-— TIT-JEE ~~ (MAIN + ADVANCED) 9555878436, 8287246374 * PHYSICS BY S.K KASHYAP (A MISSION FOR BEST EDUCATION) PLOT NO- 88 FIRST FLOOR RIVER tS UM USACE C- Block KAVI NAGAR BALAJI CLASSESS.K KASHYAP. Mo Charges & Magne 7m. Oersted Experiment: In 1820 performed an important experiment which showed that there was a connection between electricity and magnetism. When a current was switched on through a wire, it made a compass needle turn so that it was at right angles to the wire. The current had produced a magnetic field strong enough to cause the compass needle to turn Bi According to of the field dB due to small element is : J 1. directly proportional to the current I througlt the conductor . dB «I 2. directly proportional to the length d ¢ ‘OF 1h current element ‘ dB « df 3. directly proportional to sin dB « sind 4. inversely proportional to the squfite of the distance r of the point) P from the current 1 art law io — Savart law , the magnitude element dB « 7 Combing all theseYfour factors , sing. aB $ i dB = Roisin 7 K = = 107 Tm A* (or Whar! A“) : ape Mo, Lat sind 4a ” In Vector Form — Myl dix F 4a ri The direction of di is given by right hand Thumb rule, dB Magnetic field_due_to_a_straight current carrying conductor Let a straight conductor YM"Cirying current I. We wish to find its maghtetic field at the point P whose perpendicular distaliceffrom the wire is a PQ=a « Considering small cOffeng ef@ment at distance ¢ from Q. From right A OPQ, ‘ FAw = 90° 0=90°— sin 0= sin (90° 4) sin 0 = cos a Also cos = 4 r =asec > cos t tang = a ¢ =atang On differentiating dé = asec? > dp . According to Bio — Savart law , magnetic field due to small element di will be , _ my 1 de sino = Hol cos § dg 4mm PHYSICS FOR XI/XII/NEET/ lIT-JEE (Main+Advanced) ge Raj Nagar Ext , Shastrinagar Indirapuram- 9555878436 ,8287246374S.K KA 1S AG: ar Nyerate ter Total field B at the point P B= fan =i it ome do — Hol " = a hint, =a & [sin g:—sin $)] pe Mal [sin $1 + sin $2] Ama Note 1: If wire if infinitely long at both ends then 1 =42=90 Hol Magnetic Field B= 2aa Note 2: If wire if infinitely long at éne endhand point p is near other end a 1 then G=0 . >2=90. Magnetieani@ By “2 4m Magnetic ficl@iysifa_centre_of_a_circular current carrying loop : Let a circular loop of radius r carrying current I Considering a small element d ¢ of the loop . The magnetic field at the centre O due to this current element is , aB = Hel ab singh" az r = Hol We a7 rh ‘The total magnetic field at the centre Ois , Benj ue Bl pa YSICS FOR XUXIVNEET/ I Cera eee ue cum ae iets EE (Main+Advanced) Ce TIER RTE I LSANOLE CLASSES netic field current carrying 100] Let a circular loop of wire of radius a and carrying current I sheen y + absing = At sing x cosh ¥ Considering a small element dl . If x be the distance of point P from di, By Bio Savart law , the field at point P due to the current element is , ap — Ho Latesin 0 4a 6=90° dB= Hy dé 4 x? 4B can be resolved into two rectangulag components 1. dB sin @ along the axis 2. dB cos 6 perpendicular to the axis . Total magnetic field at the point P, B= faBsing But, sing = and ap = “Lg x an & My Hdl a bola ~ 2x [v Jd? = circumference = 2 x a] [eo x=(P +a2)!2] If the coil consists of N_ turns Note: Current is clockwise as seen from point P. then B will be towards the center. Otherwise away from the gefites, Ampere’s circuital_laW: Armpere’s circuital Taw states that the line imtegual/ of the magnetic eld B around apyaclosed eixcuit is equal to jy times the total clfren®@bthredding or passing Alosed Biropit f Bai =o Magnitude of the magnetic field B due to the current carrying conductor at a point P, distant r from it is given by , Be Hol Qnr By Ampere’s circuital law fBdi = fear = B far Hi © nr fBdi = wol PHYSICS FOR XI/XII/NEET/ lIT-JEE (Main+Advanced) Ceres ier EES IE OK EPP Xeor Bat : f Bat cos 0° From Amphere’s circuital law , f Bai = pol B fde= pol B.2ar= pol pe fo! Magnetic field of a straight solenoid : A solenoid means an insulated copper wireg™ wound closely in the form of a helix .Length of solenoid is large as diameter. 2 — 4, : = | FES ESE ESL Magnetic field insid@, ight solenoid Let number of tums pafunit length of the solenoid => Currenfflowingsl, @ Considering@rectangular closed path abed of length ¢ and bygadiitb. Total current threading of the loop P=n ¢ I fiat = feat + [pai + faa + faa compared 10% 4eelfN be the total number of turns and L length of N © solenoid then n = But [aai = [oa cos 90° faut = = joa cos 90° = jaa =0 As B =0 for points outside the solenoid , feat = [aa % eee ampere circuital law fd? = wo xP >Bé=pone 1 B =ponl Note: Magnetic field at the end of the solenoid is just one half of that at its middle 1 Boa = 5 pon Magnetic field due to a toroid: A solenoid bent into the form of a closed ring is called a toroid. Or it is endless solenoid, Let n be the number of turns per unit length and Ibe the current flowing. PHYSICS FOR XUXIVNEET/ If -JEE (Main+Advanced) CO ee gue an Cee Leek RPC LES CRTCS.K KASH MAY Onn ek letter a etre (1) For points in the open space interior to the toroid (At point P): Considering a closed loop of radius ri, Let B be the magnetic field along the loop As the loop encloses no current , so 1= 0 Applying Ampere’s circuiatal law , fBdt = wo x1 Bx2zn = wy x 0 B=0 (2) For points inside the toroid : Considering a closed loop of radius rm . Let B be the magnetic field along the loop. Length of the loop , L=2an total current enclosed by the loop f=2anal Applying Ampere’s circuiatal law fBadi = wo xP Bx2ar = poxl Bx2an = jwx2an ni hon (3) For points in the open space exterior to the toroid . Considering a loop of radius ty Pan each turn , the current coming out éf the Plané of paper is cancelled by the current going into the plane of paper Thus ,1=0 and hence B=0 Magnetic force on a moying charged particle Let a particle havif®clifageq moving in the magnetic field B experiences a force F such that (1) The force is proportional to the magnetic field ie. F « B (2) The force is proportional to the charge q . ieF x q (3) The force is proportional to the component of the velocity v in the perpendicular direction of the field Bie. F x vsin® Combining, F « Bqvsin® F=kqvBsin@ Practically K=1. F =qv BRO ‘The direction of F is@erpendigular of both ¥ and B. In Vector fori q@xB) Not Case 1. If v=0, then F=0 Thus a stationary charged particle does not experience any force in a magnetic field Case 2. If 0 =0° or 180°, then F=0 Thus a charged particle moving parallel or antiparallel to a magnetic field does not experience any force in the magnetic field . Case 3. If 0=90° then F=q vB sin 90° = qv b.Thus a charged particle experience the maximum force when it moves perpendicular to the magnetic field on circular path Rules for finding the direction of force on a charged particle mov rpendicular to a magnetic field: By Fleming’s left hand rule =, 5 ME [allvIlsin 8] ATLT A = [MT?A"] (B) eee On = CEN ee eae ane me estes IEE (Main+Advanced) ERTIES ICSS.K KASHYA Pia sicsine: harges& Magnetism UNDE Lorentz force : The total force experienced by a charged particle moving in a region where both electric and magnetic fields are present , is called Lorentz force . F=R+F, =q(E +i xB) Work done by a Magnetic force on a charged particle : The magnetic force F = q (¥ x B) always acts perpendicular to the velocity ¥ . F.5 =q(¥ xB) Power P=0 dK dt K = constant Thus a magnetic force does not change the kinetic energy of the charged particle Motion of a xe magnetic field : The magnitude of this force is , zm F= qvBsin0 Here 0 = 90°, So, F=qvBsin 90° =qvB F is perpendicular to V and B . So\it is“ al force . Particle moves|on circtifar When the initial velocity makes an angle with HLT can Vow The velocity v components . The component of, v lon fe direction of the res@lved into two field The directiomot the field ¢ We v sin Due Othis comptnent of velocity , the charged cl@exPeriences a force W =qvB Sind. " mvy _ mvsin oB qB "The period of revolution is 2mm » vsin@” gB qB Due to v cos @ particle moves on straight line. Hence the resultant path of the charged particle will be a helix Pitch=vx x T = a 2an qB vcos 0x 2anveos 9 qB Cyclotron : It is a device used to accelerate positively charged particles like protons deuterons , a — particles etc, to very high le : A charged particle can be accelerated to very high energies by making it pass through a moderate oscillating electric field and perpendicular magnetic field which throws the charged particles into a circular PHYSICS FOR XWUXII/NEET/ If Chase Mea ne mae ie ttiet EE (Mains Advanced) ESTEE ORR SOP NTE!OH CG OLN) 5 9, Uren ren om LINE motion Construction : Cyclotron consists of the following main parts (J).It consists of two small , hollow , metallic half cylinders Di and Dz, called dees . (2) They are mounted inside a vacuum chamber between the poles of a powerful electromagnet . (3).The dees are connected to the source of high frequency oscillator. (4).The beam of charged particles to be accelerated is injected into the dees near their centre , in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field (5). The charged particles are pulled out of the dees by a deflecting plate (which is negatively charged) through a window W Theory : Let a particle of charge q and sags m enters in a region of magnetic field 8 With W velocity ¥ , normal to the field B Magnetic force = Centripetal force qvBsin90°= 7 Period of revdluition Of"the charged particle 2am T Frequerféyg@f revolution of the particle qB will be Working : Let a positive ion , say a proton enters the gap between the two dees and finds dee D; to be negative . It gets accelerated towards dee D; . As it enters the dee Dy , it does not experience any electric field due to no efect of the metallic dee . The perpendicular negative field throws it into a circular path . At the instant the proton comes out of dee D1 , it finds dee Dy positive and dee D2 negative . It now gets accelerated towards dee D2 . It moves faster through D2 describing a large semicircle than before . Thus if the frequency of the applied voltage is kept ex@€@tlpthe same as the frequency of revolutiaff of the proton , then every time the proton reatbegthe gap between the two dees , theelectric Field is reversed and proton receives a\push¥and fifally it acquires very high energy . The%protOhi follows a spiral path.The accélerated\ proton is ejected through a windOWabys@ deflecting voltage and hits the target : Maximum K.E. of the accelerated ions : The fons gMill “Auain maximum velocity near the periphery of the dees . If vo is the maximum yelocity acquired by the ions and ry is the radius of the dees , then mvg =qvoB m ‘The maximum kinetic energy of the ions will be: 1 Ko=tmv2 2 alin ( Wr 2m Ko= Be 2m Limitation of cyclotron : (1) Electrons can not be accelerated in a cyclotron . A large increasing in their energy increases their velocity to a very large extent . This throws the electrons out of step with the oscillating field . (2) Neutrons (being electrically neutral) ca not be accelerated in a cyclotron . PHYSICS FOR XI/XIV/NEET/ IIT-JEE (Main+Advanced) CEC a cae SU UR ee LEE SR PILL CRNNUE Nee KASHYA Pa seine x & Magnetis CLASSE! ‘Uses _of cyclotron : (1) The high energy particles produced in a cyclotron are used to bombard nuclei and study the resulting nuclear reactions and hence investigate nuclear structure (2) The high energy particles are used to produced other high energy particles , such as neutrons. These fast neutrons are used in atomic reactors . (3) It is used to produce radioactive isotopes which are used in hospitals for diagnosis and treatment Force on_a current carrying current in_a magnetic field : Let a conductor PQ of length ? , area of cross section A , carrying current I is placed in magnetic field B at angle 0. ‘The electrons drift velocity vy. Each electron experiences a magnetic force —e vB sin 0 If n is the number of free electrdns per \udit volume or no density of electrons total number of electrons in the Gondiietonis,- N =nx volume =nAf Total force on the cgnduétor is nAte ViBwing “nde V, PIB sin 0 F=i(ixB) Dire by Fleming’ n of fore : Direction of force is given left hand rule . Force between two parallel current-carrying Let two long parallel wires AB and CD carrying currents Ii and I. c ~ t i yy" B D B D Let r be the separation between them . The magnetic field produced by current I) at any point on wire CD is The field acts perpendigaflar tothe wire CD and It exerts a force on current caftying wire CD . The force acting gn length] of the wire CD will be : Ty Br sind” =b& 4h ‘: For8per unit length , Mh Qnr Note:Parallel currents attract and antiparallel Currents repel . Current loop as a magnetic dipole : Magnetic dipole moment of current carrying loop M=IA If N be the number of turns of coil M-=NIA Torque on a current carrying loop in a niform magnetic field : Let I = current flowing through the loop PQRS ¢ ,b =sides of the coil PQRS A= fb =area of the loop © = angle between the direction of |B and the plane of the loop PHYSICS FOR XI/XII/NEET/ lIT-JEE (Main+Advanced) REC as Gee SUE CUR UC Le TL ae eee PLONE CS ge 8Magnetic force on PQ =BI/ Sin 90 (Outward) =BIr Magnetic force on QR = Blb Sind (downward) Magnetic force on RS Fi= BI? Sin 90 CInward) =BI¢ agnetic force on QR Fo=IbB Sind (upward) Magnetic forces F2 and F; on the sides PS andj QR are equal (BI/ sin 0) opposite and collineat so their resultant is zero . . Forces Fi and F; on PQ and RS which exerts a torque given by t =Force x perpendicular digtance BI/x beos 8 @ BIA cos @ . If the rectangular loop has N turns the torque increases N times form a@6uple But NIA = M_the magnétig moment of the loop GP MB cos ® ifa be the anglettyy B@nd normal of plane 90-0. Tt =M.Bieos (90- a) t=MBsina In vector notation , the torque 7 is given by F=MxB Moving coil galvanometer : A galvanometer is a device used to detect and measure small current Principle : When a current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field. It experiences a torque and Start to rotate. Construction : Galvanometer consists of a rectangular coil PQRS of fine insulated copper wire. The motion of the coil is controlled by phosphor bronze strip.The coil is symmetrically placed between the cylindM€albpole piece of a strong permanent —4iorseshge — magnet Phosphor Bronze ‘Strip ylindrical soft iron core is mounted syshinetrically between the concave poles of the “Hiorse shoe magnet . this makes the field lines © pointing along the radii of a circle . Such a field is called a radial field . Torque ,t =NIAB sin 90° 1AB The torque t deflects the coil through an angle 6. A restoring torque is set up in the coil T Restoring © 0 T Resuxing =KO where k is the torsion constant In equilibrium position Restoring torque = Deflecting torque kO=NIBA _ NBA ok 0 I k NBA =G0 PHYSICS FOR XI/XIV/NEET/ I JEE (M CO Cte ee COU CUE Le UROL Le a SLL Lee KT Cu)S.K KASHY BALAJI CLASSES ey ETSY The factor G = —‘-is constant for a NBA galvanometer and is called galvanometer constant Figure of merit of a galvanometer : It is defined as the current which produce a deflection of one scale division the galvanometer and is given by ; 1k NBA re 0 Current _sensitivity : It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit current flows through it Current sensitivity , 5 Voltage sensitivity : it is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit potential difference is applied across itg ends . 0 _ 0 _ NBA VIR O&R Current, Sensi R Factors on which the sensitivity mor coil galvanometer depentls : (1) Number of turns@f) inlthe coil (2) Magnetic field B (3) Area A of the coil (4) TorsigfC@nstamt k WF the spring and suspensio& wire Factors by'Which the sensitivity of a movin; coil galvanometer.éan be increased : (1) By inereasing the number of turns N. (2) By increasing the magnetic field B (3) By increasing the area A of the coil (4) By decreasing. value of torsion constant k. Voltage sensitivity = Conversion_of _a__galvanometer_into_an ammeter : An ammeter is a device used to measure current through a circuit element . It is formed by connecting a shunt of low resistance S across the given galvanometer G , penne Ainmeter Galvanometer and shuit@fe connected in parallel P.D. across\the Balyandineter across the shitbt 4G = PD. Ss Hence , an ammeter is a shunted or low mesistanve galvanometer . Its effective resistance is: GS G+s Re Shunt :A shunt is a low resistance which is connected in in parallel with a galvanometer (or anmmeter) to protect it from strong currents Uses of shunt : (1) The prevent a galvanometer from being damaged due to large current . (2) To convert a galvanometer into ammeter the range of an ammeter A volimeter is a device for points in a circuit . An ideal voltmeter should have infinite resistance . A galvanometer can be converted voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in ies with it PHYSICS FOR XI/XII/NEET/ IIT-JEE (Main+Advanced) Ce neue nr ie eee eee RPT LS Page 10Let Sy ——— G = resistance of the galvanometer I,=the current with which galvanometer gives full scale deflection . R =the high series resistance ¢ . Total resistance in the circuit = R + G By ohm’s law , 1, — Potential Difference Total resis tance ull deflectiogcurfent of Galvanometer ‘igure of merit RNUMBENoF divisions baah ele ate) UU aa ee eles) CPE nae eae snes Umar ieee 1555878436,8287246374 Con