Directional Drilling Technology

OVERVIEW
• Directional drilling has long been
accepted as a means of controlling well
bore deviation. In earlier times, it was
primarily used as a remedial operation,
either to deviate around stuck tools, bring
a well bore back to vertical, or for relief
well drilling.
 OVERVIEW
• The first step in any directional drilling project is
to develop a proper well plan.
• Most directional well plans contain a build interval
to a required inclination. This average inclination is
then maintained into the target or expected
production zone. Some well plans also incorporated
a drop section near the bottom such that the
production zone is penetrated at, or near, vertical.
 OVERVIEW
• Once the inclination in the well bore
has reached the planned average angle,
rotary drilling will resume with well
stabilized, or packed, assemblies. This
type of assembly is designed to resist
making any changes in inclination or
direction.
 Definition
Directional well is the science of
deviating a well bore along a planned
course to a subsurface target whose
location is a given distance and direction
from the vertical.
normally Inc>5 degree, with the planned
direction & target
The reason for drilling
the directional well

➢ For engineering requirement

➢ for more production & lower cost

1.The reason :
for
engineering
requirement

Multiple target
zones
 Relief
well
drilling
Straight
hole
control
Salt dome drilling Side tracking
Inaccessible locations
Extended reach drilling
Offshore production well drilling
The all the applications
 2.The reason - more production & lower cost

• Conventional directional wells

3--15% more cost than vertical wells
10--150% more production than vertical wells
• Conventional horizontal wells
10--40% more cost than vertical wells
300--500% more production than vertical
wells
 Example: Thick 10m reservoir

• exposure in vertical hole: 10m

• dir.well (400 ): 13.1m ,600: 20m, 800: 57.6m
• horizontal well (300--500m lateral): 300--500m
or more

800 600 400 Vertical hole

 Advantages of directional wells

• save rig site area:

Example: Onshore cluster wells (4--10 wells)
--increase only 10--40% area compare with 1
well.
• Reduce oil-pipeline length(branch line)
• greatly reduce operation & maintenance cost
 Types of directional wells
• Conventional directional well
• Cluster well
• High angle well
• Horizontal well
• ERD (Extend reach drilling)
• Multilaterial well
• Slim-hole
 Conventional directional well
Vertical section

• Normal
type Building section
“J”
Tangent section

target
 Conventional directional well
Vertical section
• Type
“S”
Building section
Continuous Tangent section

target
target

dropping section

holding section
CLUSTER WELLS
Horizontal well and ERD tech.
Multi lateral well
How to drill directional well
• Well design
• Equipment &tools
• Trajectory control
Well design
2 Dimension Design
For Slant Well

L1 Measured Depth of
Kick Off point
B1 Build Rate at Start
I1 Maximum Angle
L2 Length of Hold Section
 2 Dimension Design For S Well
L1
Kick-off
B1

L2
I1
L1 Measure Depth of Kick Off B2
B1 Build section
I1 Maximum Angle L3
L2 tangent(hold) section
B2 drop section
I2 Final Inclination I2
L3 Final Hold section
Directional well trajectory design
Directional well trajectory design
PROFILE --Multi-target of directional well

Best result
设计
T & Q analysis --12-1/4” hole
1--RIH weight (simulate)
2-- POOH weight (simulate)
3--off bot. Rot.torq (simulate)
4--actual RIH weight
5--actual POOH weight
6--actual off bot. Rot.torq
Equipment &tools
 Equipment
• Single shot (high temperature)
• Electronic multi shot
• SST -Survey Steering tool
• MWD (measure while drilling)
• Gyro orientation and survey
• LWD (Logging while drilling)
• Geo steering
 Single shot
• One run only get one
survey
• usually for vertical hole
/shallow section of
dir.well
• very low cost
• easy to use
Single
shot
reading
 Electronic multi shot
•One run get plenty of survey data
•use it just before tripping out
•use it with no pump on
•low cost & easy to operate
ESS electronics Battery

Computer Printer
Survey instruments--SST
 MWD
•Measure while drilling
(orient /rotary /sliding)
•Survey in bore-hole
•save drilling time

run in with drill-string,

continuous take
survey while drilling
and transmit data to
surface in real-time MWD RIGUP
MWD RIG-UP
through mud pulse
 3 TYPES OF MWD PULSE

Positive pulse negtive pulse continuius pulse

Gyro
 Gyro
orientation
and survey
 LWD

•Logging while drilling

•Directional Drilling
•Evaluation (GR, Res, Neu, Den)
- Wireline Replacement
•Geosteering
•Horizontal and Extended
Reach Well Logging
 LWD Tool Combinations
CN ® SFD®
service service EWR® DGR®
Pulser X/O sensor sensor sensor sensor

EWR-PHASE 4™ sensor
Geosteering Tool (GST)
GST Features and Benefits
Planned Well Trajectory

GeoSteering

Steering 30 ft behind
 Directional tools
Down Hole Motors
Nonmagnetic Drilling Collars
Bent Subs
Stabilizers
Casing Section Mill & Side Tracking Tools
Conventional down-hole tools
Mud motor
 Adjustable stab.
•Adjustable gauge stabilizers allow changes in
the build or drop tendencies of directional
drilling assemblies in rotary mode without
tripping to reposition stabilizers or change the
gauge.
•The inclination tendency of the BHA can be
manipulated while in rotary mode.
•More time rotating means more efficient weight
transfer, better hole cleaning
• higher quality wellbores with greater reach
capacity all with fewer trips for BHA changes.
•Suited for extended-reach and horizontal well
applications.
 How AGS Works
• The AGS tool operates by extending pistons
located in the full-wrap stabilizer blades. A
simple indexing system cycles alternately
between full and undergauge positions and
holes the tools in position as long as the
pumps are on. With pumps off, the pistons
retract below the blade diameter. Turning the
pumps on again extends the pistons to the
next position.
Trajectory control
 building section
• Conventional rotary techniques and equipment
are first used to drill down to the kick-off point.
• special mechanical deflection tools are tripped
into the well and oriented in the proper
direction. These tools are used to initiate
correct deflection and direction of the well
bore. Depending on the situation, deflection
tools may continue to be used throughout the
entire build interval.
• modified rotary building assemblies may be
utilized to continue drilling the build section
 building section
• Choose proper KOP
• choose proper B.rate
• Formation is not too hard
• To control bit drilling along designed hole
profile have to use
-- proper BHA /drilling parameter
-- Special down hole tools & survey system
• Trajectory predicate and software
 Old way for orientation

bent sub + dyna drill bit jetting

 building section

5"DP

•Using PDM + 5"HWDP 196

8"FJ&JAR
Bent sub /steering
8"DC 47
motor 8"MWD
BHA 8"NMDC 9.5
16-3/4"STAB
9-1/2"PDM
17-1/2"BIT
Steerable drilling System & trajectory control

MWD/survey tools

PDC/ bit
Downhole motor

steerable drilling BHA

Building with PDM
motor (sliding)
 building section
• good hole condition
• Keep toolface steady (smooth drilling)
• true Az=surveyed Az±mag.decl.
• Keep Az steady before finish building.
 Drill tangent section
• Once the inclination in the well bore has
reached the planned average angle, rotary
drilling will resume with well stabilized, or
packed, assemblies. This type of assembly is
designed to resist making any changes in
inclination or direction.
 dropping section
• If the well plan calls for the inclination to
be decreased near the bottom of the
well, rotary dropping assemblies may
be used to drill the well to its planned
depth.
• Choose proper BHA depends on drop
rate
• Choose proper drop point
• choose proper drilling parameters
 dropping section

•We can use pendulum 5"HWDP 180

or steering motor BHA 8"FJ&JAR

•Decide length from bit 8"DC 63
to1st Stab according to 8-1/4"STAB
drop rate required. 6-1/2"MWD
(.5--10 /30m drop rate
6-1/2"NMDC 9
choose S.DC with3.5--
5m length) 8-1/4"STAB
6-1/2"S. DC +SUB
8-1/2"BIT
 BUILD
Conventional BHA ANGLE

DP
HWDP jar DC NMDC Bent/s motor bit
BUILD
ANGLE

HOLD/
BUILD
HOLD/
DROP
HOLD
ANGLE
DROP
ANGLE

DROP
ANGLE
Changes in Directional Drilling Practices
Late
1970’s Newest in
Late
Single Shot/ 1980’s world
wire-line
MWD
Steering Tool MWD
Bent Sub
Motor with
Steerable
At-Bit
Bent
Inclination/
Housing
Gamma
Motor
Straight Motor
Cluster well technology

--Bohai fast drilling project

 Cluster well technology
• Cluster wells is a group of directional wells (1
vertical well) at a rig-site
• distance between well slots is about 1.5 -- 5 m
• save time & cost
 Cluster well technology
•350m difference at
pay-zone
•1850m disp for
longest hole
•Control 10.75 km2
of produced area in
JZ9-3W oil field
3D PROFILE OF CLUSTER WELLS
 Applications of cluster well
• Increase oil field integrated benefit
• increase recovery speed
• increase drilling speed
• optimize rig position
Batch drilling of cluster wells

1.SLOT: 4 X 4
2.DIST BETWEEN
SLOTS:1.5 X 1.7
 Batch drilling of cluster wells
1 9 2 10 1.batch drilling for
surface casing:
jump for slots
3 11 4 12
2.cementing with no
rig time

5 13 6 14 3. 4.9 hrs complete

surface casing jobs
(SZ36-1-J in 1994)
7 15 8 16
Horizontal well and ERD tech.
 Horizontal Well Type Classification

• Short Radius: 1°-9°/M

special downhole tools Short Radius

• Medium Radius:6°-22°/30M 45' 200'

some special downhole tools

Medium Radius
• Long Radius: 1.5°-5°/30M
300' 2,000'
Steerable Assemblies

Long Radius

1,400' 4,000'
 Radius Classifications
Hole Size 2-5 6 - 20 21 - 60 61 - 180 Tool Size
deg/100 ft deg/100 ft deg/100 ft deg/100 ft
12.25" Long Radius Medium 7.75" - 8"
Radius
9.875" Long Radius Medium 6.75" - 7.75"
Radius
8.5" Long Radius Medium Intermediate 6.5" - 6.75"
Radius Radius
6 - 6.75" Long Radius Medium Intermediate Short Radius 4.75"
Radius Radius
4.75" Medium Intermediate Short Radius 3.5" - 3.75"
Radius Radius
3.75" - 4.5" Intermediate Short Radius 2.875"
Radius
 Horizontal Applications
• Increase Formation •Minimize Water and Gas
Exposure Coning
 Horizontal Applications
• Vertically Fractured Reservoir Formations
 Basic Horizontal Well Profiles

• (a) Single Build

Long and Medium Radius
• (b) Double Build
Long Radius:Where Shallow
Hole Does Not Support High
Build Rates
• (c & d) Build-Hold-Build
Long Radius, Multi-well
Structures
Medium Radius
 Short Radius-- Advantages
• Shorter curve section
• Minimum departure allows accurate structure
definition
• KOP is closer to the reservoir
• Multiple laterals possible from a single well
• Minimum measured depth
• Easy reentry of existing wells
 Short Radius-- Disadvantages
• Specialized drilling equipment
• Unconventional drilling techniques
• Restricted hole sizes (4-1/2” - 6-1/2”)
• Poor azimuth control in horizontal section (rotary)
• Presently cannot be logged
• Completion options are limited
• Time consuming (multiple BHA changes/low ROP)
 Medium Radius- Advantages
• Less down-hole exposed compared to long radius
• May result in less torque and drag
• Long reach may be achieved compared to short radius
• Wider range of completion options compared to short
radius
• Less restriction on hole sizes compared to short radius
• Multiple laterals possible from a single well
 Medium Radius-- Disadvantages
• Some specialized tools may be required
such as double-bend BHA
• Difficult hole cleaning in building section
• Bending stresses cause more rapid
fatigue of BHA
• Non-API connections and more expensive
casing and tubing may be needed
• Large dogleg severity restricts logging
and completions options
 Long Radius-- Advantages
• Lower dogleg severity
• Long lateral section
• Higher departure possible from surface location
• Adaptation of conventional techniques and equipment
• Improved performance due to more rotary drilling
• Fewer restrictions on hole/equipment sizes
• Can be drilled with steerable motor assemblies
 Long Radius
Disadvantages:
• Well path must be controlled over a greater
length
• Potential for more problems due to length of
openhole section exposed
• Greater overall measured depth
• Possible cost increase
• More casing required
 ERD in Bohai China

QK17-2 East
ERD wells

QK17-2 West
cluster wells