TELL ALL YOUR FRIENDS To GET “ALL THE NOTES” " FREE OF Cost” GSTIN : O9ARFPK1080L12M x{S. KUMARS{PHYSICS CLASSES® [SYMBOL OF EXCELLENCE] (XI, Xl, NEET & JEE (Main + Advanced)) SH-55, SHASTRI NAGAR, GHAZIABAD 8368037835 8285479949 "7503449542 skumarphysicsclasses@gmail.com MOTESToricinesvaluniTye | Fearon nar) 120 « Excellent Teaching Method + Well Prepared Notes ° Separate Classes for ‘BOARD’ and ‘COMPETITIVE’ Exams Study from ‘ZERO’ to ‘HIGHER’ Level Doubt and Back up Classes * “Late Joining” and “Weak Students” can watch my “Video Lectures” on my coaching App “ S. Kumar Physics Classes”* Regular Test Series + A.C. Lecture Theatre xt JUST ATTEND Two TRIAL CLASSES To FEEL “THE DIFFERENCE”UNIT-6__ Optics: It is the branch of physics which deals with the study of the nature and propagation of light. Classification of Optics: Optics is divided into two branches: 1. Ray Opties: It deals withthe particle nature of light and ‘based on the rectilinear propagation of light. It includes the phenomenon: reflection and refraction. ‘Wave Optics: It deals with the wave nature of light. It includes the phenomenon: interference, diffraction a polarization. Reflection of Light: It is the phenomenon of change in the path of light without any change in the medium, Laws of Reflection: rst Law: It states that the incident ray, reflected ray and ‘the normal drawn atthe point of incidence alle in the same plane. a Pek of Wreldence ‘Set ‘Second Law: It states that the angle of incidence is equal to ‘the angle of reflection. ie, Spherical Mirrors: A spherical mirror is a part o! hollow sphere whose one side is reflecting and other is ‘opaque. There are two types of spherical mirrors: 1. Concave Mirror: It is the spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is towards the centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part. reflecting surface is away from the which the mirror is a part, ‘Terms Related to Spherical Mirrors: 1. Centre of curvature (C): It is the centre of the sphere (of which the mirror isa part, 2. Pole (P): It is the midpoint of the mirror. 3. Principal axis: The line joining the centre of curvature and pole is called principal 4, Radius of curvature: It is the radius of the sphere of which the mirror isa part. OR Itis the distance between the pole and centre of curvature. 5, Linear aperture: It is the linear distance of the ends of mirror. 6. Angular aperture: It is the angle made by the spherical mirror at the centre of curvature. Normal: The normal to the spherical mirror at any point at any point is the line joining that point to the centre of curvature. New Cartesian Sign Spherical Mirrors: 1. All the distances are measured from the pole of the spherical mirror. 2, The distances measured in the direction of incident ray are taken as positive and the distances opposite to the direction of incident ray are taken as negative. ‘The heights above the principal axis are taken as positive and the heights below the principle axis are taken as negative, ————————————— ‘2S, KUMAR: PHYSICS. cLasses®. (SYMBOL OF EXCELLENCE) _[XI, XI, NEET & JEE)‘on the principal axis of the mirror at which the rays incident fon the mirror in a direction parallel to the principal axis actually meet or appear to diverse after reflection, In case of a concave mirror, the prit real point whereas in case of convex mirror, the principal focus is a virtual point. ‘The distance of principal focus (F) from the pole (P) is called focal length (f). ‘The focal length of a concave mirror is negative and that of convex mirror is positive. Relation between Focal Length and Radius of Curvature for Concave Mirror: Consider a ray ‘AB parallel to the principal axis, incident at point B on a concave mirror. After reflection, the ray meets the principal axis at point F. a Let = focal length of the mirror R = radius of curvature of the mirror ZABC = 2uv=uR+0R Dividing by wR wR But R=2f Case I1: Virtual Image: When the object is held the concave mirror between the pole (P) and pr (F) of the mirror, the image formed is virtual. 11 BOARD EXAM OR o 022-20 Ses 433tt PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR_*u3¢u3 CHES In similar triangles ABP and AA'B'P ‘A'B! _ PB’ AB PB” In similar triangles AABC and AA'B'C ‘A’ _ CB’ ABC Equating equations (i) & (i) PB’ _CB’ PB CB to _-R+ (40) =a =R=(y) =u RFU wR +uv =uR=uy => 2uv =uR +0R Dividing by uv 2upuR | vR UOR aR * wR (li) Mirror: In case of convex mirror the image formed always virtual, whatever be the position of the object. In similar triangles ABP and AA'B'P A'B! _ PB! “AB PB In similar triangles AABC and A’B/C A'B! _ CB AB CB. Equating equations (i) & (i) EBee el PC+PB vy R-v Linear Magnification of a Spherical Mirror: It is defined as the ratio of height of image to the height of object. It is denoted by m. Case I: Real Image AB Pat ha AB ‘Case II: Virtual Image: ‘AB _ PB AB PB‘We know that, mirror formula ae fovew Multiplying both sides by u, we get u_u u S41 3 v Linear Mas -ation in terms of v and ‘We know that, mirror formula 1,1 sles vu f Multiplying both sides by v, we get v Refraction of Light: Itis the phenomenon of change in the path of light, when it goes from one medium to another. Refractive Index: The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum (c) to.the speed of light in that medium (v). It is denoted by Cause of Refraction: Refraction occurs due to change in the speed of light as it passes from one medium to another. Larger the change in the speed of light as it passes from one medium to another, more is the bending due to refraction. If the ray of light after refraction bends towards the normal, the second medium is called denser medium with respect to the first medium. If the ray of light after refraction bends away from the normal, the second medium is called rarer medium with respect to the first medium. First Law: The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal wae tny =n + HY 2B + wy = Y(H2 ~ Ha) ii) Since a, 8 and y are very small angles i Pagesa= tana = Me hf Bx tanB = a Concave Spherical Refracting Surface: In this case, the image formed is always virtual, whatever be the position of object. In AOMc, IndIMc, Applying Snell's law at hy Since é and r are very small angles sing=i and sinr =r. Then ile 3 wi =mr = Putting the values of i and r from equations () and (i) Wy a) = ely — thy — Ha = Hay — HaB Ho ge = YC Hs) aoe i) Since af andy ae very small angles ML _+h OP he ae tan [+ OL = OP] frtang [- IL = IP] [e CL = CP] Putting the values of a, fa ‘y in equation (iii) h Ay_ wh sa va(-3) +0 (-Z) =H) Ha = yx tany= Refraction from Denser to Rarer Medium on a Convex Spherical Refrac (Case I: Real Image: IndOMc, y=ati IndIMC, r=y+B Applying Snell’s law at point M, siné sinr iz Since i and r are very small angles sins and sinr =r ‘Then il ace aaa Putting the values of { and r from equations (i) and (ii) wal ~ a) = m0 +B) vay — Ho = Hy + 1B — HB — Hae = 14 — Ha) il) Since a, andy are very small angles ML ML [- OL = oP} [b= IP] R Putting the values of a, B and y in equation (iii) “w)-n 8 ~~) © (svnot oF excentenceyIndiMC, y=p+r = Applying Snell's law at point M, sini ‘Wy Sint a Since é and r are very small angles sini~i and sinr =r wy = ree = yy ~ ta) Since a, B and y are very small angles axtana [+ OL = oP} [LIP] [+ cL = CP] Putting the values of a, B and y in equation (tii) 1a (-2)-t4(-2)= =H Ha _ He vou Refraction from Denser to Rarer Medium on a Concave Spherical Refracting Surface: In this case, the image formed is always virtual, whatever be the position of object. InAIMC, r=B. “Applying Snell's law at point M, Since i and r are very small angles sini=i and sinr er Ss wiznr Me ae Putting the values of i and r from equations (i) and (ii) iB +7) WB + mY Since a, land y are very small angles ML_ML_ +h a=tana= aio [- 1L= IP] [cL = cP] Putting the values of a, 6 andy equation (2) +m0(-4) =F Lens: A lens is a part of a transparent refracting medium bounded by two spherical surfaces or one spherical surface and the other plane surface ‘Types of Lenses: 1. Convex or Converging Lens: It is thicker at the centre than at the edges. It converges the rays of light incident onit. Double Plano convex convex lens lens Concavo convex lens . Concave or Diverging Lens: It is thinner at the centre than at the edges. It diverges the rays of light incident onit, Double Plano concave Convero concave lens concave lens passing through the centres of curvature of the two surfaces ofa lens. Optical Centre: It is the point lying on the principal axis of the lens so that a ray of light whose refracted path passes through this point will have its emergent path parallel to the direction of incident ray. * The optical centre (C) of the lens divides its thickness in the ratio of the radii of curvature of two surfaces of the lens. © ceywaot oF ExcELLENCE)‘rincipal Focus and Focal length: First Principal Focus: It is a point on the principal axis, such that the rays starting from this point (in case of convex lens) or appearing to go towards this point (in case of concave lens), after refraction through the lens, become parallel to the principal axis. It is denoted by F,. The distance between first principal focus and optical centre is called first pri ‘Second Principal Focus: Its the point on the principal such that the rays of light incident parallel to the principal axis, after refraction through the lens, either converge to this point (in case of convex lens) or appear to diverge from this point (in.case-of concave lens). It is denoted by F,. The distance between second principal focus and optical centre is called second principal focal : SATISH KUMAR SIR_ 3:2: ¢e ops sie 4. Aperture: It is the diam: the lens. of the circular boundary of New Cartesian Sign Conventions for Lense: 1. All the distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens. 2. The distances measured in the direction of incident ray are taken as positive and the distances opposite to the direction of incident ray are taken as negative. The heights measured above the principal axis are taken as positive and the heights below the principal axis are taken as negative, Lens Maker's Formula: 1 isa relation between focal Tength (f) of a lens, refractive index (113) of lens material, reffactive index (j:) of the medium outside the Jens and radii of curvature (R; and Rp) ofthe two surfaces of the lens. ‘The lens is thin so that the distances measured from the poles of its surfaces can be taken as equal to the istances from the optical centre of the lens. The object is considered as a point object on the principal axis of the lens. ‘The incident and refracted rays make small angles with the principal axis of the lens. Derivation of Lens Maker's Formula for Convex Lens: Consider a point object O lies at a distance u from a thin convex lens as shown in figure. © If the medium on both sides of a lens is same, then the numerical values of first and second focal lengths are equal. © Generally, the focal length of a lens refers to its second focal length. In the absence of surface 2, the image of point object O is formed at I, ata distance vy from the lens. jus of curvature of surface 1 R, = radius of curvature of surface 2 Since the refraction occurs from rarer to denser ‘medium on surface 1, therefore from formula ig a _ a= Ha vu Rk (srusot oF exceLLenctsuis THEORY NOTES FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023 1511145 SE PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR fuss Hi cH we b= th o Ha _ 7 you OR ‘ vou, R Now the image /; acts as a virtual object for surface 2. Palate Beeb @ ‘After refraction on surface 2, the final image is formed at you Ry a point / ata distance v from the lens. Since the refraction occurs from denser to rarer ‘medium on surface 2, therefore from formula be ‘Adding equations () & (ii) He ls Concave Lens: Consider a point object O lies at a distance u from a thin concave lens as shown in figure. In the absence of surface 2, the image of point object O is formed at /, at a distance v; from the lens. Let Ry = radius of curvature of surface | Ry = radius of curvature of surface 2 ‘Since the refraction occurs from rarer to denser medium on surface 1, therefore from formula Now the image J, acts as a virtual object for surface 2. After refraction on surface 2, the final image is formed at point I at adistance v from the lens. Since the refraction occurs from denser to rarer medium on surface 2, therefore from formula tia a _ Ma = Ho vy Adding equations (i) & Hoty a f Lens Formula: It is a relation between the focal length (f) of a lens, object distance w and image distance v. This formula is Derivation of Lens Formula for Convex Lens: Case I: Real Image: When the object is held beyond the first principal focus (F,), the image formed is real. (SYMBOL OF EXCELLENCE)In similar triangles ABC and A'B’ ‘B’ : BB o In similar triangles ACDF; and 4A'B'F,, AB’ _ FB! AB! FB! (th 7 AB” Ch A'B’ _CB'-CF, iB” Ch Equating equations (i) & (ii) CB’ _CB'-Cr, CF, [: cD = AB] (li) cB +o _t-G) au Sf Dividing both sides by uvf =o, uf "uf 1 u the first principal focus (F,) and the optical centre (C), the image formed is virtual. x BSo In similar triangles AABC and 4’B'C, A'B! _ CB AB CB ilar triangles ACDF, and AA'B'F,, AB! _ FB, A’B'_ FB" CW CR AB” Ch; A'B' _ CBN CF AB CF Equating equations (1) & (il) CB" _CB’+CF, Dividing both sides by uvf fof wut In case of concave lens, the image formed is always Virtual, whatever be the position ofthe object. In similar triangles ACDF, and AA’B' AB _ FB AB CF, chy -CBY Ch Equating equations (i) & (i) CB’ _CF,- CB" [- cp = 4B} Gi Linear Magnification produced by a Lens: It is defined as the ratio of height of image to the height of ‘object. It is denoted by m. Height of image _ hz Height of object hy 1. For Convex Len Case I: Real Image: ae cB’of a lens to converge or diverge a beam of light incident on it. It is denoted by P. ‘The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length (f), if measured in m. Its unit is diopter (D).. 1 p-—100 f (inm) | OR f (incm) Combination of Lenses: Consider two thin convex, lenses L, and Ly of focal lengths f, and fz are held in contact as shown in figure. Let a point object O is placed at a distance u from the lens Ly on the principal axis. In the absence of lens La, the image of point object O is formed at I ata distance v,. irtual object for lens Lz Now the image J; acts as a +> hh Let the two lenses are replaced ty a lens of focal length F, which forms the image | at a distance v of an ‘object O at a distance u from the lens, then Prism: A prism is a portion of a transparent medium bounded by two plane faces inclined to each other at a suitable angle, ‘The angle A is called angle of prism. The line AF where two refracting surfaces meet is called refracting edge. The section ABC is called principal section. Refraction through a Prism: Conierarayof igh jent on face AB at point L as shown in figure. Afier refraction on face AB it bends towards the normal and aches the face AC at point M. After refraction on face AC, the ray emerges along MN. In quadrilateral ALOM, A+ LL + 2M +20 = 360° A+90° +90" + 20 = 360° A+ 20 = 180° @ In DOLM, Tyr $20 = 180° (fi) Equating equations (i & ¢ A+LO=n 4% +20 A=r +r §=(4-1) +(a-n) 5=(4t+i)-M +n) S=(4+h)-A Applying Snel!’s law at point L, sing How sin 1 If, and r, are very small angles, then sing i and sinsFi Applying Snell’s law at point M, sinry sini, Wiz and ry are very small angles, then sing = iz and sinry =r %_1 ra Putting the values off, and i in equation (i 8 = (uh + um) — A=W +r) —A 6=WA-A 6=(U-DA => =u ism Formula: ‘We know that, the angle of deviation for the prism 5=(+4)-A= (i) +(e) = (Ji) + (Vi) - 2a +2Vh-A (la- Ja) +2Jan-4 For angle of deviation 6 to be minimum ie. 5 = Sq, va=Vie gut Now A=ntn= Applying Snell's law at point L sind (A+ 5m sin) (5) sn) ‘This is called prism formula. NOTE: If the prism is placed in a liquid having refractive jndex p,, then prism formula is written as: a _sin(45 n+) @) ‘Simple Microscope or Magnifying Glass: It is just a double convex lens of small focal length. Case :I: When the final image is formed_at the least distance of distinct vision: If an object is placed between the first principal focus F, and optical centre C, a virtual, erect and magnified image is formed as shown in figure. Magnifying Power(m): It is defined as the ratio of angles subtended by the image and the object on the eye when both are.at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye. ts B a m Ifa and fare very small angles then 5 AB’ _ AB as tanaI: When the final image is formed_at_ infinity {Normal Adjustment): When the object is placed at the first principal focus F, of the lens, the image is formed at infinity as shown in figure. Magnifying Power(m): It is defined as the ratio of angle subtended by the image at the eye (when situated at infinity) to the angle subtended by the object on the eye, when situated atthe least distance of distinct vision. B « Ifa and fare very small angles then A:By _ AB CB, CB AB m a= tana Compound Microscope: It is an optical device wi is used to See the magnified images of tiny objects. It consists Of two convex lenses, called objective lens and eye lens. The objective lens is of short focal length and small aperture. The eye lens is of comparatively larger focal length and larger aperture. The distance between the two lenses is varied by using rack and pinion arrangement. Case :I: When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision: An object AB is held at a distance ug beyond the first principal focus Fy, of the objective lens. The objective lens forms a real, inverted and magnified image A’B’ ata distance vp. tT “The distance between the two lenses is so adjusted that the image 4’B' lies between the fitst principal focus F,, of the eye lens and its optical centre C2. The image A’B’ formed by the objective lens acts as an object for the eye lens which forms a virtual and highly magnified image A”B" Magnifying Power (m): It is defined as the ratio of angles ‘subtended at the eye by the final image and object when both are situated at the least distance of distinet vision from the eye. Ifa and B are very small angles then tang =e" _ AB ontna=c a" GB" as Baan Car we" co" AB" ao" a C,B"" AB ‘AB AB CAB (eG) m= mp Xm, here = magnification produced by the objective lens A'B' _CB'_+¥ - AB CB = +m = magnification produced by the eye lens =(1+2) BOR Length of the tube L = |v9| + [tte] Case_:Il: When the final image is formed _at infinity (Normal Adjustment): In this case, the distance between the two lenses is so adjusted that the image 'B’ formed by the objective lens lies on the first principal focus Fey of the eye lens. The image 4’B" acts as an object for the eye lens ‘which forms the final at infinity as shown in figure. Page‘mo = magnification produce bythe objective lens Uy ‘mg = magnification produced by the eye lens “fe Length of the tube L = |vo| + Ifel Telescope: A telescope is an optical device which is used to see the distant objects. Types of Telescopes: 1. Refracting Telescopes: These make use of lenses to view distant objects. The image is formed by the refraction of light. These are of two types: (a) Astronomical Telescope: It is used to sce heavenly objects like the moon, stats etc. The final image formed is inverted. (b) Terrestrial Telescope: ‘on the surface of earth. The final is used to see distant objects, age formed is erect. 2, Reflecting Telescopes: "These make use of converging ‘mirrors to view. the distant objects. The image is formed by the reflection of light. These are of two types: (a) Cassergrainian Telescope (b) Newtonian Telescope Astronomical Telescope: It consists of two convex Tenses, called objective lens and eye lens. The two lenses are mounted at the ends of two co-axial tubes. The distance between the two lenses is adjusted by using rack and pinion arrangement. ‘The objective lens is of large focal length and large aperture, The eye lens is of small focal length and small aperture, KUMAR the image is formed at the least distance % parallel beam of Tight from object at infinity is made to fall on the objective lens which forms a real and inverted image A'B' of the object. The position of the eye lens is so adjusted that the image A’B’ lies between the first principal focus F,, and optical centre Cz of the eye lens. The final image is formed by the eye lens at the least distance of distinct vision. Magnifying Power: It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image formed at the least distance of distinct vision to the angle subtended at the eye by the object at infinity. B aoa If the angles a and f are very small AB Cr AB" and = tan = » a@etana Length of the tube L = |fo| + |utel Case :11: When the image is formed at infinity (Normal ‘Adjustment): In this case, the position of the eye lens is so adjusted that the image A'B'formed by objective lens lies on the first principal focus Fe, of the eye lens. The final image formed by the eye lens lies at infinity.ake sie SHR oa PF PREPARE Magnifying Power: It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image formed at infinity to the angle subtended at the eye by the object at infinity. Ifthe angles a and fare very small enna na= oe AB’ Bx tang or AB! CB! _ Bt AaB CB fo fi Length of the tube L = |fo| + [fel Gassergrainian Telescope: It consists of a large parabolic concave mirror having a hole at its centre, There is a small convex mirror near the focus of parabolic mirror. The rays from a distant object enter the telescope parallel to its principal axis, After reflection on the parabolic concave mirror, the rays tend to focus at the principal focus of parabolic mirror. But the convex mirror reflects the rays and forms a real image of the object at /. Now, the position Of the eye lens is'sovadjusted that the image / lies between the first principal focus and the optical centre of the eye lens. Thus the-eye lens forms a virtual and magnified image ofthe object. Newtonian Telescope: It is the modified form of Cassergrainian telescope. In this telescope there is a parabolic concave mirror and a plane mirror, The plane ‘mirror is held at an angle of 45° with the principal axis of the parabolic mirror. SATISH KUMAR SIR 2053353323) ‘The rays from a distant object enter the telescope and after reflection on the parabolic coneave mirror they tend to focus at the principal focus of the parabolic mirror. But the plane mirror further reflects them and forms a real image at 1. Now, the position of the eye lens is so adjusted that the image ! lies between the first principal focus and the optical centre ofthe eye lens. Thus the eye lens forms a virtual and ‘magnified image of the object. Advanti of _Reflecti over Refracting type Telescope: 1. There is no chromatic aberration (formation of coloured image of a white object. 2... The use of parabolic mirror reduces spherical aberration (formation of blurred image). 3. Image formed is brighter compared to that in a refracting type telescope. 4. A mirror weighs much less than a lens of equivalent optical quality. Resolving Power of an Optical Instrument: It is the ability of an optical instrument by virtue of which it Separates the images of two close objects Resolving Power of a Compound Microscope = "S"® where = refractive index of the medium between the object and objective lens of the microscope A= wavelength of light used @ = semi-cone angle Resolving Power of a Telescope D T22Rneni PREPARED B BY: SATISH KUMAR ENT: Wistoterereret ener where ameter / aperture of the objective lens = wavelength of light coming from the object, Limit of Resolution of an Optical Instrument: Itis the minimum distance between two close objects upto which an optical instrument separates their images. 1 Resolving Power Limit of Resolution = Limit of Resolution of Compound Microscope Limit or Ressaton of Telescope = #2 Huygens Principle or Wave Theory: According to this principle: 1. Every source of light sends out disturbance in all directions ie. when the light from a through a medium, the particles of the medium start vibrating. The continuous locus of all the particles of the medium which are vibrating in the same phase is called wavefront. Every point on the given wavefront (called primary wavefront) acts as a new source of disturbance, from which secondary wavelets start in all the directions with the speed of light in the given medium. ‘A surface touching */these secondary wavelets, tangentially in the forward direction at any instant gives the new wavefront at that instant. This is called secondary wavefront, ‘Types of Wavefront: 1. Spherical wavefront: When the light source is a point source, the wavefront formed is called spherical wavefront. 2. Cylindrical wavefront: When the light source is linear, the wavefront formed is called cylindrical wavefront bey 3. Plane wavefront: When the light source is at very large distance, a small portion of spherical or cylindrical wave i eng plane wavefiat Ray of Light: It is scen that whatever is the shape of a waveftont, the disturbance travels outwards along straight Tines emerging from the source i.e. a wave travels in a direction perpendicular to the wavefront. ‘© An arrow drawn perpendicular to a wavefront in the direction of propagation of wave is called a ray. Explanation of Laws of Reflection on the basis of Huygens Principle (Wave theory): Consider a plane wavefront AB is incident on a reflecting surface 22 as shown in figure. First of all, the wavefront reaches at point A whereas the point B reaches at point 4’ after time t. Let_c=speed of light Be BASCXE vne.(i) ‘The secondary wavelets stat first from point A and reach at, point Bin time ¢. & ABL=cxt -) From equations (i) & (il) BA'= AB" In AABA' and AAB'A', ‘AA's common side ZABA' = 2AB'A' = 90° + OABA' and QAB'A' are congruent triangles.** This is the second law of reflection. ** From the figure, we see that the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal drawn at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. This isthe first law of reflection. Explanation of Laws of Refraction on the basis of Huygens Principle (Wave theo Consider a plane wavefront AB is incident on a refracting surface 22! as shown in figure. First of all, the wavefront reaches at point A whereas the point B reaches at point 4’ after time t. Let cy = speed of light in medium 1 2 = speed of light in medium 2 BA’ =o, Xt @ The secondary wavelets start first from point A and reach at point Bin time ¢. AB =X ts meea(Hl) In BABA’, In MAB" (ii) / Gv) sini _ BA’ AA _ BAL xt _ a Sinr ~ AA 2B! = ABI Gxt cy For the given media = constant @ ++ This is the second law of refraction. ** From the figure, we see that the incident ray, refracted ray and the normal drawn at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. This is the first law of refraction. Superposition Principle: It states that when two or ‘more waves travelling in a medium superimpose each other, a new wave is formed whose resultant displacement at any instant is equal to the vector sum of the displacements of the individual waves, i ‘© When crest of one wave falls on the crest of the other. the displacement of the resultant wave at any instant is equal to the sum of the displacements of the two waves. ‘© When crest of one wave falls on the trough of the other, the displacement of the resultant wave at any instant is equal to the difference of the displacements of the two waves. Coherent Sources: The sources of light which emit 1ous light waves of same wavelength, same frequency and in same phase or having a constant phase difference are called coherent sources. NOTE: 1. The intensity (1) ofa light wave is directly proportional to the square of its amplitude (a), Lys iat 2. The relation between path difference (Ax) and phase difference (() is a 2x bx Interference of Light: When there is a single source of light, the distribution of light in all the directions is same. But when we have two coherent sources of light, the distribution of light is not uniform. ‘* At some points, where the crest of one wave falls on the crest of the other, the resultant amplitude is maximum and hence the intensity of light at these points is maximum, ‘+ Atsome points, where the crest of one wave falls on the ‘rough of the other, the resultant amplitude is minimum EGE S, KUMAR PHYSICS GLASSES® “mito. or excruLeen_[XI, XI, NEET 8 JEE]Die PREPAI ‘and hence the intensity of light at these points Intensity of wave 2 ‘This phenomenon is called interference of light. heal > h=Kal 9 a=2 > a E Types of Interference: Putting the values of ,a2, ay, aBand ap in equation (il) 1. Constructive Interference: At the points, where the fp c_Interferen ; f hh, fh |b intensity of light is maximum, the interference is called 2+242/2 Zeose constructive interference. KKK KK 2. Destructive Interference: At the points, where the intensity of Hight is minimum, the interference is called 121, +h, +2{Thcos$ destructive interference. For Constructive Interference: | should be maximum, for Conditions for Constructive and Destructive Consider two waves | and 2 starting from jing in a medium. The two waves can be represented by the equations: 1 =a; sinwt and y= asin (wt +) where a, = amplitude of wave 1 and a, = amplitude of wave 2 According to the principle of superposition, ‘The equation of resultant wave can be written as y=. +y2 = a, Sin wt + a; sin (wt + $) For Destructive Interference: / should be minimum, for =a, sinwt + aa[sin wt cos + cos wt sing] which cos a; sin wt + a2 sin wt cos + a, cos wt sin §] or. $= ‘a, + a2 cos) sin wt + (a2 sing) cos we orga @n-1) De 12,3 a 1+ p+ 2Vhh x CH) Imax = (Wh + Vf)" where n= 1,2,3.. h+h+2Vbhx(-V) Rcos8 =a, +z C0SH ier) 1 hth+2hhcosd and Rsind =azsing ) If h=h=h where R= amplitude of resultant wave Then 1 = Ip + Ip + 2y Tol COS = 2g + Zl cos ss y= RcosOsinwt + Rsind coswt a 5 3° y = R(sinat cos 6 +cosat sin 8) 2Ig(1 + cos) = 2p x 2 cos? > y =Rsin (wt +8) 1 ty cost + cy? s Ricos?0 + R2 sin®O = (a, + a2 cos)? + afsin® 2. Path difeence for constructive interference R*(cos?@ + sin? 8) = aj + acos*g + 2a,a, cos anes + afsin® p 7 R? = al +43 [cos + sin? g] + 20a, C056 Re aad +a} + 2ajd2 COS nn (ili) Fong orn Intensity « (Amplitude)? . 3. Path difference for destructive interference ana Intensity of resultant wave 1 ax-A p= Axen—ve Lor? = 1=KR? = Rae 3 az Intensity of wave | =@n-1)5 where 1 = 1,2,3 os 4 R? =a} + a} + 2a,a2 cosh 1S. KUMAR PHYSICS CLASSES® (erwsot or exceuience,_[XI, XII, NEET & JEE] Ixa? > l=Kal = at=z aLSATISH KUMAR SIR_ 3:3: R= Jat +a? +2a,a, cos * For R to be maximum, cosp= 41 Rmax = Je + a2 + 2a,a x (+1) Rrmax = (a + a2)” Rmax = 1 + Az * For R to be minimum, cos =—1 = Rmin = Ja? + a3 + 2a,a, x (-1) Pin = VG =a Rynin = 1 — 2 5. Since Intensity « (Amplitude)?, Imax % Rinax = Imax = KRiiax Tmax = K (Qa + 2)? rin © Rr = Imin = KRmin Tmin = K(@s ~ 2)” Young’s Double_ Slit_Experiment: In this ‘experiment, a source of monochromatic light illuminates a rectangular narrow slit S as shown in figure. S, and S,vare ‘two narrow slits equidistant from slit S. A screen is placed in front of the two slits. Due to the interference of light waves, starting from the two slits, alternate bright and dark bands appear on the screen. These are called interference fringes. ‘© When one of the slits 5, or S, is closed, bright and dark fringes disappear and intensity of Tight becomes uniform. Fringe Width: It is the separation between two consecutive bright or two consecutive dark fringes. It is denoted by W. Consider a slit S is illuminated by a monochromatic source of light. When the primary wavelets starting from $ reach at slits S, and Sp, they act as two coherent sources of light, from which the secondary wavelets start. ‘These secondary wavelets form alternate bright and dark fringes on the screen, Let d= distance between the slits S, and 5, > D = distance between the plane of slits and sereen = wavelength of light used Consider a point P on the screen ata distance x from the midpoint 0. Path difference between the secondary wavelets reaching at SpA = SyP ~S,P = Ox From similartriangles ASS, and APO, SASS. GA _SiSz ae 2 BaF be cp wc] ax x Pax **a For bright fringes, path difference Ax = nA where n= 0, 1,2.. + Distance of n® bright fringe from point 0 D Gada =q rd DA “a For dark fringes, path difference Ax = (2n— 1) where m= 1,23. 00 «+ Distance of n® dark fringe from point 0 Go = 3 Gn- D3 Ge Gd = @n-) 34 Fringe width considering bright fringes: Distance of n* bright fringe from the central fringe Gide =e Distance of (n + 1)" bright fringe from the central fringe DA Gneada = + DE Fringe width nse“ Cni ot snes escretres PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR_ #0303300 cee .¢ width cos tance of n®™ dark fringe from the central fringe DA Gado = @n= 125 Distance of (n + 1)** dark fringe from the central fringe Gnasdo = [aon 1) — 114 Da DA = @n42-1)55= (n+ 35 Fringe width an 124 Qn-)55 W = Gine1)0 ~ Ondo = (20+ og oe “ha, DA = gltnti—antdl=z5 DA as Note: 1, Angular separation of fringes in Young's double sit experiment enol “"D Da 2. | Intensity of light (1) « Slit width (w) Diffraction of Light: It is the phenomenon of bending of light around the corners of an obstacles iba D abet tive. Diffraction of Light on a Single Slit: A source S of monochromatic light is placed at the first principal focus of the convex lens Ly. The rays from the source S after refraction through lens L become parallel to the principal axis. These rays are made to incident on a slit AB due to which the diffraction occurs The diffraction pattern is focused on a screen by a convex tens La. The diffraction pattern consists of a central bright band and alternate dark and bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides of midpoint point O on the sereen. + Forn*® secondary minima Path difference Ax = na where = 1,2,3 + Fornt™ secondary maxima Path difference Ax = (2n+1)2 where_n=1,2,3.. \atiaton of intensity of ight with path difference (x) in diffraction pattern In similar triangles APQO and ABC, xe Boe fs qpnqo=n TOP ae =) = QP=QO0=D) D hx a Distance of n® secondary minima from point O D (n)minima = MA Distance of n™ secondary maxima from point O @ndmaxima D a ants Linear Width of Central Maxima: Its the distance between the first secondary minima on both sides of Itis denoted by W.SATISH KUMAR SIR. 3::i12558003152 «= Linear width of central maxima W = 2X (X41) minima 2Da w= a Angular Width of Central Ma Itis the angle subtended at midpoint Q of the slit by the central maxima. It is denoted by a From formula Angie = (b)0 ox @ [Ans: (¢)} ‘A ray of light is incident at an angle 60° on a horizontal plane mirror. Through what angle the mirror should be tilted to make the reflected ray horizontal. [Ans: 15°] Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel to each other as shown in figure. A ray of light is incident at an angle 30° at a point just inside one end of A. The plane of incidence coincides with the plane of the figure. 7 5 deeeedeeereceiiee, Tt : o2m : & a a 25m ——" How many times the ray undergoes reflections (including the first one), before it emerges out? [Ans: 30] MIRROR FORMULA 4. (CBSE 2012) An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure. (a) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object. (b) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if lower half of the mirror's reflecting surface is painted black? [Ans: (b) There is no change in the position of image but intensity is reduced] a #2S.KUMARX: PHYSICS CLASSES® SvMe0t oF exceLtence é ee US, KUMAR PHYSICS CLASSES® (erwoot or excetsence)_[Xt, XU, NEET & JEE] NUMERICAL & CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS FOR CLASS XI! BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023, SATISH KUMAR SIR_ #221 8368037835 OPTICS The distances of an object and its real image, measured from the focus of a concave mirror, are @ and b respectively. Show that f? = ab. 7503449542 ‘A rod AB of 10 cm length is placed along the principal axis of a concave mirror having focal length equal to 10 em as shown in figure. Ke What is the length of the image of the rod? Also determine the magnification. [Ans: 5 em, -0.5] ‘An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. The image formed is three times the size of the object. Calculate two possible distances of the object from the mirror. [Ans: -20 em & -10 em] ‘When the distance of an object from a concave mirror is decreased from 15 cm to 9 om, the image gets ‘magnified 3 times than that in first case. Calculate the focal length of the mirror. [Ans: -6 em] (NCERT) A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Give the location of the image and the magnification. Describe ‘what happens when the needle is moved farther from the mirror. [Ans: 6.66 cm behind the mirror, erect. Virtual; image moves away from the mirror] (NCERT) An object is placed (a) 10 cm (b) 5 om in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 15 cm, Find the position, nature and magnification of the image in each case. [Ans: (a) 30 cm in front of the mirror, real, inverted and magnified 3 times (b) 15 em behind the mirror, virtual, erect and magnified 3 times} (NCERT) (a) A small candle 2.5 cm in size is placed 27 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 36 cm, At what distance from the mirrorshould a screen be placed in order to receive image? Describe the nature and size of the imag (b) If the candle is moved closer to the mirror, how ‘would the screen have to be moved? [Ans: (a) 54 cm in front of the mirror; the image formed is real inverted and magnified; size of image=5 em (b) When the candle is moved towards the mirror upto the focus, the screen has to be moved away from the mirror. Further there will be no requirement of screen when the candle lies between the focus and pole of the mirror] 12. (NCERT) A square wire of side 3 cm is placed 25 em away from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cin. What is the area enclosed by the image of the wire? The centre of wire is on the axis of the mirror, with its two sides normal to the axis. [Ans: 4 em?] 13. (NCERT) Suppose while siting in a parked notice an object approaching towards you in the rear view mirror of radius of curvature 2 m. If the object is moving at a speed of 5 m/s, how fast is the image of object is moving when the object is (a) 39 m (b) 29 m (©) 19 m(@) 9 maway? [Ans: (a) 1/280 mvs (b) 1/150 mis (c) 1/60 mvs (A) 1/10 mis} 14. (CBSE 2011) Use mirror equation to show that: (@) an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f. (b) a convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the location of the object. (0) An object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror produces a-virtual and enlarged image. 15. (CBSE 2020) Two objects P’and Q when placed at different positions in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cmi-form real images of equal size. Size of object P is three times size of object Q. If the distance. of P is 50 cm from the mirror, find the distance of Q from the mirror. [Ans: J REFRACTION OF LIGHT 16. (CBSE 2013) A ray of monochromatic light passes from medium (1) to medium (2). If the angle of incidence in medium (1) is @ and the corresponding angle of refraction in medium (2) is $, which of the two media is optically denser? Give reason. {Ans: Medium (2)] 1. 18, 19. 20. 21. 2. NUMERICAL & CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS FOR CLASS XI! BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023 Ep U035: PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR. 32323255 23. 24, . 589 nih is incident from air on water surface. If the Su (CBSE 2012) For the same angle of incidence the angles of refraction in three different media A, B and Care 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium the velocity of light is minimum? [Ans: A] ‘The refractive index of diamond is 2.47 and that of lass is 1.51. How much faster does light travel in glass than in diamond? [Ans: 1.635 times} (CBSE 2011) When monochromatic light travels from one medium to other, its wavelength changes but frequency remains the same. Explain [Ans: Frequency is an inherent property of light. When the light travels from one medium to another, its wavelength and speed both change but frequency remains same such that 3 = 22 = praaen frequency] (CBSE 2012) Do the frequency and wavelength change when light passes from a rarer to a denser medium? [Ans: Wavelength changes but frequency remains constant] A light of wavelength 6000 A in air, enters a medium. with refractive index 1.5. What will be the wavelength of light in that medium? [Ans: 4000 A] A ray of light of frequency 5x10 Hz is passed through a liquid. The wavelength of light measured inside the liquid is found to be 450*10? m. Calculate the refractive index of the liquid. [Ans: 1.33] (CBSE 2017) Monochromatic light of wavelength Tefractive index of water is 4/3, find the wavelength, frequency and speed of refracted light. [Ans: 4.4*10” m, 5.110" Hz, 2x10* m/s} (CBSE 2013) A ray of monochromatic light passes from medium 1 to medium 2. Velocities of light in the two media are cy and c. respectively. For an angle of incidence 6 in medium 1, the corresponding angle of refraction in medium 2 is (a) Which of the two media is optically denser and why? (b) Establish the relationship between 0, c; and cp. [Ans: (a) Medium 2 (b) @ = 2cos-* (i 2TOTAL INTERNAL REFLEC’ (CBSE 2010, 2013) State the conditions for total internal reflection to occur. (Ans: (i) Light must travel from denser to rarer medium (ii) Angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle] 26. A right-angled crown prism with critical angle 41° is placed before an object, PQ in two positions as shown in the figures. i Trace the paths of the rays from P and Q passing through the prisms in the two cases. 27. (CBSE 2010) Calculate the speed of light in the medium whose critical angle is 30°. tAns: 1.5%10¥ mvs} |. (CBSE 2015) (a) How does the refractive index of a transparent medium depend on the wavelength of incident light used? (b) Velocity of light in glass is 210% m/s and in air is 3108 mV/s. If the ray of light passes from glass. to air calculate the value of critical angle. [Ans: (b) sin“*(0.66)] ‘The critical angle for the light going from medium A to medium B is 8. If the speed of light in medium A is v, then what is the speed of light in medium B? resting on the bottom of a beaker filled with a liquid. A ray of light from the coin travels upto the surface of the'liquid and moves along its surface as shown in figure, wf Sn How fast is the light travelling in the liquid? [Ans: 1.8*10* mvs} 31. (CBSE 2016) A ray of light incident normally on one face of a right angled isosceles glass prism and emerges La (SYWAOL OF EXCELLENCE) NUMERICAL & CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023 TRESBEREE Ee PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR 3:30 parallel 10 opposite face. What must be the minimum value of refractive index of glass? [Ans: v2] See eae ne F PS ; < oe ee ee Rn Ths rete lon of prism for red, green and blue light are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. {Ans: Red ray will transmit] $3. (CHEE 2149, Woe, monodeomatc rays of lh xe incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles right- angled prism ABC. 45 c The refractive indices ofthe glass prism for the two rays 1 and 2 are respectively 1.33 and 1.45. Trace the path of these rays after entering the prism. 34, (CBSE 2018) The figure shows a ray of light falling normally on the face AB of an equilateral glass prism having refractive index 3/2, placed in water of refractive index 4/3. 4 a c Will this ray suffer total internal reflection on striking the face AC? Justify your answer. {Ans: No] 35. A luminescent object is placed at a depth d in an optically denser medium of refractive index jt. Prove that radius r, of the base of the cone of light, from the object, that can emerge out from the surface is re36. 37. 40. 41. ). For the given (CBSE 2012) A fish in a water tank sees the outside world as if it (the fish) is at the vertex of a cone such that the circular base of the cone coincides with the surface of water, Given the depth of water, where the fish is located, being A and the critical angle for water- air interface being ic, find out by drawing a suitable ray diagram the relationship between the radius r of the cone and the height A. Tans: r A (CBSE 2013) A point source of monochromatic light S is kept at the centre of the bottom of a cylinder of radius 15 cm. The cylinder contains water (refractive index 4/3) to a height of 7 cm. Draw the ray diagram and calculate the area of water surface through which light emerges [Ans: 2x10" im] (NCERT, CBSE 2013) A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a depth of 80 em. What is the area of surface through which the light from the bulb can emerge out? Refractive index of water is 4/3. Consider the bulb to be a point source. [Ans: 2.51 m*] mnt ray as shown in figure, the condition of total internal reflection is satisfied. What will be the refractive index of the material of block? yy 4 * eue Ans: f REFRACTION OF LIGHT.ON ‘SURFACES (CBSE 2014) A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere with centre C as shown in the figure. HERICAL ‘The ray emerges from the sphere parallel to the line AB. Find the angle of refraction at A if refractive index of the material of the sphere is V3. [Ans: 30°) (NCERT) Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface. If the refractive index of glass is 1.5, radius of curvature is 20 cm and the 2. 4B. 48. 46. 48. (vunon oF ExceLLENcr) NUMERICAL & CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023 TER: PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAI SHS distance of light source from the glass surface is 100 ‘cm; at what position will the image be formed? [Ans: +100 em] ‘A convex refracting surface of radius of curvature 20 fem separates two media of refractive indices 4/3 and 1.6, An object is placed in the first medium at a distance ‘of 200 em from the refracting surface. Locate the position of the image formed, [Ans: +240 em] A spherical surface of radius of curvature R separates, air from glass of refractive index 1.5. The centre of curvature is in glass. A point object P placed in air is found to have a real image Q in glass. If OP = OQ, what is the distance of the object from the spherical surface? [Ans: SR] ‘A mark placed on the surface of a sphere is viewed ‘through glass from a position directly opposite. If the diameter of the sphere is 10 em and refractive index of lass is 1.5, find the position of the image. [Ans: -20 em] Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass of refractive index 1.5 and radius of curvature 0.2 m. The image is formed at a distance of 100 cm from the glass surface in the direction of incident light. Calculate the object distance from the centre of curvature of the spherical surface. (Ans: 120 cm] An empty spherical flask of diameter 15 cm is placed in water of refractive index 4/3. A parallel beam of light strikes the flask. Where does it get focused, when observed from within the flask? fan An air bubble in a glass sphere (= 1.5) is situated at a distance 3 cm from a convex surface of diameter 10 em. At what distance from the surface will the bubble appear? Ans: -2.5 em] LENSES (CBSE 2012) How does the focal length of a lens change when red light incident on it is replaced by violet light? Give reason for your answer.TSH [Ans: Decreases} 49. (CBSE 2013) When red light passing through a convex lens is replaced by light of blue colour, how will the focal length of the lens change? lAns: Decreases] 580. How does the power of a convex lens vary, iff the incident red light is replaced by violet light? tAns: Increases} 51. Draw a plot showing the variation of power of lens with the wavelength of incident light. 52. A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 is kept in a liquid medium having same refractive index. What is the focal length of the lens in this medium? [Ans: Infinity] 53. A glass lens of refractive index 1.5 is placed in a trough of liquid. What must be the refractive index of the liquid in order to make the lens disappear? Ans: 1.5} 54. (NCERT) A magician during his show makes a glass Tens of refractive index 1.5 disappear in a trough of liquid. What is the refractive index of the liquid? Is the liquid water? [Ans: 1.5, No] $8. (CBSE 2012) Under what condition does a biconcave lens of glass having a certain refractive index act asa plane glass sheet when immersed in a liquid? [Ans: When the refractive index of liquid-becomes ‘equal to refractive index of glass} 56. (CBSE 2015) A concave lens of refractive index 1. immersed in a medium of refractive-index 1.65. What is the nature of the lens? [Ans: convex lens] 57. (CBSE 2014) A biconvex lens made of a material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or diverging lens? Give reason. (Ans: diverging lens] ‘58, A-convex Jens made of material of refractive index wa is held in a reference medium of refractive index ys. Trace the path of a parallel beam of light passing through the Jens when (i) tty = Ha (ii) Hy < He and Hy > Ha 59. A lens having focal length f and aperture of diameter d forms an image of intensity 1. Aperture of diameter $ in central region of lens is covered by a black paper. What will be the new focal length of lens and intensity of age? a 61. 2. 6. 66. 67. 68. 11S. KUMAR PHYSICS CLASSES® (evuno. orexceusnce_[XI, Xl, NET & JE] NUMERICAL & CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023 PARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR_#):ite peta a (Ans: f and =| ‘The radius of curvature of each face of a biconcave lens, made of glass of refractive index 1.5 is 30 em, Calculate the focal length of the lens in air. [Ans: -30 em] (CBSE 2010) The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. If the focal length of the lens is 12 cm, find the refractive index of the material of the lens. tAns: 1.5] (CBSE 2014, 2017) A double convex lens is made of a glass of refractive index 1.55, with both faces of the same radius of curvature. Find the radius of curvature required, ifthe focal length is 20 cm. Ans: 22 cm] (CBSE 2010) Find the radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plano-convex lens, whose focal length is 0.3 ‘mand the refractive index of lens material is 1.5. Ans: 0.15 m] (CBSE 2010) A biconvex lens has a focal length 2/3 times the radius of curvature of either face. Calculate the reffactive index of the lens material, tAns: 1.75] (CBSE 2013) A lens of refractive index y becomes a lens of focal length f’ when immersed in a liquid of refractive index Ifthe focal length of the lens in air is Ff, prove that ‘A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 and of focal length 15 cm in ai, has the same radii of curvature of both surfaces. IF itis immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.7, find the focal length of the lens in liquid. Ans: -63.75 em] (CBSE 2010) A convex lens of focal length 20 cm and made of glass of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in water of refractive index 4/3. Calculate the change in focal length of the lens. [Ans: 60 em] (CBSE 2020) A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 has a power 10 D. When it is completely immersed in a liquid, it behaves as a diverging lens of focal length 50 ‘em. Find the refractive index of the liquid. {Ans: 1.66] (CBSE 2011) A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in (I) a medium ofNUMERICAL & CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023 TR oa PREPARED BY: 70. n, 133, (a) Will it bchave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases? (b) How will its focal length change in the two media? (Ans: (a) (i) diverging lens (ii) converging lens; (b) (1) focal length becomes 5.5 times (ji) focal length becomes 4 times} itive index 1.65, i) a medium of refractive index ‘An object is placed at the principal focus of a concave lens of focal length f. Where will the image be formed? tAns: £, towards the side of object] (NCERT) A beam of light converges to a point P. A lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam 12 em from P. At what point does the beam converge if the Jens is (a) a convex lens of focal length 20 cm (b) a concave lens of focal length 16 [Ans: (a) 7.5 em (b) 48 cm] (CBSE 2019) A beam of light converges at point P. Now a convex lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam at 15 cm from point P. At what point does a beam converge if the convex lens has a focal length 10 cm? Ans: 6 em] . A convergent beam of light passes through a diverging lens of focal length 0.2 m and comes to focus 0.3 m behind the lens. Find the position of the point at which the beam would converge in the absence of the lens. [Ans: 0.12 m] (CBSE 2010) An illuminated object and a screen are placed 90 em apart. Determine the focal. length and nature of the lens required to produce a clear image on the screen, twice the size of the object. [Ans: 20 em, convex lens} The focal length of a thin biconvex lens is 20 em. When an object is moved froma distance of 25 em in front of it to 50 cm, the magnification of its image changes from ‘Mag t0 Msg. Find the ratio “== . fAns: 6] ‘A double convex lens made of glass of refractive index 155 has its both surfaces of equal radii of curvature of 20 fem each. An object of 5 cm height is placed at a distance of 10 cm from this lens. Find the position, nature and size of the image. fAns: -20 em; Nature — virtual, magnified; 10 cm] erect and ‘A double convex lens of glass of refractive index 1.6 has its both surfaces of equal radii of curvature of 30 cm SATISH KUMAR SIR 3535023, 78. 79. arsenal ‘each. An object of height 5 em is placed at a distance of 12.5 em from the lens. Calculate the size of the image Ans: 10 cm} com IN. OF LENSES (CBSE 2010) A converging and a diverging lens of equal focal lengths are placed co-axially in contact. Find the power and focal length of the combination [Ans: P =0, F = 00) (CBSE 2013) A convex lens of focal length 25 cm is placed coaxially in contact with a concave lens of focal length 20 cm, Determine the power of the combination. \Will the system be converging or diverging in nature? [Ans: -1 D, diverging] |. A. diverging lens of focal length F is cut into two identical parts, each forming a plano-concave lens. isthe focal length of each part? |. (CBSE 2015) An equiconvex lens of focal length f is cut into two identical plano-convex lenses. How will the power of each part be related to the focal length of the original lens? [Ans: P = + x! . A plano-convex lens fits exactly into a plano-concave lens. Their plane surfaces are parallel to each other. If lenses are made of different materials of refractive indices jy and 1p and R is the radius of curvature of the curved surface of the lenses, then determine the focal Iength of the combination a tans: Ga A real amage of an object is formed at a distance of 20 cm from a lens. On putting another lens in contact with it, the image is shifted 10 em towards the combination. Determine the power of the second lens. [Ans: 5D] Two lenses of power +10 D and -5 D are placed in contact. (a) Calculate the power of lens combination (b) Where should an object be held from the lens, so as to obtain a virtual image of magnification 2? [Ans: (a) +5 D (b) -10 cm) ‘A compound lens is made of two lenses having powers 415.5 D and -5.5 D. An object 3 cm in height is placed at a distance of 30 em from this compound lens. Find out the size of the image. Ans: -1.5 em] HS, KUMARH PHYSICS CLASSES® (cvwaot or exceuiesce)_[XI, XII, NEET & JEE]ind the focal length and power ofa convex lens, which when placed in contact with a concave lens of focal length 25 em forms a real image 5 times the size of the ‘object placed 20 em from the combination, {Ans: 10 em, 10 D] 87. (NCERT, CBSE 2011, 2019) Find the position of the image formed by the lens combination as shown in figure. [Ans: 30 em] 88. A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed co-axially 5 em away from a concave lens of focal length 10 om. If fan object is placed 30 cm in front of the convex lens, find the position of the final image formed by the combined system. (Ans: infinity} (CBSE 2012) You are given three lenses Li, Le and Ls each of focal length 20 cm. An object is kept at 40 cm in front of Li as shown in figure. The final real image is formed at the focus ‘I’ of Ls. Find the separations between Li, Lz and Ls. [Ans: distance between Li and Lz = 60 em; distance between Lz and Ls ean have any value} 90. (CBSE 2016) In the following diagram, an object O is, placed 15.cm.in front of a convex lens Ly of focal length 20 cm‘and the final image is formed at I at a distance of 80 cm from the second lens Lo. o1. - Calculate the angle of minimum deviation for an 95. . A ray of light is inclined to one face of the prism at 97. (Symmot oF EXCELLENCE) NUMERICAL & CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023 Taste PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR_#-c33%5 air Find the focal length of lens Lo {Ans: 40 em] PRISM (CBSE 2010) Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by a prism? Give reason [Ans: Blue} (CBSE 2017) How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary if the incident violet lightis replaced by red light? [Ans: decreases} equilateral triangular prism of refractive index V3. (Ans: 60°] A ray of light passes through an equilateral prism (1 = 1.5) such that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence and the later is equal to 3/4" of the angle of prism. Calculate the angle of deviation. (Ans: 30°] (CBSE 2017) A ray of light passing through an equilateral triangular prism from air undergoes minimum deviation when angle of incidence is 3/4" of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of light in the prism. [Ans: 2.13%10° m/s} an angle of 60°. If the angle of prism is 60° and the ray is deviated through an angle of 42°, find the angle which the emergent ray makes with the second face of the prism. [Ans: 18°] A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60° on one face of a 30° prism. The emergent ray from the prism makes an angle of 30° with the incident ray. Show that the emergent ray is normal to the surface from which it emerges. Calculate the refractive index of the material of the prism. [Ans: V3] (CBSE 2012) Trace the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism ABC as shown in the figure. PageIf the refractive index of the glass is V3, find out the value of angle of emergence from the prism. [Ans: 60°] 99. (CBSE 2016) A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC ‘made of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through the prism. From which face will the ray emerge? Justify your answer. 100. (CBSE 2012) A ray of light, incident on an ‘equilateral glass prism (4 = V3) moves parallel to the base line of the prism inside it. Find the angle of incidence for this ray. [Ans: 60°] 101. (CBSE 2017) (a) A ray of light incident on face AB of an equilateral glass prism, shows minimum deviation of 30°. 4 B c Calculate the speed of light through the prism. (b) Find the angle of incidence at face AB so that the emergent ray grazes along the face AC. [Ans: (a) 2.12*108 m/s (b) sin-* (4) 102. One face of a prism of refracting angle 30° and refractive index V2 is silvered. At what angle must a ray of light fall‘on the unsilvered face so that after refraction into the prism and reflection at the silvered surface it retraces its path? [Ans: 45°] 103. The angle of prism is A. One of its refracting surfaces is silvered. Light rays falling at an angle of incidence 2A on the first surface returns back through the same path after suffering reflection at the silvered surface. ‘What is the refractive index y of the material of the prism? [Ans: 2 cos A] cr ‘Why do we prefer a magnifying glass of smaller focal $, KUMAR! PHYSICS CLASSES® (vmsot or exceutence)_[xI, XII, NEET.& JE] NUMERICAL & CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023 IDM PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR_2iic00s04i00tt2) 104, (NCERT) At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of refracting angle 607, so that it just suffers total internal reflection at the other face? The refracting index of the material of prism is 1.5. Take sin 41°= 0.66, sin 19° = 0.32, sin SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPE length? [Ans: To increase the magnifying power] 106. Why is the focal length of an objective in compound mitroscope little shorter than the focal length of the eyepiece? [Ans: To reduce the length of microscope tube and hence greater intensity of image] 107. (CBSE 2010) In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a distance of 1.5 cm from the objective of focal length 1.25 om. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm and the final image is formed at the near-point, estimate the magnifying power of the microscope. Ans: 30] 108. A compound microscope has an objective of focal length 1 cm and eye piece of focal length 2.5 om. An object has to be placed at a distance of 1.2 cm away from the objective. Find the angular magnification and length of the microscope tube in normal adjustment. [Ans: 50, 8.5 em] 109, (CBSE 2011) A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and eyepiece lens of focal length 10 cm. An object is placed at 6 cm from the objective lens. Calculate the magnifying power of the compound microscope. Also calculate the length of the microscope. (Ans: 7, 19.14 em] 110. (CBSE 2015) You are given two converging lenses of focal lengths 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design a compound microscope. If it is desired to have a magnification of 30, find out the separation between the objective and the eyepiece. (Ans: 11.66 em} 111, (CBSE 2012) The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and 5 cm respectively. Find the position of the object relative toCuI PREP, the objective in order to obtain an angular ‘magnification of 30 in normal adjustment. [Ans: -1.46 em] 112. A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2 em and eyepiece of focal length 6.25 em separated by a distance of 15 em. How far from the objective should an object be placed in order to obtain the final image at (a) the least distance of distinct vision and (b) infinity? What is the magnifying power of the ‘microscope in each case? Ans: (a) -2.5 em, 205 (b) -2.59 em, 13.5] TELESCOPE 113. (CBSE 2015, 2017) You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eye piece and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope? Lens Power Aperture Li 6D lem L 3D Bem L 10D lg [Ans: Lz > objective, Ls > eyepiece] 114, (CBSE 2016) You are given three lenses oP power 0.5 D, 4D and 10 D to design a telescope. (@) Which lenses should be used as objective and eyepiece? Justify your answer. (b) Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large? {Ans: (a) 10 D — eyepiece, 0.5 D —+ objective (b) to increase the resolving power] 11S. (CBSE 2010) An astronomical. telescope uses two lenses of powers 10 D and 1 D. What is the ‘magnifying power in normal adjustment? (Ans: -10] 116. The magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment position is 100. The distance between-the objective and the eyepiece is 101 cm. Calculate the focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece. [Ans: 100 cm, 1 em] 117. (CBSE 2015) (a) A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and eyepiece of focal length 5 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects in normal adjustment? (b) If this telescope is used to view a 100 m tall tower 3 km away, what is the height of the image of the tower formed by the objective lens? NUMERICAL & CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023 TISH KUMAR SIR f:1:750350 02082 1Ans: (a) -30 (b) 5 em] 118, (NCERT, CBSE 2011, 2015, 2019) A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15 m and an eyepiece of focal length 1 cm. If this telescope is used to view the moon, find the diameter of the image of the moon formed by the objective lens. The diameter of the moon is 3.48*10° m and the radius of lunar orbit is 3.8%108 m [Ans: 13.74 em] 119, (CBSE 2020) An astronomical telescope may be a refracting type or a reflecting type. Which of the two produces image of better quality? Justify your answer. - RESOLVING POWER 120. (CBSE 2011) Two convex lenses of same focal length but of aperture A, and Az (Az < Ay), are used ‘as the objective lenses in two astronomical telescopes having identical eyepieces. (@) What is the ratio of their resolving power? (b) Which telescope will you prefer and why? Give reason. [Ans: (a) 4 (b) The telescope of aperture A should be preferred because it has better resolution and high light gathering power] WAVEFRONT 121. What type of wavefront will emerge from a (a) point source (b) distant light source? [Ans: (a) spherical wavefront (b) plane wavefront] 122, Draw the diagrams to show the behavior of plane wavefronts as they pass through (a) a thin prism (b) a thin convex lens. 123, (CBSE 2016) Consider a plane wavefront incident on a thin convex lens. Draw a proper diagram to show how the incident wavefront traverses through the lens and after refraction focuses on the focal point of the lens, giving the shape of the emergent wavefront. INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT 124, (CBSE 2012) Why are coherent sources necessary to produce sustained interference pattern? [Ans: Coherent sources are necessary to produce a sustained interference otherwise the phase difference changes rapidly with time and no interference will be observed]