splendored genius who became the greatest hero of a nation.
 Endowed by GOD with versatile gifts, he truly ranked with the world’s geniuses.
 He was a physician (Ophthalmic surgeon), poet, dramatist, essayist, novelist, historian, architect, painter, sculptor,
educator, linguist, farmer, economist, businessman, philosopher, engineer, magician, musician, inventor, prophet,
etcetera....
 Above and beyond all of these he was a hero and a political martyr who consecrated his life for the redemption of
his oppressed people. No wonder, he’s now acclaimed as the National hero.

BIRTH OF A HERO

 Born on the moonlit night on Wednesday, June 19, 1861 in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna between
eleven (11) and midnight and his mother almost died during the delivery
 Baptized Catholic on June 22, aged Three (3) days old by the Parish Priest Fr. Rufino Collantes, a
Batangueno. (Rizal baptismal record showed his name as JOSE RIZAL MERCADO).
 His Godfather was Fr. Pedro Casanas, friend of the Rizal Family.
 His name was chosen – Saint Jose (St.Joseph).

RIZAL’S PARENTS:

 Jose P. Rizal was seventh of the eleven children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonzo Realonda.
 The hero’s father Francisco (1818 – 1898) was born in Binan, Laguna on May 11, 1818
 Dona Teodora (1826 – 1911), the hero’s mother was born in Manila on November 8, 1826 and was educated at
the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known College for girls in the City.
 Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age of 85.

Continuation...

 God blessed the marriage of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonzo Realonda with eleven (11): Two (2)
boys and Nine (9) girls. They are as follows:
1. Saturnina (1850 – 1913)
2. Paciano (1851 – 1930)- laging tumutulong kay Rizal
3. Narcica (1852 – 1939)
4. Olimpia (1855 – 1887)
5. Lucia (1857 – 1919)
6. Maria (1859 – 1945)
7. Jose (1861 – 1896)
8. Conception (1862 – 1865)- namatay sa tatlong taon gulang dahil may sakit, unang heartbreak ni rizal
9. Josefina (1865 – 1945)
10. Trinidad (1868 – 1951)
11. Soledad (1870 – 1929)

Querries? (Quite number of detractors asked the following questions).

  Why Rizal is our National Hero? Had it not been for the Americans, Rizal would not be our National hero?
 Why Rizal? “He was not the leader of the Revolution” writes another. “In fact, he repudiated revolutions – (did he
renounce revolution?)

JUSTIFICATIONS:

 Based on manifesto dated December 15, 1896, it is most unfair not only to Rizal but also to his comrades who
knew Rizal deeper and better.

 As early as June 19, 1887 at the age of 26, Nine (9) long years before the manifesto of 1896, Rizal confided to
his faithful friend Ferdinand Blumentritt – “I can assure you that I have no desire to take part in Conspiracies
which seem to me premature and risky in the extreme. “ But if the Government drives us to it, that is to say, when
there remain to us other hopes than to seek our ruin in war, when the Filipinos shall prefer to die, rather than to
endure their miseries any longer, then I too shall advocate violent means”.
 Another justification: RIZAL’s reaction on learning about Lopez Jaena’s decision to go to Cuba. In a letter to
Mariano Ponce, where he openly expressed his own preference to return to Philippines.
 “He should go to the Philippines”, wrote Rizal, referring to Lopez Jaena – “ and let himself be killed in support
of his ideas, one dies only once and if one does not die well, a good opportunity is lost which will not come again.
 “If one must die, let one die at least in his country, and in the name of his country.”
 Rizal, as may be gleaned from his writings, favored violence, But only when such became an ABSOLUTE
NECESSITY, RIZAL said that:
 We must win our freedom by deserving it
 By improving the mind
 Enhancing the dignity of the individual
 Loving what is just, what is good and what is great to the point of dying it.
 When people reach those heights, “GOD provide the weapon, the Idols and the tyrants fall like house of cards,
and freedom shines in the first dawn”.
 There can be no doubt that RIZAL was acknowledge leader of the Filipinos long before his death on December
30, 1896.

3.RIZAL’S TIME: A) THE WORLD

 Historical background of the World and of the Philippines during his times:
 February 19, 1861 – four (4) months before Rizal’s birth in Calamba, the Liberal Czar Alexander II (1855 –
1881) issued proclamation to appease the rising discontent of the Russian masses, emancipating 22,500,000
serfs.
 When Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, the American Civil War (1861 – 1865) was ranging furiously in the
U.S. over the issue of compelled President Lincoln to issue his famous emancipation proclamation on
September 22, 1862 freeing the Negro slaves.
 June 1, 1861 just 18 days before Rizal’s birth, Benito Juarez, a full bloodied Zapotec Indian, was elected
President of Mexico.
 April 1862, a year after Juarez election, Emperor Napoleon III of the 2 nd French empire, in his imperialistic desire
to secure colonial state in Latin America, sent French troops which invaded and conquered Mexico.

 After the end of American War, Juarez with US support defeated Maximillans French Forces in the battle of
Queretaro (May 15, 1887).
 In Rizal’s time two (2) European Nations (Italians and Germans) succeeded in underlying their own countries.
 The times of Rizal saw the flowering of Western Imperialism.
 England emerged as the world leading imperialist power. Thus, British people during the glorious reign of Queen
Victoria (1837 – 1901) proudly asserted: Britannia rules the waves”. (so forth so on..)

RIZAL’S TIME: B) THE PHILIPPINES

 During the times of Rizal, the sinister shadow of Spain’s decadence darkened Philippine Skies. The Filipino
people organized beneath the yoke of Spanish misrule, for they were unfortunate victims of the evils of an unjust,
bigoted, and deteriorating colonial power. Among these evils were as follows:
1. Instability of Colonial Administration – the Spanish government underwent frequent changes – it brought
frequent periodic shifts in colonial policies and a periodic rigodon of colonial officials (term-serve one year only).
2. Corrupt Officialdom – unlike their predecessors of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. They were corrupt, cruel,
incompetent or venal.
3. No Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes – (Spanish Parliament) but later representation was granted
also (1810 – 1813).
4. Human Rights denied to Filipinos – (freedom of speech, of the press, association and other Human rights except
Religion).

5. No Equality before the law – they arrogantly regarded the browned-skinned Filipino as inferior being, not their
Christian brothers to be protected but rather as their majesty’s subject to be exploited.
  To their imperialist way of thinking, brown Filipinos and White Spaniards may be equal before GOD, but not
before the Law and certainly not in practice. Heavy penalties for Filipinos (Penal Code).
6. Maladministration of Justice – Corrupt, notoriously they were Court of injustice.
7. Racial Discrimination – they treat us unfairly because of our race, color, descent, or ethnic origin.
8. Frailocracy – so named because it was a “Government of Friars”. The friars (Augustinian, Dominicans and
Franciscans) controlled the religious and educational life of the Philippines. The Friars were so influential &
powerful that they practically ruled the Country.
9. Forced labor (a.k.a Polo) – compulsory labor imposed y Spanish colonial authorities or adult Filipino males in
the construction of Churches, schools, hospitals, etc.
10. Hacienda own by Friars.
11. The Guardia Civil – The last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny was the Guardia Civil (Constabulary) which was
created by Royal Decree, February 12, 1852. It was patterned after the famous Guardia Civil in Spain.

RIZAL SHRINE CALAMBA

UNIT II – RIZAL’S CHILDHOOD

 TOPICS
1. Birth
2. Family and Ancestry
3. Hometown
4. Story of the Moth
5. Sa aking mg Kabata:
6. Boyhood Influences; and
7. Education in Calamba and Binan

1. BIRTH OF A HERO
 Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna.
 Baptized as Catholic on June 22, aged three (3) days old by the priest Fr. Rufino Collantes, a Batangueno.
 His Godfather was Fr. Pedro Casanas, friend of Rizal family.
 The Marriage of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonzo Realonda were blessed with eleven (11)
children.

2. FAMILY AND ANCESTRY

 Rizal’s ancestry: Rizal was a product of mixture of races. In his vein flowed the blood of both East and West –
Negrito, Indonesia, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish.
 Predominantly, he was a Malayan and was a magnificent specimen of Asian manhood.
 The real surname of Rizal family was Mercado which was adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco. (The
paternal great great-grandfather of Jose Rizal) a Chinese immigrant from Fukien city of Changchow, who
arrived in Manila in about 1690.

3. DISTINGUISH FAMILY IN THEIR HOMETOWN CALAMBA

 Rizal family acquired a second surname – Rizal which was given by Spanish Alcalde mayor (provincial
governor) of Laguna.
 A good middle class family – Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a town aristocracy in Spanish
Philippines.
 One of the distinguish families in Calamba, Rizal family had a simple, contented and a happy life.

EARLY CHILDHOOD MEMORIES:

 1. The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy was his happy days in the family garden when he was 3 years old. He
was frail, sickly. A kind of old woman was employed as Aya (nurse maid). His father built a Nipa cottage in the
garden for him to play in the daytime.
2. Another childhood memory was the – daily Anglus prayer
3. Also remembered the happy Moonlit Nights of Azotea after the night rosary.
4. The nocturnal walk in the town, especially when there’s moon.

4. BOYHOOD INFLUENCES
 The influences of the Hero’s Boyhood are as follows:
1. Hereditary influences
2. Environmental influences
3. Aid of divine providence

BOYHOOD INFLUENCES:

1. Hereditary Influences – according to biological science, there are inherent qualities which a person inherits from
his ancestors and parents.
 From Malayan Ancestors – inherited his love for freedom. His intimate desire to travel and his
formidable courage.
 From Chinese Ancestors – derive his serious nature, frugality, patience and love for children.
 From Spanish Ancestors – got his elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult, gallantry to ladies.
 Rizal inherited from his Father – a profound sense of self-respect, love for work and the habit of
independent thinking.
 From his Mother – his religious nature, spirit of self, sacrifice, and passion for arts and literature.
2. Environmental influence – according to the psychologist, environment as well as hereditary affects the nature of
persons. It includes places, association, events
 Liked Rizal was affected in what his family and environment influence and teach him to be a good son
and develop his talent and ability.
 Religious atmosphere at home-fortified his religious nature
Paciano- instilled in his mind the love for freedom and justice
 The Uncles who were brothers of his mother also had much influence on the early childhood of Rizal.
They are as follows.
 The youngest uncle named Jose Alberto took care of teaching regular lessons to Rizal (inspired
Rizal to develop his artistic ability).
 His huge uncle Manuel developed his physique until he had a body of silk and steel and no
longer skinny and sickly body.
 The last uncle, Gregorio (book lover) – a scholar, instilled into the mind of the boy love for
education.
o Instilled in the mind of Rizal that it was not easy to obtain something until you put into it.

3. Aid of Divine Providence – a person may have everything in life – brains, wealth and power but without Divine
Providence – he cannot attained greatness in the annals of the nation.
 Rizal was providentially destined to be the pride and glory of his nation.
 GOD had endowed with him the versatile gifts of genius, the vibrant spirit of nationalist and the
valiant heart.
 Thus Rizal was fated to be a Hero, the greatest Malayan race ever produce

Who is Father Leoncio Lopez in Rizal’s Life?

 Father Leoncio Lopez a parish priest in Calamba fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and intellectual
honesty.
 The sorrow of his family such as the death of Concha in 1865 and the imprisonment of his mother
in 1872-74 contributed to strengthen the character, enabling him to resist blows adversity in later
years.

5. THE STORY OF MOTH:

 What did Rizal learned from the Story of the Moth?
 Above all, it was from her mother he learned about obedience, through the Story of Moth that got
burned by the flame because he disobeyed his mother, Moth warning not to get too near the
flame.
 How did the story of the moth affect Rizal’s life?
 The sad face of the young moth, which died a martyr of its delusion, was one of the stories told
by Donya Teodora to Jose and it left a profound impact on Rizal’s mind.
 What does the parable of the moth symbolizes?
 One of the major symbols in the poem is the flame in which the moth is willing to die for. It
implies that there are things that certain people are willing to do even if it may cost them
their lives.

Theme of the poem:

 The Story of the Fabled Moth – taught him (Jose) accidently the meaning of light.
 “See that if you do not behave like the young Moth, you may get burnt as it did. So don’t be
disobedient.
 Moth talked, they know how to warn. They advised just liked my mother. It is the reason why the
moths circled the flame
 The tragic death of the young moth – “died a martyr for its illusions” – left deep impress on
Rizal’s mind.
 Rizal justified such noble death – asserting that “to sacrifice one’s life to it meaning for an ideal
is worthwhile”, and like the young moth, He was fated to die as martyr for a noble cause
 At a young age, Rizal gained inspiration from the parable (of the moth), that is not impossible to
conquer insurmountable odds and be a martyr in reality but never in illusion. This was what
Rizal did as he grew in age in wisdom.
6. SA AKING MGA KABATA
 “To My Fellow Children”. This poem reveals Rizal’s earliest nationalistic sentiments (Age eight (8) at
that time).
 His first poem (Sa Aking Mga Kabata) was originally written in Tagalog in 1869.
 This nationalistic poem is a timely reminder to our Countrymen to love our Native Language
 Thus people who truly love their native language will surely “Strive for liberty like the birds
which soars to free space above”. And that Tagalog is the equal of Latin, English, Spanish
and to any other language.
7. EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BINAN
 Typical Schooling that a son of an ILUSTRADO family received during his time are characterized by
4R’s- (reading, writing, arithmetic and religion)
 Instruction was rigid and strict. Knowledge was forced into the minds of the pupils by means of
tedious memory method aided by the teacher’s whip.
 It was said that Rizal was born a physical weakling, rose to become as an intellectual giant
Rizal’s School In Binan
Maestro Justiano Aquino Cruz – (teacher of rizal)
 1st teacher- her mother.
 2nd Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas Padua and later an old man named Leon Monroy,
former classmate of Rizal’s father- became the boy’s tutor. This old man teacher lived at the
Rizal’s home and instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin.
 On Sunday afternoon in June 1869, Jose after kissing the hands of his parents and a tearful parting from
his sister left Calamba for Binan. He was accompanied by Paciano, who acted as his second father.
 The next morning (Monday) Paciano brought his younger brother to the school of Maestro
Justiano Aquino Cruz.
 The school was in the house of the teacher, which was a Small Nipa hut about 30 meters from the
home of Jose’s aunt.
First School Brawl
 The first school brawl in the afternoon of his first day in school when the teacher having his siesta, Jose
met with the Bully Pedro. He was angry with this bully for making fun of him during his conversation
with the teacher in the morning.
 Jose challenged Pedro to a fight. The latter readily accepted thinking that he could easily beat the
Calamba boy who was smaller and younger.
 Jose having learned the art of wrestling from his athletic uncle. Tio Manuel, defeated the
bigger boy, thus became a popular.
 Another classmate, Andres Salandanan challenged him to an wrestling match, Jose having a
weaker arm. Lost other fights in succeeding days.
 Rizal was not quarrelsome by nature but he never ran away from fight.
 Painting lesson in Binan – with his classmate Guevarra
  Best Student in School. In academic studies, Jose beat all Binan boys. He surpassed them all in
Spanish. Latin and other subjects.
 Some of his older classmates were jealous of his intellectual superiority.
 They wickedly squealed to the teacher whenever he had fight outside the school and even told lies
to discredit him before the teacher’s eyes. Consequently, the teacher had to punish Jose Rizal.

Injustices to Hero’s Mother
 Before June of 1872, Donya Teodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she and her
brother Jose Alberto tried to poison the latter’s perfidious wife. He tried to divorce but to avert
scandal. Donya Teodora persuaded him to forgive his wife (they live again). But the evil wife with the
connivance of the Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civil filed a case in court accusing her husband and
Donya Teodora of attempting to poison her.
 After the arrest, the sadistic lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz (59 kms)
and incarcerate at provincial Prison where he languished for two (2) years and a hald until the
Manila Royal Audiencia (Supreme Court) acquitted her of the alleged crime.
 Donya Teodora was defended by Francisco de Marcaide and Manuel Marzan most famous
lawyers of Manila.
 UNIT III – HIGHER EDUCATION
TOPIC
A. ATENEO DE MANILA
1. Jesuit System of Education
2. Poems and Artistic Works
B. UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (UST)
1. Medical Studies
2. Ala Juventud Filipina
3. El Consejo Delos Dioses
4. Champion of Filipino Students.

UNIT 3
A. ATENEO DE MANILA

 Ateneo Municipal – a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.

 This college was the bitter rival of the Dominican owned College of San Juan De Letran.
 It was formerly the Escuela Pia (Charity School), a school for poor boys in Manila which was establish by the
City Goverment in 1817.
 Escuela Pia, whose name was changed to Ateneo Municipal and later became Ateneo De Manila.

ATENEO MUNICIPAL

 At first Father Magin Fernando, College Registrar, refused to admit Rizal for two (2) reasons:
1. He was late for registration
2. He was sickly undersized for his age (eleven then) but because of entreaties of Dr. Manuel Xerez Burgos, a
licentiate medicine and nephew of ill fated Fr. Burgos, Jose Rizal was admitted.

I. JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION:

 Jesuit System of Education in Ateneo was more advanced than that of the other College in that period.
 It trained the character of the students by rigid discipline and profoundly religious instruction.
 Promotes physical culture, humanities and scientific studies
 Aside from academic courses leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts;
 It also offered vocational courses in Agriculture, Commerce, Mechanics and Surveying.
 Students are divide/classified into two (2) groups;namely:
 Roman Empire (Red banner) – consisting of internoes (borders)
 Carthaginian Empire/Greek empire (Blue banner) – Composed of externoes (non – borders). Each of these
empire had it ranks.
 Its Aim/purpose is to motivate/stimulate student
 Note: the two groups were in perpetual warfare for supremacy in the class. (they compete/fought for the position)
 Each of these Empire has its ranks:
 Emperor – best student in each empire
 The Tribune – 2nd best
 Decurion – 3rd best
 Centurion – 4th best
 Standard Bearer – 5th best

RIZAL 1ST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872 – 1873)

 Rizal’s 1st year Professor was Fr. Jose Bech, being a newcomer and having knows little Spanish, he was placed at
the bottom of the class.
 He was an externo, thus assigned to the Cathaginian.
 After 1st week, the frail Calamba boy progressed rapidly. At the end of the month, he became Emperor.
 He was the brightest pupil of the whole class and was awarded the prize (1 st prize he ever won at the Ateneo).
 In the 2nd half of his first year Jose did not try hard enough to retain academic supremacy as the previous semester
(because he resented to some remarkes of his professor).
 Yet he placed second though at the end of the year and all his grades still mark “Excellent”.

2nd YEAR IN ATENEO(1873 – 74)

 Rizal repented having neglected his studies the previous year

 Three of new classmates were boys from Binan, who had been his classmates in the school of Maestro Justiniano.
 Rizal Received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal at the end of the school year.
 Prophecy of Mother’s release – in the course of Rizal & his mother’s conversation, Dona Teodora told her son
of her dream the previous night. Rizal interpreting the dream told her that she would be released from prison in
three months’ time. Rizal’s prophecy became true.
THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO BY: ALEXANDER DUMAS

 The first favorite Novel of Rizal. During the summer vacation in 1874, Rizal’s interest in reading began to ignite,
particularly in romantic novel. He was stirred by the sufferings of Edmund Dantes (the hero) in prison, his spectacular
scape from dungeon chateau and, his finding a buried treasure on the rocky island of Monte Cristo and the dramatic
revenge of his enemies who wronged him.

TRAVELS IN THE PHILIPPINES BY: DR. FEODOR JAGOR

 Rizal later read also “Travels in the Philippines” by: Feodor Jagor, a German scientist traveler who visited the
Philippenes
 Q – What Impressed Rizal to read the book?
 Jagor keen observations of the defects (imperfections) of Spanish Colonization
 His prophecy that someday Spain would lose the Philippines and that America would come to succed her as
colonizer.

3rd YEAR IN ATENEO (1874 – 1875)

 Her mother arrived, told,him that she was already released from prison. Rizal did not make excellent showing in his
studies.
 He won one medal in Latin but failed to win medal in Spanish.
 He himself was not impressed by his scholastic work.

4th YEAR IN ATENEO (1875 – 1876)

 Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez a great educator and scholar. He inspired Rizal to study harder and write
poetry.
 They became friends but with the highest affection and respect. Rizal considered him as his best professor in
Ateneo.
 Rizal wrote Fr. Sanchez showing his affection and gratitude.
 He described his Jesuit professor as “Model of Uprightness, Earnestness and Love” for the advancement of
pupils/students.
 Inspired, Jose resumed his studies with vigor and zest.
 He topped in all subjects and won five (5) medals.

LAST YEAR IN ATENEO (1876 – 1877)

 *Graduate of Highest Honor* on March 23, 1877, Rizal, 16 years old, received from his Alma Mater, Ateneo
Municipal, the Degree of Bachelor of Arts.
 He finish schooling in Ateneo in a Blaze of glory because he obtained the highest grade in all subjects –
Philosophy, Biology, Physics, Language, Mineralogy, etc..
 Jose Rizal was the most brillant atenean of his time. He was truly the “Pride of Jesuits”.

EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

 Became an emperor inside the classroom (Campus leader)

 Active member and later secretary of religious society
 Member of Marian congregation because of devotion to our lady of Immaculate Concepcion
 Member of the academy of Spanish literature and Natural Science. (Exclusive Societies in Ateneo)
 Fr. Francisco Sanchez – encouraged Rizal to cultivate his literary skills by writing essays and poetry.
 Painting lesson – Agustin Saez
 Improved his Sculpture talents – Romualdo de Jesus
 Gymnastics and Fencing - Tio Manuel

2. POEMS & ARTISTIC WORKS WRITTEN IN ATENEO:

1. Mi Primera Inspiracion (My first Inspiration) – was the first poem Jose Rizal had written during his stint in
Ateneo. He wrote the poem in 1874, before he turned 14. This poem was dedicated or written in honor of his
mother on her birthday. In this poem, he expresses his filial affection in sonorous verses.
2. Rizal’s poem on Education – “Education gives lustter to motherland” (Por La educacion Recibe Lustre La
Patria - *Sa Edukasyon Magtatamo ng Liwanag ang Bansa*) written in 1876.
 Rizal had a very high regard for education. He believed in the significant role which education plays in
the progress and welfare of a nation.
3. In another poem (Alianza Intima Entre La Religion Y La Buena Educacion) – the Intimate Alliance between
Religion and a Good Education.
 Rizal showed the importance of religion in education. To him Education without God in not true
education.
4. Rizal’s Religious Poem – he expressed his devotion to his Catholic faith. Al Nino Jesus ( to the child Jesus) and
A La Virgin Maria (to the Virgin Mary).
 Y Es Espanol: Elcano, el primera en dar La Vuelta El Mundo, etcetera
FIRST ROMANCE:

 Painful Experience, the girl Segunda Katigbak, a pretty 14 – year old Batanguena from Lipa.
 It was loved at first sight, but it was hopeless since Segunda was already engaged to be married to her townmate,
Manuel Lopez.
 Segunda has manifested, by insinuation and deeds, her affection on him but he timidly failed to propose.
 In short, his first romance was ruined by his own Shyness and Reserve. The first girl whom he loved with ardent
fervor was lost to him forever.

B. UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (UST)

I. MEDICAL STUDIES

 Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education:

 The Bachelor of Arts course during Spanish times was equivalent only to the High School and Junior College
today. It merely qualified its graduates to enter a University.
 Both Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to pursue higher learning in the University but Dona Teodora...
 Who knew what happened to GOMBURZA (Leaders of secular movement to Filipinize the Philippine parishes)
vigorously opposed the idea and told her husband: Don’t send him to Manila again, he knows enough, if he gets
know more, the Spaniards will cut off his head. Despite the mother tears, Don Francisco told Paciano to
accompany Rizal to Manila. Rizal himself was surprised by his mother’s opposition whom he knows a woman of
Education and culture.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

 Rizal enters the University: in April 1877, Rizal who was then nearly 16 years old matriculated in UST taking the
Course Philosophy and Letters. He enrolled this course for two (2) reasons:
1. His father liked it, and
2. He was still uncertain as to what career to pursue.
 It was only during the following term that Rizal having:
1. Received the Ateneo rectors advice to study medicine,
2. Other reason why he chose medicine for a career was to be able to cure his mother’s growing blindness.
 During his 1st school term in UST, Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading to the title
of Perito Agrimensor (Expert Surveyor).

ROMANCE WITH OTHER GIRLS:

 Shortly after losing Segunda Katigbak, he paid to court young woman of calamba. In his memoirs he called her
simply “Miss L” – describing her faith with seductive eye. Rizal did not give her name. His romance died a natural
death. However, he gave two (2) reasons for his change of heart:
1. The sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart,
2. His father did not like the family of “Miss L”.

MISS L- Miss Hacanta Laza

 During his sophomore year at UST, He courted Leonor Valenzuela.

1. He sent her love notes written in invisible ink. This ink consisted of salt and water. It left no trace in the paper.
2. Rizal taught Orang (pet name of Leonor Valenzuela) the secret of reading any note written in invisible ink by
heating it over a candle or lamp so that words may appear.
 Rizal next romance with another Leonor (Leonor Rivera) his cousin from Camiling,Tarlac.
1. Rizal at the start of his junior year at the University, he lived at Casa Tomasino.
2. His landlord uncle Antonio Rivera had a pretty daughter, Leonor, a student of La Concordia College where
Soledad her younger sister was studying.
3. Leonor born in Camaling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867. They became engaged.
4. In her letter to Rizal, Leonor signed her name “Taimis” in order to camouflage their intimate relationship from
their parents and friends.
5. The code name Taimis given by Rizal to Leonor in order for them to exchange letters because Leonor’s mother
disapproved their relationship.

VICTIM OF SPANISH OFFICER BRUTALITY:

 When Rizal was a freshman medical student at UST, he experienced his first taste of Spanish Brutality.
 One dark night in Calamba During his summer vacation in 1878, not knowing the person due to darkness he
did not salute nor say “courteous Good evening” – the vague figure turn out to be a Lieutenant of Guardia Civil.
 With a snarl, he turned upon Rizal, whipped out his sword and brutally slashed the latter on the back. The
wound was painful and lasted for two weeks.

 VICTIM OF SPANISH OFFICER BRUTALITY:

 Setting: Dark night, summer vacation 1878 at Calamba
  He passed by a lieutenant of the Guardia civil but failed to recognize the latter
 Insulted, the lieutenant slashed Jose’s back with his sword
 Jose reported to General Primo de Rivera, Spanish governor general

 One dark summer vacation night of 1878 in Calamba when Rizal was a freshman Medical student at the UST, he
experience his first taste of Spanish brutality. He was walking in the street and dimly perceived the figure of a
man while passing him not knowing that was a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil due to darkness. He did not salute
nor say a courteous “Good Evening”. With a snarl, he turned upon Rizal, whipped out his word and brutally
slashed the latter on the back.

Reported the Incident to Governor General

 Rizal Reported the Incident to General Primo de Rivera, the Spanish governor general of the Philippines at
that time. But nothing came out because he was an Indio and the abusive lieutenant was a Spaniards.
 Later, in a letter to Blumentritt, dated March 21, 1878, he related: “I went to the Captain – General but I could
not obtain justice; my wound lasted two weeks”.

2.A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH):

 The main idea of the poem was – “The Philippines is the country for the Filipinos”. It revealed his longing for
the glory of his beloved country, the Philippines.
 In the year 1879, the Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic- Literary Lyceum) of Manila, a society of literary
men and artist, held a literary contest.
 Rizal who was the 18 years old submitted the poem entitled “A La Juventud Filipina”.
 Rizal won the first prize – which consisted of a silver penny feathered-shaped and decorated with a gold
ribbon.
 The prize winning poem – A LA Juventud Filipina – is an inspiring poem of a flawless form. In
exquisite verses, Rizal beseeched the Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter
than the mind and descend with art and science to break the chains that have long bound the spirit of
people.

Purpose:
 “To the Filipino Youth” by Dr. Jose Rizal is a message primarily to tell the importance of one’s love and
aspiration to his dialect and language, for it is the bridge and intermediary connecting people’s country to
each other.

ALA JUVENTUD

- This Spanish poem was written by Filipino national hero Jose Rizal when he was only 18 years old. It won him
first prize in a competition at the University of Santo Tomas.
 The winning poem of Rizal is a Classical Philippine Literature, for two (2) reasons:
1. It was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary
authorities.
2. It expresses for the first time the Nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not the foreigners, were the
“Hope of the fatherland”.

3. EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES (THE COUNCIL OF GOD – 1880)

 The artistic literary lyceum opened another literary contest to commemorate the fourth (4 th Centennial of the death
of Cervantes (Spain’s glorified man-of-letter and famous author of Don Quixote).
 The contest opened to both Filipino and Spaniards. Many participated – priest, newspaperman, scholars and
professors.
 Rizal inspired by his poetic triumph the previous years, he then entered the literary joust submitting those
allegorical dramas entitled – El Consejo De Los Dioses.
 All judges of the contest were all Spaniards, after long and critical appraisal of the entries they awarded the first
prize to Rizal works because of literary superiority to others.
 Despite all the objections the Spanish community in Manila – are against the decision because the winning author
was an Indio – the prize was awarded to Rizal; A Gold ring on which was engraved the Bust of Cervantes.
 Spanish Writer D.N. Del Puzo won the scond prize.
 For the first time in history, an Indio – 19 years old Filipino Medical Student at that – excelled in National
Literary Contest.
 The winning allegory of Rizal was a literary masterpiece based on Greek classics. The allegory established
parallel among Homer, Virgil and Cervantes.
 The Gods discuss the comparative merit of these great writers and finally decides to give trumpet to Homer, the
Lyre of Vigil and the Laurel Cervantes.
  The allegory gloriously closes with Naiads, Nymphs, Satyrs and other Mythological characters dancing &
gathering Laurels for Cervantes.

OTHER LITERARY WORKS

 Junto Al Pasig (sa Tabi ng Pasig) – isinulat nya ito nang Pangulo sya ng Akademya ng Literaturang Espanyol sa
Ateneo.
 A Filipina – para sa album ng samahan ng mga Iskultor.
 Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma – binigkas ni Manuel Fernandez, isang Atenista noong Disyembre 8, 1879 bilang
parangal sa pinuno ng Ateneo.
 Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon – isang tulang nagpakita ng Pagmamahal sa Rector ng Ateneo na nagging Mabuti at
Matulungin sa kanya.

4. CHAMPION OF FILIPINO STUDENTS

- Filipino Students in their frequent fights against arrogant Spanish students, who were often surpassed by the
Filipinos.
- In class work – insultingly called their brown classmate – “Indio Chongo”, In retaliation, the Filipino called them
– “Kastila Bangus”.
- Hostility both these students groups often exploded in angry street rumbles, and Rizal Participated in these
Students Brawl.

STUDENT SECRET SOCIETY

 In 1880, Rizal founded a Secret Society of Filipino Students called COMPANERISMO (Comradeship) in
UST. Whose members were called “Companion of Jehu” after a valiant general (Hebrew) who fought Armeans
and ruled the Kingdom of Israel for 28 years (843-816 B.C.)
 Rizal was the chief of this Student Secret Society with his cousin from Batangas, Galicano Apacible, as
secretary. Rizal led Filipino students into Combat against Spanish students into street fights.

CHAMPION OF FILIPINO STUDENTS

 There were frequent student brawls between the Filipinos and the Spaniards.
 1880: Rizal founded Companerismo (Comradeship), a secret society of Filipino UST students. The members were
called “Companions of Jehu”
 He was the chief of the society.
 His cousin, Galicano Apacible was the secretary

5. UNHAPPY DAYS WITH UST.

- Rizal, Ateneo’s boy wonder found the atmosphere suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this
Dominican Institution of Higher Learning because:
1. The Dominican professors were hostile to him.
2. The Filipino students were racially discriminated by Spaniards.
3. The method of Instructions was obsolete and repressive.
- In his novel El Filibusterismo, he describe how the Filipino students were humiliated, and insulted by their
Dominican professors and how backward the methods of Instruction was, especially in the teaching of Natural
Science – the science subject was taught without laboratory apparatus was kept inside – the showcases to be seen
by the visitors but students would not even touch them.
- Because of unfriendly attitude of his professors, Rizal the most brilliant graduate of Ateneo, failed to win high
scholastic honors in UST (performance not impressive).
- Decisions to Study Abroad: after finishing 4th year Medical Course, Rizal decided to study in Spain. He could
no longer endured the rampant Bigotry, Discrimination and Hostility in University of Santo Tomas (UST).

DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD

 For the first time, Rizal did not seek his parent’s permission and blessings to go abroad because he knew they,
especially his mother, would disapprove it.
 He did not bring his beloved Leonor his Confidence either. He had enough common sense to know that Leonor
being a woman young and romantic could not keep secret.
 Rizal’s parent, Leonor and Spanish authorities knew nothing of his decision to go abroad in order to finish his
Medical Studies in Spain, where the professors were more liberal than those of the University of Santo Tomas
(UST)
 UNIT 4 – EDUCATIONS AND TRAVELS ABROAD

TOPICS

1. Universidad Central de Madrid

2. Rizal as a Mason
3. The writing of the Noli Me Tangere
4. Ophthalmic training under Dr. Louis de Wecker and Dr. Otto Becker
5. Friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt
6. The Writing of the Noli Me Tangere
7. Grand tour of Europe

1. Education and Travel Abroad

 Rizal’s travel to Paris, Madrid, and Barcelona

 Jose Rizal being disgusted of the antiquated method of instruction in the Dominican-owned University and
the racial prejudice of Dominican professor against Filipino students, decided to complete his studies in
Spain.
 At that time the government of Spain was a Constitutional Monarchy under a written Constitution which granted
Human rights to the people, particularly freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly.
 Another reason which is more important than completing his studies in Spain – THE SECRET MISSION which
Rizalist Biographers (including Agustine Craig and Wenceslao E. Retana) never mention in their writing.
 Rizal’s Secret Mission: This mission which Rizal conceived with the approval of older brother Paciano was to:

Rizal’s Secret Mission

1. Observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, Industries and commerce, and government
and Laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed
people from Spanish tyranny.
2. The principal purpose of Rizal’s departure is not just to finish his medical courses/studies but to study other
things of greater usefulness or that to which Rizal more inclined to.

SECRET DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN: to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars.

 On May 3, 1882 Rizal departed on board the Spanish steamer Salvadora bound for Singapore.
 Singapore –> (sir Thomas Stanford Raffles, founder of Singapore) - > Colombo -> to Suez Canal -> Africa ->
Naples -> Marseilles -> until he reached Barcelona.
 Rizal first impression to Barcelona was unfavorable. Later he changed his impression because he found it really a
great City with an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism and its people were hospitable, open-minded and
courteous.
 BARCELONA, SPAIN – Rizal reached Barcelona on June 16, 1882.
 Rizal wrote Nationalistic essay entitled “Amor Patrio” under the pen name Laon Laan appeared in print in
Diariong tagalog on August 20, 1882 was published in two text – Spanish and Tagalog.
 Spanish text was originally written by Rizal in Barcelona.
 “El Amor Patrio” (Love of Country)
 Diariong Tagalog
 The Tagalog translation was made by M.H. Del Pilar, just like the prizewinning “JUVENTUD FILIPINA” in his
Amor Patrio urged his compatriot to Love their fatherland.
 “under whatever aspect, whatever its name, we love her (patria)always just a child loves its mother in the
midst of hunger and misery”.
 lGroup picture of Jose Rizal in Madrid”
2. Life in Madrid (Universidad Central de Madrid)
  On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid)
in two (2) courses:
1. Medicine, and
2. Philosophy and letters
 Aside from his heavy studies in the university he also studied:
 Painting and Sculptor (in academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando)
 Also took lessons to French, German, English, and
 To keep himself physically fit, he kept a tight schedule at the hall of Arms of Sanz Y Carbonell.
 Rizal led a SPARTAN LIFE in Madrid:
 Rizal knew that he came to Spain to Study and prepare himself for the service to his fatherland.
 He rigidly budgeted his money and time
 He frugally spending his money on food, clothing, lodging and food - never wasting a peseta for
gambling, wine and women.
 In 1882, shortly after his arrival in Madrid, Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano
Philippine Circle), a society of Spaniard and Filipinos. Among the members of the group were three
Paterno Brothers, two Esquivels, Figueroa Govantes, Villanueva, Jugo, Lopez Jaena, Lorente, Etc.
 Rizal became a member of the Society but was very disappointed because most of his young countrymen
were indifferent, they simply “didn’t care” he once remarked

3. Rizal as Mason:
 Rizal while pushing his courses at the university he joined the Freemasons
 Significance of Joining Masonic Order:
 It was an act that helped Rizal’s political reputations. Masons were known for their liberal ideas.
 Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish masons openly and freely criticized the government
policies and lambasted the friars, which could not be done in the Philippines.
Objective/ Aim of Freemasonry:
1. Freemasonry, to the masons, is a society aimed to promote the Universal brotherhood of man under the
fatherhood of God.
2. To render practical aid to the less fortunate;
3. Freemasonry enjoins the practice of every social and moral virtue.
 Masonic Lodge Acasia
 In March 1883, Rizal joined Masonic Lodge Acasia in Madrid, using Dimasalang his masonic name.
His reason for becoming Masonic Lodge called Acasia was:
1. To secure freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines.
2. He intended to utilize the freemasonry as his shield to combat them (since friars used the
catholic religion as a shield to entrench themselves in power and to persecute the Filipino
patriots.)
 Later he transferred to Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) where he became a Master mason on November
15, 1890
 Still later on February 15, 1892, he was awarded the diploma as Master mason by Le Grand Orient
de Francis in Paris.
 As a mason Rizal played a lukewarm role, unlike M.H. Del Pilar, G Lopez Jaena and Mariano Ponce who
were very active in masonic affairs.
 Rizal only masonic writing was a lecture titles “Science, virtue and Labor” which he delivered in 1889
at Lodge Solidaridad in Madrid.
 Rizal’s Salue to Luna and Hidalgo
 the banquet on the evening of June 25,1884 was sponsored by the Filipino community to celebrate the
double victory of the Filipino artist in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid.
1. Luna’s Spolarium, winning first prize
2. Hidalgoo’s Chrstian Virgins expose to populance – 2nd prize.
 Salute to Luna Hidalgo
 Speaking in a sonorous Castilian, Rizal held his audiences spellbound. He saluted Luna& Hidalgo as the
two (2) glories of Spain and the Philippines whose artistic achivements, - for GENIUS IS
UNIVERSAL
“GENIUS knows no country, genius sprout everywhere, genius is like an air, the patrimony of
everybody, cosmopolitan like space, like life, like GOD.”
 He also assailed with refined sarcasm the bigotry and blindness of certain unworthy Spaniards (referring
to the bad in the Philippines who could not comprehend the Universality of Genius).
 Studies Completed in Spain
 Rizal completed his Medical Studies in Spain. He was Conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine
by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884
 In (1884-1885) the next academic year, he studied and passed all the subjects leading to the Degree of
Doctor of Medicine.
However, due to the fact that he did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid
the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his doctor’s diploma.
  Studies in Spain
 Rizal also finished studies in Philosophy and letters with high grades. He was awarded the degree of
Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 19,1885 (his 24th
birthday) with the rating of excellent (sobresaliente).

 By obtaining the degree of licentiate in philosophy and letters, he became qualified to be a professor of
Humanities in any Spanish University and by receiving his degree of licentiate in Medicine he
became full-pledge physician to practice medicine.
 Rizal did not secure the Post- graduate degree of Doctor of Medicine and with Licentiate in Philosophy &
Letters, because it was good only for the following reasons.
1. Rizal, being a man of high intelligence and foresight, he knew that with his brown color and Asian
racial ancestry, no friars owned University or Colleges in the Philippines would accept him in its
faculty staff
2. Because he believed the Dominican friars will never appoint him as such in college of Santo Tomas.
3. Same thing also for professorship, according to Rizal, “but I doubt if the Dominican fathers will grant
it to me”, said the national hero
 Through Rizal never got his doctorate in medicine, he took and passed the course in the history
of medicine, surgical analysis and normal histology in 1884-1885 however, he never
submitted his Doctoral thesis.
In the long correspondence with the authorities of the University, which he started from
Geneva in June 1887, he requested for the Issuance of his Licentiate degree.
 This was applied and paid for in his name by, Julio Llorente, who for some reason or another asked that
it be grant to the Governor in Manila where it was promptly lost so after a typical bureaucratic jumble,
Rizal had to be contented with certified copy of which he received from Spanish Consul General in
Hong Kong in May, 1892, eight years after his graduation.
4. Ophthalmic Training under Dr. Otto Becker and Louis de Weckert: (Paris to Berlin)
 Rizal after completing his studies in Madrid, went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in
Ophthalmology. He particularly chose this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his mother’s eye
ailment. He served as assistant to the famous oculist of Europe.
Shortly after termination his studies at the Central Universidad de Madrid, Rizal who was then 24 years
old and already physician went to Paris to acquire knowledge of ophthalmology.
 Ophthalmic Training
 in November 1885, sojourned for about four (4) months in Paris:
1. He worked as an assistant of Dr. Louis de Wecker (1852-1906) a leading French Ophthalmologist, from
1885-February 1886.
 He rapidly improved his knowledge of ophthalmology as revealed by his letter to his parents in January
1,1886
 Rizal stated that – he knew now how to perform all the operations: he only had to know what is going
inside the eye, which according to Rizal it requires much practice.
 After acquiring enough experience as ophthalmologist in Dr. Wecker’s clinic, Rizal reluctantly left gay
Paris on February 1886 for Germany.
 Rizal arrived in Heidelberg (a historic city) Germany, on February 3, 1886 famous for its old
University and romantic surrounding.
 He boarded near the university of Heidelberg and worked at the university eye clinic under the direction
of a distinguished German ophthalmologist.
1. Dr. Otto Becker- Rizal worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker,
a distinguished German ophthalmologist, and attended the lecture of Dr. Becker and Prof.
Wilhelm Kueline at the University.
2. Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger- (1830-1905) another famous German ophthalmologist where Rizal work
as assistant with the former’s clinic.
5. Frienship with Ferdinand Blumentritt:
 Acquiatance with blumentritt
 On July 31, 1886 he wrote a letter a German to Prof. Blumentritt, and sent the letter valuable book,
Aritmetica (Arithmetic)
 The book was published in Spanish and in Tagalog texts by our countrymen, Rufino Hernandez, a
native of Santa Cruz Laguna.
 The book given to Prf. Blumentitt was printed at UST in 1868 consisting of 224 pages.
 Prof. Blumentritt was impressed by Rizal and in exchange for his generosity he reciprocated by giving
him two (2) books.
 This was the beginning of a beautiful long life friendship between them Blumentritt the Austrian,
became the best friend of Rizal, the Filipino
 Leipzig > Dresden > Berlin
 On August 9, 1886, Three days after the 5th centenary celebration of the University of Heidelberg, Rizal
left the City.
  Rizal attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig on History & Psychology. He befriended Prof.
Friedrich Ratzel a famous German Historian and Dr. Hans Meyer, German Anthropologist.
 On October 29, He left Leipzig for Dresden where he met De. Adolph Meyer Director of
Anthropologist and Enthoglical Museum.
 November 1, 1886, Rizal Left Dresden by train to Berlin.
 Berlin, Germany
 In the city of Berlin he came in contact with greatest scientist.
 Dr. Feodor Jagor – the celebrated German scientist traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines, a
book which Rizal read and admire during his student days in Manila.
 Dr. Jagor visited Manila Philippines in 1859-1860 when Rizal was a boy.
 In his book (published in Berlin 1873) he foretold the downfall of Spanish in the Philippines and the
coming of America to Philippine Shore
 Dr. Feodor Jagor, in turn introduced Rizal to Dr. Rudolph Virchow, Prof of Descriptive anatomy.
 Rizal became member of Anthropological Society, the Ethnological and Geographical Society in
Berlin upon recommendation of Dr. Jagor, Dr. Meyer that his scientific knowledge was recognized by
Europe’s Scientist.
 He was the First Asian to be accorded such honors.
 Life in Berlin
 In Berlin, Rizal was not a mere students or Curious tourist. He lived in this famous capital of unified
Germany for six (6) reasons:
1. To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
2. To further his studies of sciences and languages
3. To observe the political & economic conditions of German nations.
4. To master the German Language
5. To associates (advance his association) wit famous German scientist and scholars; and
6. his novel Noli Me Tangere
Rizal also led a methodical and frugal life in Berlin. By day, he worked as an assistant in
the clinic of Dr. Schweiger, eminent German ophthalmologist. At night, he attended
lectures in the University of Berlin

6. The Writing of the Noli Me Tangere:

 IDEA of Writing a Novel in the Philippines

o His (Rizal) reading Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which portrays the brutalities of
American slaves-owners and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate negro slaves, inspired dr. Jose
Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish tyrants. He
was then a student in the Central University of Madrid.
 In a reunion of Filipinos in the Paterno residence in Madrid on January 2, 1884, Rizal
proposed the writing of the Novel about the Philippines by a group of Filipinos
o His proposal was unanimously approved by those present, among them were the Paternos (Pedro,
Maximo, and Antonio) Graciano Lopez Jaena, Evaristo Aguerre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente,
Valentin Ventura etc...
o Unfortunately, the project did not materialize and those compatriots who were expected to collaborate
on the Novel did not write anything. The novel was designed to cover all phases Philippines Life.
o However, almost everybody wanted to write on women. Rizal was disgusted at such flippancy. He was
more disgusted to see that his companions instead of working seriously on the Novel wasted their time
gambling or flirting with Spanish senoritas.
o Undaunted by his friends indifference, he is determined to write the novel – ALONE
o Toward the end of 1884, Rizal begin writing the Novel in Madrid and finished about one-half of it.
o When he went to Paris in 1885, after completing his studies at Central Universidad de Madrid, he
continued writing the Novel, finishing of the second half.
o He finished the last fourth of the Novel in Germany.
o He wrote the few chapters of Noli in Wilhemsfeld in April- June, 1886
o In Berlin during the winter day of 1886, Rizal made the final version on the manuscript of the Noli. Sick
and penniless, he saw no hope of having it published, so that in momentary fit of desperation, he almost
hurried it into flames.
 Voila, Savior of Noli:
o Dr. Maximo Viola - friend of Rizal, was a scion of s rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan.
o When Viola arrived in Berlin shortly before Christmas day of 1886 he was shocked to find Rizal living in
poverty and deplorably sickly due to lack of proper nourishment.
o Viola, upon seeing his talented friend’s predicament, and being loaded with ample funds gladly agreed to
finance the printing cost of the Noli.
 The writing of Noli and Viola Savior of Noli:
o He also loaned Rizal some cash of money for living expenses. (thus Rizal and Viola, happily celebrated
the Christmas of 1886 in Berlin with a sumptuous feast).
 o After the Christmas season, Rizal put the finishing touches of his novel. To save printing expenses,
he deleted certain passages in his manuscript, including the whole chapter – “Elias and Salome”.
 The writing of the Noli
o On February 21, 1887, the Noli was finally finished and ready for printing. With Viola, the savior of
Noli, Rizal went to different printing shops in Berlin to surver the cost of printing.
o After a few days inquiries, they finally found printing shop – Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-
Gesselschaft, which charged the lowest rate, i.e., 300 pesos for 2000 copies of the novel.
 Rizal suspected as French Spy
o Rizal, in fluent German language, explained to the Police Chief he was not a French Spy but a Filipino
Physician scientist, particularly an ethnologist, he visited the rural areas of the countries, he visited to
observed the customs and lifestyle of their simple inhabitants. Favorably impressed with Rizal’s
explanation and fascinated by his mastery of the German Language and personal charisma, the Police
Chief was satisfied and allowed him to stay freely in Germany.
 Printing of the Noli:
o On March 21, 1887 the Noli Me Tangere came off the press.
o Rizal immediately sent the first copies of the printed novel to his intimate friends, including
Blumentritt, Dr Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and Felix R. Hidalgo.
o Rizal, on March 21, 1887, in token of his appreciation and Gratitude, gave Viola the galley of proofs of
the Noli carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing and a complimentary copy, with the
following inscription: “TO MY DEAR FRIEND, MAXIMO VIOLA, THE FIRST TO READ AND
APPRECIATE MY WORK – JOSE RIZAL”.
 The writing of the Noli:
o Title of the Novel – the title Noli Me Tangere is a latin phrase which means – “Touch Me Not”. It is
not originally conceived by Rizal, for he admitted taking it from the Bible. (From the Gospel of St.
John. Chapter 20, Verses 13 – 17).
o Rizal, in citing Biblical source, he made mistakes when he said – Noli Me Tangere is a words taken from
the Gospel of Saint Luke, which signify “do not touch me”.
o The author’s dedication – Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines – “To my
Fatherland”.
o “Synopsis of the Noli” – the novel “Noli Me Tangere” contains 63 chapters and an epilogue.
o The missing chapter of the Noli; is noli based on truth; Rizal’s friend praise Noli; and those enemies who
condemned it.... will be thoroughly discuss in CH. 8 (Rizal’s major works).

7. Grand tour of Europe; (Rizal and Viola):

 After publication of the Noli, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe. Dr, Maximo Viola agreed to
be his traveling companion.
 At dawn of May 11, 1887, the two (2) brown-skinned doctors (Rizal & Viola) on a roaming spree left Berlin by
train.
 Their destination was Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany, here they visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, who
was overjoyed to see them.
 While strolling at the scene of flowed Exposition they met Dr. Feodor Jagor. Upon hearing of them to visit
Leitmeritz (now Litomerice, Czechoslovakla) in order to see Blumentritt for the first time.
o FRIST MEETING WITH FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT
 On May 13, 1887 Rizal and Viola arrived at the Leitmeritz, Bohemia. Prof. Blumentritt who had received their
wire was at the station. He was carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal which the latter had previously sent to him, so
that he could identify his Filipino friend. He warmly received Rizal and Viola.
 For the first time the two (2) great scholars who came to know each other by correspondence met in person.
 Blumentritt was a kind-hearted person, old Austrian professor. Upon seeing the talented Rizal for the first time,
he immediately took him into heart, loving him as a son. The two Filipino tourist spent many pleasant hours at the
home of their kind host. They stayed at the Leitmeritz from May 13 to May 16 1887.
 PRAGUE - Rizal and viola visited also the historic city of Prague after Leitmeritz. They visited the tomb of
Copernicus, the famous astronomer, the museum of natural history, the bacteriological laboratories, the famous
cave where San Juan Nepomuceno, Catholic saint was imprisoned and the bridge from which this saint hurled
into the river.
 VIENNA – On May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived in the beautiful city of Vienna, capital of Austria-Hungary.
 THEN from LINTZ to RHEINFALL to MUNICH then they went to NUREMBERG one of the oldest cities of
Germany.
 After MUNICH, the visited ULM- the cathedral of this city was the “largest and tallest in all Germany”
 At RHEINFALL (cascade of Rhine) they saw the waterfall, the most beautiful waterfall of Europe.
 After which, ther crossed the frontier to SCHAFFHAUSEN, SWITZERLAND, they stayed in this city from
June 2-3 1887.
 GENEVA – this Swiss City is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, visited by world tourist every year.
 On June 19,1887 Rizal treated Viola to a blow-out. It was his 26th birthday with sumptuous meal. They spent
15 delightful days in Geneva. And On the 23rd of June 1887, they parted ways – Viola returned to Barcelona
while Rizal continued the tour to Italy.
 ITALY – Rizal visited Milan, Venice and Florence and on June 27, 1887 he reached ROME, the “Eternal City
and also called “The City of Carsars”.
 VATICAN - On June 29th, The Feast day of St. Peter and St. Paul, Riza; visited for the first time the
VATICAN, the “CITY OF POPES” and the “CAPITAL OF CHRISTENDOM”. He was deeply impressed by
the magnificent edifice, particularly of St. PETER CHURCH, the rare works of art, the vast of St. Peter’s
Square, the colorful Papal Guard, and the atmosphere of religious devotion that pervaded the Vatican.
 After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, he prepared to return to the PHILIPPINES. He had already
written to his father that he was coming HOME....

Unit V- HOMECOMING AND RETURN TO EUROPE

TOPICS

1. RETURN HOME
 Medical practice in Calamba
 Uproar and attacks in the Noli
 The Calamba land problem
2. ASIA AND U.S. EXPOSURE
 Hongkong and Macao
3. RIZAL AS PROPAGANDIST
 Annotation of Secesos de las lslas Filipinas in London
 La Solidaridad
 To the Young women of Malolos
 Life in Brussels
 Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar rivalry
 Publication of the El Filibusterismo in Ghent

1. (a) Medical Practice in Calamba

Unit V – 1. Return Home

 On August 8, 1887, Rizal returned to Calamba. His family welcome him affectionately with plentiful tears of joy.
o Rizal reached Manila on the night of August 5, 1887, Before going home to Calamba he decided to see
his friends and relatives and renewed familiarities after an absence of five (5) years.
 MEDICAL PRACTICE IN CALAMBA:
o In Calamba, Rizal establish a medical clinic. His first patient was his mother, who was almost blind.
He treated her eyes, but could not perform any surgical operation because her eye cataracts was not yet
ripe.
o New of the arrival of great doctor from Germany spread far and wide. Patients from Manila and provinces
flocked to calamba
o Rizal, who came to be called “Dr Uliman” because he came from Germany, treated their ailments and
soon he acquired lucrative medical

A) MEDICAL PRACTICE IN CALAMBA

  His professional fee was reasonable, even Gratis to the poor. Within few months, he was able to earn P900 as
a physician. By February 1888, he earned a total of P5000 as medical fees.
 Rizal also did not selfishly devote all his time to enriching himself. Unlike many successful medical
practitioners, he opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced European Sports.
 He tried to interest his town mates in gymnastics, fencing and shooting so as to discourage the cockfights and
gambling.
 During his six months of sojourn in Calamba, Rizal suffered one failure- his failure to see Leonor Rivera.
He tried to go to Dagupan, but his parent absolutely forbade him to go because Leonor’s mother did not like
him for a son-in-law.
 With heavy heart Rizal bowed to his parent wish. He was caught with the iron grip of the custom of his time
that marriages must be arranged by the parents of both groom and bride.

1. (b) Uproar and Attacks on the Noli.

 UPROAR and ATTACKS ON THE NOLI

o As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plotted his doom. A few weeks after his arrival,
a storm broke over his novel.
o One day Rizal received a letter from Governaor General Emilio Terrero (1886-1888) requesting him to
come to Malacanan Palace (somebody had whispered to the governor’s ear that the Noli contained
Subversive ideas).
o Rizal went to Manila and appeared at Malacanan. He was informed by the Gov, Gen. Of the charge but
Rizal denied it – explaining that he merely exposed the truth, but he did not advocate subversive ideas.
o Pleased by his explanation and curious about the controversial book, the Gov, Gen. Asked the author for a
copy of Noli so that he could read it. But Rizal had no copy then because the only he brought home was
given to a friend. However, he promised to secure one for tthe Governor General.
o Rizal also visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for the copy he sent them but they could not part with it. The
Jesuits were glad to see him, especially his former Professors – Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Fr. Jose
Beck, Fr. Federico Faura.
o He had spirited conversation/discussion with Fr. Fedirico Faura who ventured an opinion that –
“Everything in it was the truth but added: You may Lose your head for it”,
o Fortunately, found a copy in the hands of a friend. He was able to get it and gave it to Gov. Gen. Emilio
Terrero.
o The Governor General who was a liberal-minded Spaniard, knew that Rizal’s life was in jeopardy
because the friars were powerful. Governor General Terrero read the Noli and found nothing wrong with
it but the enemies were powerful.
o For security measure, he assigned a young Spanish lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel De Andrade, as
bodyguard of Rizal. This lieutenant belonged to a noble family. He was cultured and knew painting and
could speak, English, French, and Spanish.
 ARCHBISHOP of MANILA, Msgr Pedro Payo, a Dominican send a copy of the Noli to Fr. Rector Gregorio
Echavarria of UST for examination by a committee of the Faculty. The committee which was composed of
Dominican Professors, submitted the reports to Father Rector and immediately transmitted to Archbishop Pedro
Payo. The Archbishop lost no time in forwarding it to the Governor General.
o The Report of the Faculty member of the UST stated that the NOLI was –
 Heritical, impious, and scandalous in the religious order,
 Anti-patriotic, subversive of the public order, injurious to the government of Spain and its
function in the Philippine islands in the political order.
o Governor General Terrero was dissatisfied with the report of the Dominicans, for he knew that the
Dominicans were prejudicial against Rizal.
o He sent the novel to the Permanent Commision on Cencorship which was composed of priest and
laymen. The report of the Commission was drafted by its head, Fr. Salvador Font, Augustinian cura of
Tondo, and submitted to the governor general on December 29, 1887.
Accordingly, the report of the commission found the novel;
1. To contain subversive ideas against the church and Spain; and
2. Recommended that the importation, reproduction and circulation of this pernicious book in the islands be
absolutely prohibited

o When the written report of the censorship commission was published, Rizal and his friends became
apprehensive and uneasy. The enemies of Rizal exulted in unholy glee. The banning to the Noli only
served to make It popular. Everybody wanted to read it. News about the great book spread among the
Masses. “What the hated Spanish master did not like, the oppressed masses liked very much”.
Despite the Government prohibition and the vigilance of the Guardia Civil many Filipinos were get hold
of copies and read at night behind closed doors.
 Attackers of the Noli:
o The battle over the Noli took the form of virulent war of words;
 1. Father Salvador Font printed his report and distributed copies of it in order to discredit the
controversial Novel.
2. Another Augustinian, Fr. Jose Rodriguez, prior of Guadalupe, published a series of eight pamphlets
under the general heading cuestiones e sumo interest (Question of Supreme Interest) to blast the Noli
and other anti-spanish writing.
o The eight pamphlets were entitled as follows:
a. Porque no los he de leer? (why should I not read them);
b. Guardos de ellos porque (Beware of them, why?);
c. Y-gue me dice de la peste (And. What can you tell me of Plaque?);
d. Porque triunfan los impios? (why do the impious triumph);
e. Hay o no hay infierno? (is there or is there no hell?)
f. Cree usted que de versa no hay purgatorio? (Do you think there is really no purgatory?);
g. Que le parece a usted de esos libelos? (what do you think of these libels?); and
h. Confession o Condenacion? (Confession of Damnation?)

3. Fray Rodriguez wrote copies of these anti-Rizal pamphlets which were sold daily in the churches
after Mass. Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to displeased the friars but they did
not believe what their author said why hysterical fervor.
 Repercussions of the storm over Noli reached Spain. It was fiercely attacked on the session hail of the senate of
the Spanish Cortes by various senators particularly;
4. General Jose de Salamanca on April 1, 1888
5. General Luis M. de Pando on April 12, 1888, and
6. Senator Fernando Vida on June 11
7. Vicente Barrantes the spanish academician of Madrid, who formerly occupied high government
position in the Philippines, bitterly criticized the noli in the article published in La Espana Moderna (a
newspaper in Madrid) in January 1890
 Defenders of the Noli
o The much maligned Noli had its gallant defenders who fearlessly came to prove the merits of the novel or
to refute the arguments or unkind attackers. Filipino reformist in foreign lands, of course, rushed to
uphold the TRUTHS of the Noli, they are;
1. Marcelo H. del Pilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Kaena, Mariano Ponce and
other Filipino reformists.
2. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Rizal’s favorite teacher at the Ateneo, defended and praised Noli in
public.
3. Don Segismundo Moret, former minister of the Crown.
4. Dr. Miguel Morayta, historian and stateman, and
5. Professor F. Bluementrit, Scholar and educator, read and liked the novel
 A brilliant defense from Noli came from unexpected source. It was:
6. Rev. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedal and a
tagalog translator of the famous limitation of the Christ by Thomas Kempis. Father Garcia (writing
under the pen name Justo Desiderio Magalang), wrote a defense of the Noli which was published in
Singapore as an appendix to a pamphlet Dated July 18,18888. He balsted the arguments of Fr.
Rodriguez, published of a series of eight (8)
 Fr. Vicente Garcia’s Scholarly Defenses of Noli
a. Rizal cannot be an “ignorant man”. as Fr, Rodriguez alleged, because he was a
graduate of Spanish Universities and a recipient of scholastic honors.
b. Rizal does not because attack the church and Spain, as Fr. Rodriguez claimed,
because what Rizal attacked in the Noli were the bad Spanish officials and not
Spain, and the bad corrupt friars and not the church.
c. Fr. Rodriguez said those who read Noli commit a mortal sin, since he
(Rodriguez) had read the novel. Therefore, he commits a mortal sin.
7. When Rizal learned of the brilliant defense of Fr. Garcia of his novel, he cried because his gratitude is
overwhelming. RIZAL himself defended his Novel against Barrantes attack (Vicente Barrantes,
Spanish academician of Madrid who formerly occupied high government positions in the
Philippines0, in a letter written in brussels, Belgium in February 1880.)
 In this letter, Rizal exposed Barrantes ignorance of Philippines affairs and Mental
dishonesty which is unworthy of an academician. Barrantes met in Rizal his master in
satire and polemics.
 Rizal and Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade
o While the storm over the Noli was raging in fury, Rizal was not molested in Calamba, this is due to
Governor General Terrero’s generosity in a bodyguard t him. Both young, educated and cultured Lt.
Andrade later became a great admirer to the man he was ordered to watch and protect. Years later, he
wrote Rizal: Rizal was refined, educated, and gentlemanly. The hobbies that more interested hime were
hunting, fishing, shooting painting and hiking.
o There was one who believed and respected to Manila that Rizal and I, at the top of the mountain, hosted
the German Flag, and proclaimed its sovereignty over the Philippines. Lt. Andrade imagined that such
 nonsense rumors emanated from the friars of Calamba, but did not take the trouble to make inquiries
about the matter.

o What marred Rizal’s happy days in Calamba with Lt. Andrade?

o 1. The death if his older sister, Olympia; and
o The groundless tales of circulated by his enemies that he was a German soy, an agent of Bismarck, a
Protestant, a mason, a witch, a soul beyond salvation.

1. (c) Calamba’s Land Problem (Agarian land trouble)

 Governor General Emilio Terrero, influence y a certain fact in Noli Me Tangere, ordered a government
investigation of the friar estate to remedy whatever inequities might have been present in connection with land
taxes and with tenants relations (one the friar estates affected was the Calamba Hacienda which the Dominican
order owned since 1883).
 In compliance with the Gov. Gen Terrero’s order, dated December 30, 1997, the Civil Governor of Laguna
province directed the municipal authorities of Calamba to investigate agrarian conditions of the locality.
 In order for the government to institute certain reform, the Calamba folks, upon hearing of the investigation,
solicited Rizal’s help gathering the facts and listing their grievances against the hacienda management.
 Rizal, after through study of the conditions in Calamba, wrote down his findings which the tenants and three (3)
officials of the hacienda signed on January 8, 1888. These findings, which were formally submitted to the
government action, were the following
a. The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around the Calamba but also the town of
Calamba;
b. The profits of Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary increase of the rentals paid by
the tenants;
c. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration a town fiesta, for the education of
the children and for the improvement of the Agriculture;
d. High rates of interest were charged the tenants for delayed payment of relates;
e. Tenants who had spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of said lands for flimsy reason;
and
f. Where the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated their carabaos, tools and homes.
 Rizal’s exposure of the deplorable conditions of tenancy in Calamba infuriated further his enemies:
 The friar exerted pressure on Malacanang Palace to eliminate him.
 They ask Gov. Gen Terrero to deport him, but the latter refused because there was no valid charge against
Rizal in court.
 Anonymous threat against Rizal’s life received by his parents;
 Alarmed parents, relatives and friends (including Lt. Taviel de Andrade) advised him to go away, for his
life was in danger.
 Later, Gov. Gen Terrero SUMMONED RIZAL and advised him to leave the Philippines for his own
good. He was giving Rizal a chance to escape the fury of the friars wrath.
 Reason why Rizal was Compelled to leave Calamba:
1. His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends, and
2. He could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign
countries.

2. ASIA and U.S Exposure

 Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his country for the second time on February 1888. He
was then a full grown man, 27 years of age, a practicing physician and a recognized, an of letters. The first time
he went abroad in June 1882, he was a mere lad of 21, a youthful student in search of wisdom in the old world, a
romantic idealist with beautiful dreams of emancipating his people from bondage by the magic power of his
pen. Time had changed Rizal, at 27, was an embittered victim of human iniquities, a disillusioned dreamer, a
frustrated reformer.
2. (a) Hongkong and Macao
 On February 3, 1888, after a short stay of six (6) months in his beloved Calamba, Rizal left Manila for Hong
Kong on board Zafiro. He was sick and sad during the crossing of the choppy China sea. He did not get off his
ship hen it made a brief stopover at AMOY on February 7, 1888 for three (3) reasons:
1. He was not feeling weel
2. It was raining hard
3. He heard that the city was dirty
 He arrived in Hong Kong o February 8, 1888
 In Hong Kong, he was welcomed by the Filipino residents including Jose Ma. Basa, Balbino Maurico and
Manuel Yriarte (son of Francisco Yriarte Alcalde Mayor of Laguna).
 Jose Sainz de Varanda, who was a former secretary if Gov, Gen Terrero SHADOWED Rizal’s
movement in HK. It is believed that he was commissioned by the Spanish Government Authorities to
SPY on Rizal.
  Visit to MACAO: in February 18, Rizal accompanied by Jose Basa, boarded a ferry steamer KIU
KIANG for MACAO. He was surprised to see among the passengers a familiar figure –SAINZ de
VARANDA (who shadowed Rizal movement in Hong Kong
 MACAO is a Portuguese colony near HK. The city of Macao is small. Low and gloomy. There are many
junks, sampans but few streamers. It looks sad and is almost dead.
 On February 20, 1888, Rizal and Basa returned to HK again on board the perry streamer KIU KIANG.
 Experienced in HK – during his (2) weeks visits in HK, Rizal studied Chines life, language drama and
customs.
 In February 22, 1888 Rizal left HK on boar the oceanic, and American Streamer, its destination was
Japan.
2. (b) Romantic Interlude in Japan. (February 28, April 13, 1888)
 One of the happiest interlude in the life of Rizal was his sojourn in the land of “Cherry Blossom” for one month
and a half. He was enchanted by the natural beauty of Japan, the charming manners of Japanese people and the
picturesque shrines. Moreover, he fell in love with the Japanese Girl, her real name was SEIKO USUI, Rizal
affectionately called her O-SEI-SAN. Fate, however cut short his happy days in Japan. He had to sacrifice his
own happiness to carry on his work for th redemption of his oppressed people.
 RIZAL arrived in Yokohama, on Feb, 28, 1888 early morning Tuesday then proceeded to TOKYO stayed in
Tokyo hotel from March 2-7. He was impressed with the City of Tokyo (Tokyo is more expensive than Paris) the
walls are built in cyclopean manner. The streets are large and wide.
 Shortly after his arrival in Tokyo, he was visited at his hotel by Juan Perez Caballero, Secretary of Spanish
Legation. The latter invited him to live at the Spanish Legation, Rizal being an intelligent man, realized that the
Spanish Diplomatic Authorities were instructed from Manila to monitor his movement, He accepted the
invitation for two (2) reason:
1. He could economize his living expenses by staying at the legation, and
2. He had nothing to hide from the frying eyes of the Spanish authorities.
 Rizal’s impression of Japan
 The things which favorably impressed Rizal in Japan were:
1. The beauty of country-its flowers, mountains, streams and scenic panoramas.
2. The cleanliness, politeness and industry of the Japanese people.
3. The Picturesque dress and simple charm of the women.
4. There were very few thieves in Japan so that the house remained open day and night, and in the hotel room
one could safely money on the table.
5. Beggars were rarely seen in the city streets, unlike in Manila and other cities.

However, there was one thing he did not like in Japan, and that was the popular mode of transportation by means
of RICKSHAWS drawn by men. His sensitive soul recoiled seeing human beings working like horse, pulling
carts called RICKSHAWS. He felt disgusted at the way a human being was employed like a horse.
 Romance with O-SEI-SAN.
 Both Rizal and O-Sei-San found happiness in each other company. Rizal was then a lonely physician of
27 years old, disillusioned by his frustrated romance with Leonor Rivera and embittered by Spanish
injustices at home. O-SEI-SAN was a lonely samurai’s daughter of 23 years old and had never yet
experienced the ecstasy of true love.
 Rizal saw in lonely O-Sei-San the qualities of his ideal womanhood- beauty, charm, modesty and
intelligence. No wonder, he feels deeply in love with her. O-Sei-San reciprocated of his affection, for it
was the first time hr heart palpitated with joys to see a man of gallantry, dignity, courtesy and versatile
talents. O-Sei-San help Rizal in many ways. More than sweethearts, she was guide, interpreter and tutor,
etc.

 Sayonara Japan
 On April 13, 1888, Rizal boarded Belgic an English streamer at Yokohama, bound for United States. He
left with a heavy heart for he knew that he would never again see this beautiful “LAND OF THE
BEAUTIFUL CHERRY BLOSSOMS” and his beloved SEIKO USUI.
 Truly his sojourn in Japan for 45 days was one of the happiest interludes of his life. SACRIFICNG his
personal happiness, Rizal had to carry on his LIBERTARIAN MISSION in Europe. Accordingly, he
resumed his voyage, leaving behind the lovely O-SEI-SAN, whom passionately loved.
2. (c) RIZAL’s Visit to United States:
 Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888. His arrival in this great comity was marred by racial prejudice, for
he saw the discriminatory treatment of the Chinese and the Negros by the white Americans. Rizal was a man of
truth, and he wrote what he had seen and experienced.
 From San Francisco to Oakland, to Reno Nevada, Colorado, Nebraska, to Utah- to Ogden, to Denver, to Missouri,
to Illinois, to Chicago, Alabama and New York. On May 13, Rizal reached New York, thus ending his trip across
the American Continent.
 Rizal’s impression of America
 Good impression was:
1. The material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries and busy
factories;
2. The drive and energy of the American people;
3. The natural beauty of the land;
4. The high standard of living; and
5. The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
 One Bad impressions of Rizal had of America was the LACK OF RACIAL EQUALITY. There existed racial
prejudice which was inconsistent with the principle of democracy and fre3edom of which the Americans talk too
much but do not practice, thus he wrote to PONCE- “they do not have true civil liberty”
 What impressions do you have of united states? Asked Jose Alejandro who was then studying engineering in
Belgium.
 “AMERICA” answered Rizal, - “Is the land par excellence of freedom but only for whites”.

 Rizal in London:
 Why Rizal choose this English City to be his new home?
1. Increase his knowledge of the English language;
2. To study and annotate Morga’s Successos de Las Islas Filipinas; and
3. London was a safe place to carry on his fight against Spanish Tyranny.
 In London Rizal engage in many things. Rizal came to know Dr. Reihnhold Rost, the librarian of the
Ministry of Foreign affairs and an Authority of Malaya languages and Custom Dr. ROST impressed by
Rizal’s learning and character and he gladly recommended him to the authorities of the British museum.
He called Rizal “A Pearl of Man” (Una Perla de Hombre)
 Annotating MORGAS BOOK- the greatest achievement of Rizal in London was the annotation of Morgas Book,
Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events in the Philippines islands) which was published in Mexico,
1609.
 Succesos de las Islas Filipinas (Mexico, 1609) written by Dr. Antonio de Morga, Spanish jurist- soldier, as the
most impartial. Annotating the book was great and difficult task. It required a great deal of reading not only on
Philippine History but also the history of the other countries. With diligence Rizal copied it word for word, taking
pains to clarify or rectify matters in the text when necessary.
 Short visit to Paris and Madrid.
 Rizal visited Paris again in order to search for more historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale. He
was entertained by Juan Luna and his wife, Pas Pardo de Travera.
 On December 11, 1888 he went to Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona for the first time he met Marcelo
H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, two (2) Titans of Propaganda Movement. He exchanged ideas with
these new friends and promise to cooperate in the fight for reforms

 Rizal becomes Leader of Filipinos in Europe;

 While busy on his historical studies in London, Rizal learned that the Filipinos in Barcelona were
planning to establish a Patriotic Society which would cooperate in the crusade for reform.
 This society called ASSOCIAION LA SOLIDARIDAD, was inaugurated in December 31, 1888, with
the following officers:
 Officers of Association La Trinidad
o Galicano Apacible- President
o Graciano Lopez Jaena – Vice President
o Manuel Sta. Maria- Secretary
o Marino Ponce- Treasurer
o Jose Ma. Panganiban- Accountant
o By unanimous vote of all members. Rizal was Chosen Honorary President. This was in
recognition of his leadership among all Filipino Patriots in Europe.
 Rizal and the La Solidaridad Newspaper:
 GARCIANO LOPEZ JAENA- founded the Patriotic Newspaper called LA SOLIDARIDAD in
Barcelona on February 15, 1889. This was a fortnightly periodical which was served as the Organ of
Propaganda Movement. Its AIMS were as follows:
1. To work peacefully for political and social reforms;
2. To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so that Spain may remedy them;
3. To oppose the evil forces of reaction and medievalism
4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress, and
5. To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life, democracy
Rizal and La Solidaridad Newspaper:

 First Article in La Solidaridad – Rizal first article which appeared in La Solidaridad was entitled Los Agricultores
(Filipino farmers). Published March 25, 1889, six days after he left London to Paris.
 In LONDON Rizal wrote the famous letter to the Young Women of Malolos (February 22, 1889) in Tagalog.
He penned upon request of M.H. Del Pilar to praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a
School where they could learn Spanish despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, parish priest of Malolos.
 What are the main points of the letter? (Reading matters …> five only:

The Annotated edition of Morga’s: Published

 Rizal outstanding achievement in Paris was the Publication in 1890 of his Annotated edition of Morgas Sucesos
de las Islas Filipinas, which he wrote in British Museum.
 It was printed by Garnier Freres. The prologue was written by Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt upon request of
Dr. Jose Rizal.
 In his Prologue, Blumentritt commended Rizal for his fine Historical Scholarship. However, he frankly censured
for two (2) things which revealed Rizal errors:
1. Rizal commit the error of many historians in appraising the events of the past in the light of present standard, and
2. Rizal’s attack on the church were unfair and unjustified because the abuses of the friars should not be construed to
mean that Catholicism is bad.

Indolence of the Filipinos

 Indolence of the Filipinos – Rizal made a critical study of the causes why his people did not work hard during the
Spanish regime.
 Filipinos are not by nature indolent – in defense of the allege indolence of Filipinos, (he made a critical study) he
pointed out that long before the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos were industrious and hardworking. They were
active in agriculture, industries and commerce.

Love & Hate Relationship of Jose Rizal and Marcelo Del Pilar (unwanted rivalry)

 In 1890, a rivalry developed between Rizal and Del Pilar. This was mainly due to the difference between Del
Pilar’s editorial policy and Rizal’s Political beliefs.
 Their ideas and political views are at times dissimilar.
 Furthermore, there were some from the colony who were offended by Rizal’s seeming infringement with their
private life.
 Their rivalry led to the expatriates’ split between the “Rizalistas” and the Pilaristas”.

Solution to the Conflict

 To fix the unity among them, it was agreed to have a vote to elect the “RESPONSIBLE – a leader.” (tasked to
administer the campaigns of the reform movement).
 Rizal won the two-third (thereupon, elected as responsible) but he knew that there were pilaristas who did not like
his view and personalities.
 Thus, Rizal decline the coveted position because he did not want to cause disunity between Filipino groups.
 Rizal a man of Delicadeza – thus, decided to abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid, lest his presence results in
more serious faction among Filipinos in Madrid.

UNIT VI – Return to the Philippines

 OPTHALMIC SURGEONIN HONG KONG – After the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal left Europe for
Hong Kong where he lived from November 1891 to June 1892, his reasons for leaving Europe were:
1. Life was unbearable in Europe because of his political differences with M. H. Del Pilar and other Filipinos in
Spain;
2. To be near his idolized Philippines and Family.

Before sailing Hong Kong, Rizal notifies Del Pilar that he was retiring from the political arena in Spain in order to
preserve UNITY among compatriots and that despite their paring of ways, he had highest regard of him.

Rizal in Hong Kong

 Rizal arrived in Hong Kong on November 20, 1891, welcome by Filipino resident especially his old friend, Jose
Ma. Basa. Rizal established his residence at No. 5 D, Aguilar St. No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace, where he also opened
his medical clinic.
  Hidalgo, Rizal’s brother in law, sent a letter to Rizal, relating the sad news of the Deportation of twenty five
persons from Calamba, including his father, Neneng, Sisa, Paciano and the rest of the family. Rizal was
desperately sad, for he could not succor his persecuted family.
 Before Christmas of 1891, Rizal’s father, brother and Silvestre Ubaldo (brother-in-law) arrive in HK, not long
afterwards, his mother (65 years old then) and his sisters arrived.
 The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal’s life.
 He even wrote Blumentritt on January 31, 1892 about the pleasant life they’re living in Hong Kong.

Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong

 Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez, who became his friend and admirer, help him to build a wide clientele. In recognition of
Rizal’s skill as an Ophthalmic Surgeon, he turned over him many of his cases.
 In due time, he became successful and well known mystical practice in British Colony. Aside from being eye
specialist, he was a general practitioner.
 Rizal possessed the Qualities that would make an ideal Ophthalmic Surgeon, had he devoted his lifetime to the
practice of Medicine, he would have become one of Asia’s eminent Ophthalmologists.

Borneo Colonization Project

 Governor-General Valeriano Weyler’s terroristic regime (Calamba folks). The Colonization project of Rizal in
Sabah was in response to Calamba’s land crisis. Rizal conceived the establishment of Filipino colony in North
Borneo and planned to move these landless Filipino families to that rich British-owned island and came out of its
virgin wildness a “New Calamba”
 On March 7, 1892, he went to SANDAKAN to negotiate with the British authorities for the establishment of the
Filipino colony. His mission was successful. The British authorities of Borneo were willing to give the Filipinos
100,000 acres of land, a beautiful harbor and
 Rizal’s friend enthusiastically endorsed his Borneo Colonization Project. Juan Antonio Luna, L. Jaena Bautista,
Blumentritt and friends in Europe were delighted upon hearing the new project, but one of Rizal’s brothers-in-law
Hidalgo, objected to his Colonization project.
 The infamous Governor Valeriano Weyler, whom Cubans called “the Butcher” was relieved of Governatorial post
and was replaced by Governor-General Eulogio Despujol, the count of Caspe, announced to the Filipino people a
fine program of government.
 New trends of events in the Philippines gave Rizal a new hope for realizing his Borneo Colonization Project.
 Rizal sent letter to Governor Eulogio Despujol but the latter violating the simple rule of Spanish courtesy, did not
even acknowledge receipt of his letter. (3 months thereafter, No reply)
 Second letter of Rizal, gave it to ship Captain to be sure would reach the Governor. In this 2 nd letter, he requested
the Governor General to permit the landless Filipino to establish them in Borneo. Once more the Governor did not
gave Rizal the “Courtesy of reply. Instead he notified the Spanish colony in Hong Kong to tell Rizal that he could
not approved the Filipino immigration to Borneo, alleging that – “The Philippines lacked laborers and that it was
not very Patriotic to go off and cultivate foreign soil.”

Writings in Hong Kong (HK):

1. Ang mga Karapatan ng tao- tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man” proclaimed by French Revolution in
1789.
2. A la Nacion Espanola (1891), (To the Spanish Nation) – an appeal to Spain to right a wrong done to Calamba
tenants.
3. Sa mga Kababayan (To My Countrymen) – written on December 1891 explaining the Calamba agrarian situation.
4. Colonization of British North Borneo by families from the Philippines.
5. Una Visita-Ala Victoria Gaol (A visit to Victorial Gaol)
6. La Mano Roja (The Red Hand) was printed in a sheet for in HK. It denounced the frequent outbreaks of
intentional fires in Manila.
7. The constitution of the La Liga Filipina.

Writings in Hong Kong (HK):

 On March 2, 1892, Rizal wrote “UNA VISITA-Ala Victoria GAOL” on account of his visit to the colonial prison
of HK. In this article, he contrasted the cruel Spanish prison system with the modern and more humane British
Prison system.
 In June 1892, he wrote La Mano Roja – which was printed in sheet form in HK. It denounces the frequent
outbreaks of Intentional fires in Manila.
 The most important writing made by Rizal during his sojourn in HK was the “CONSTITUTION OF LA LIGA
FILIPINA”, which was printed in Hong Kong in 1892.
 To deceive the Spanish authorities, the printed copies carried the false information that the printing was done by
the London Printing Press, No. 25 Khulug St. London.
 The Idea of establishing La Liga Filipina (The Philippines League) an association of patriotic Filipinos for Civic
purposes was originally conceived by JOSE Ma. BASA but it was JOSE RIZAL who wrote its CONSTITUTION
 and realized its ESTABLISHMENT. Copies of the printed La Liga Constitution were sent by Rizal to DOMINGO
FRANCO, his friend in Manila.
 Decision to Return to Manila – In May 1892, Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila. What spurred/urged his
decision to return was:
1. To confer with Governor Eulogio Dispujol
2. Establish the La Liga Filipina.
3. To prove that Eduardo De Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that Rizal was comfortable and safe in HK
and thus abandoned the country’s cause.
 His attack was printed in La Solidaridad on April 15, 1892 portrayed Rizal as cowardly, egoistis, opportunistic – a
patriot in words only.
 Last HK Letters: On June 19, 1892 he spent his 31 st birthday in HK. He had premonition of his death. The
following day he wrote two letters which he sealed, inscribed on each envelope – “to be opened after my death”,
and gave to his friend Dr. Marquez for safekeeping:
i. 1st letter addressed to my parents, brethren and friends.

ii. 2nd letter addressed to the Filipinos.

 June 21, 1892 – Rizal penned another letter (3rd letter) to Governor Despujol. In this letter he informed the Gov.
General of his coming to Manila and placed himself under the protection of Spanish Government.
 The Spanish Consul General, who issued a government guarantee for safety, sent a cablegram that the victim is in
trap.
 On the same day, (June 21, 1892) a secret case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers “for Anti-
Religious and Anti-Patriotic Agitation”.
 The deceitful Despujol ordered his secretary Luis De La Torre to find out if Rizal was naturalized as German
citizen, as was rumored, so that he may take proper action against on “who had the protection of a strong Nation.”

THE LA LIGA FILIPINA (2nd HOMECOMING)

Topic 4 Founding of LA LIGA

The La Liga Filipina

 Rizal firmly believe that the fight for Filipino liberties had assume a new phase; It must be fought in the
Philippines not in Spain. “The Battlefield is in the Philippines” he told countryman in Europe – There is where we
should meet. There we will help one another, together we will suffer or triumphs perhaps.
 In December 31, 1891, he reiterated this belief in a letter to Blumentritt, Rizal Stated: I belived the LA
SOLIDARIDAD IS NO LONGER OUR BATTLEFIELD, Now it is a new struggle. The fight is no longer in
Madrid. In going home to lead anew the reform movement, he was like the biblical Daniel Bearding the Spanish
lion in its own den.
 He went to Malacanang (when he arrived), and was able to confer with Gov. Gen. Despujol, who agreed to
Pardon his father, but not the rest of his family and told him to return.
 Rizal visited his friends in Central Luzon – these friends were good patriots who were his supporters in the reform
for crusade, and took the opportunity to greet them personally and discussed the problems affecting their people.
 Rizal again was shadowed by government spies who watched carefully his movement. The homes he had visited
were raided by the Guardia Civil and seized some copies of the Noli and El Fili and some subversive

Founding of the La Liga Filipina

 On the evening of Sunday, July 3, 1892, Rizal attended the meeting of the Patriots at the home of the Chinese-
Filipino mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on Ylaya street, Tondo Manila. (Many attended/present)
 Rizal explained the Objectives of the Liga Filipina, A civic League of Filipinos, which he desired to establish and
its role in socio-economic life of the people. He presented the CONSTITUTION OF THE LIGA which he had
written in HK and discussed its provisions. The Patriots were favorably, impressed and gladly approved the
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LIGA.

The Officers of the new League

 The officers of the new league were elected as follows:

1. Ambrosio Salvador – President – Governadorcillo of Quiapo
2. Deodato Arellano – Secretary – Brother-in-law of M.H. Del Pilar
3. Bonifacio Arevalo – Treasurer – dentist and Mason
4. Agustin De La Rosa – Fiscal – Bookkeeper and Mason.

Constitution of the La Liga

 AIMS OF THE LIGA FILIPINA as embodied in its CONSTITUTION were the following:
1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact and homogenous body.
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity
3. Defense against all violence and injustice
4. Encouragement of education, agriculture and commerce.
 5. Study and application of reforms.

MOTTO OF LA LIGA: UNUS INSTAR OMNIUM (One Like All). – “Bawat Isa Katulad ng Lahat”.

Governing Body of the League

1. SUPREME COUNCIL which has jurisdiction over the whole country. It was composed of President, a Secretary,
a Treasurer and a Fiscal.
2. There was a PROVINCIAL COUNCIL in every Province, &
3. POPULAR COUNCIL in every town.
 All Filipino who have the heart and welfare of their Fatherland are Qualified for Membership. Every member
pays an entrance fee of two (2) pesos and a monthly due of ten (10) centavos.

DUTIES OF THE LA LIGA MEMBERS

1. Obey the orders of the Supreme Council

2. Help in recruiting new members
3. To keep in strictest secrecy the decision of the Liga authorities
4. To have a symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes President of his council
5. To report to fiscal anything that he may hear which affect the Liga
6. To behave well as befits a good Filipino
7. To be

Rizal Arrested & Jailed in Fort Santiago:

 On Wednesday, July 6 Rizal Went to Malacanang Palace to resume series of interview with the Governor
General. The latter suddenly showed him some-printed leaflets which were alleged found in Lucias pillow cases.
These incriminatory leaflets were entitled POBRES FRAILES (Poor-Friars) Uner the authorship of Fr. Jacinto
and printed by imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila. They were satire against the Rich Dominican Friars who
amassed fabulous riches contrary to their Monastic vow of Poverty. Rizal vigorously denied it.
 Despite his denial and insistent demand for investigation in accordance with due process of law, he was placed
under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol.
 The following day, July 7, the Gaceta de Manila, published the story of Rizal’s arrest which produced indignant
commotion among Filipino people, particularly members of newly organized La Liga.
 Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan: The same issue of the Gaceta (July 7, 1892) contained Governor General
Despujol’s decree deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the South”, the Gubernatorial Decree gave the reasons
for Rizal’s Deportation as follows:

Reasons for Rizal’s Deportations (Gubernatorial Decree of Despujol)

1. Rizal had published a books and articles abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain and which were “Frankly Anti-
Catholic and Imprudently anti-friar”.
2. A few hours after his arrival in Manila “there was found in one of the packages a bundlesof handbills entitled
Pobres Frailes ind which the patient and humble generosity of Filipinos is Satirized and which accusation is he
wrote that published against the custom of the religious orders.
3. His novel El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the memory of the three traitors (GOMBURZA) and in the title page
he wrote that in view of the vices and errors of the Spanish Administration – “The Only Salvation for the
Philippines was The Separation from the Mother Country”.
4. The end which he pursues in his efforts and writing is to tear form the loyal Filipinos.

Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan:

 Shortly after midnight of July 14, (I,e. 12:30 am of July 15, 1892) – Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the
Steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapital – under Captain Delgras.
 Captain Delgras went ashore and handed Rizal over to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, Spanish Commander of
Dapitan. That same night, July 17, 1892, Rizal began his Exile in Lonely Dapitan which would last until July 31,
1896, a period of four years and fourteen days.