PURE SUBSTANCE

A pure substance is the one which is made up of molecules

containing same kind of atom eg: CO2 gas is a pure subsatance

ELEMENT
An element is a simple and pure form of matter which cannot be
decomposed into simpler substance.

ATOM
It is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not
exist independently but can take part in chemical reaction.
ATOMICITY
The number of atoms in a molecule of an element is called
atomicity.
Molecules can be monoatomic, diatomic, triatomic or polyatomic.

MONOATOMIC MOLECULE
Elements having only one atom in their molecule eg: He, Ne, K, Na

DIATOMIC MOLECULE
Elements having two atoms in their molecule eg: H2, N2, O2.

TRIATOMIC MOLECULE
Elements having three atoms in their molecule eg: O3(Ozone).
MOLECULE
It is the smallest particle that has the capability to exist
independently. eg: H2, N2,NaCl, H2O,
REPRESENTATION OF ELEMENTS Name of Symbol Latin Name
element
Johns Jacob Berzalius suggested that Gold Au Aurum
the initial letter of an element Silver Ag Argentum
Mercury Hg Hydrargyrum
written in capital should represent Copper Cu Cuprum
that particular element. Eg: O for Lead Pb Plumbum
Iron Fe Ferrum
Oxygen, H for Hydrogen etc Pottassium K Kallium
Sodium Na Natrium
SYMBOL
It is the short form that stands for the atom of a specific element
or the abbreviation used for the name of an element. Eg: S for
Sulphur, N for Nitrogen etc.
SIGNIFICANCE OF A SYMBOL: For example Symbol N
It represents- It represents-
i) Name of the element i) The element Nitrogen
ii) One atom of the element ii) One atom Nitrogen
iii) Gram atomic mass iii) 14 gram atom of Nitrogen
VALENCY
Combining capacity of an element is called valency.
Valency based on hydrogen
The number of hydrogen atoms that can combine with it is called valency.
Modern definition of valency:
The number of electrons an atom can lose, gain or share during a chemical
reaction is called its valency.
The loss or gain of electrons in an atom depends upon electrons in the outermost
shell.
To attain stability atoms have to have eight electrons (octet) in their outermost
orbit
Valence electrons : The number of electrons present in the outermost shell is
called valence electrons and that shell is called valence shell
Elements with 1,2 or 3 valence electrons are metals and 4 to 7
valence electrons are nonmetals (4 is an exception)

Elements with 1,2 or 3 valence electrons lose their valence electrons to

attain stability and thus form monovalent, divalent and trivalent positive
ions
Na – Ie-  Na+ (Monovalent)
(2,8,1) (2,8)

Mg– 2e-  Mg2+ (Divalent) CATIONS (Positive ions)

(2,8,2) (2,8)

Al – 3e-  Al3+(Monovalent)
Elements with 4,5,6 & 7 valence electrons gain 4,3,2, & 1 electrons
in their valence shell to attain stability (octet-8) and thus form
monovalent, divalent, trivalent & tetravalent negative ions

Cl + Ie-  Na- (Monovalent)

(2,8,7) (2,8,8)

O + 2e-  O2- (Divalent) ANIONS (Negative ions)

(2,6) (2,8)
N + 3e-  N3- (Monovalent)
(2,7) (2,8)
VARIABLE VALENCY
Certain elements exhibit more than one valency such a valency is
called variable valency.
Reason for Valency
Some time atom lose electron from penultimate shell (second last shell)
too, such an element exhibit variable valency.
Naming of variable valency:
If an element exhibits variable valency then we use the suffix “ous” for lower
valency and suffix “ic” for higher valency. Valency Formula Name of
compound
Fe2+ FeCl2 Ferrous Chloride
Fe3+ FeCl3 Ferric Chloride
Cu1+ Cu2O Cuprous Oxide
Cu2+ CuO Cupric Oxide
FORMULA
The symbolic representation of a molecule is known as formula
RADICAL
It is an atom or group of atoms having positive or negative charge.

A radical is called simple radical when it contains an atom. Eg-Na+,Mg2+

A radical is called compound radical when it contains two or more atoms.
Eg-SO42-, CO32-

BASIC RADICAL / ELECTROPOSITIVE RADICAL/ CATIONS

They are the positive radical of a compound (eg- Na+,Mg2+,NH4+)
ACIDIC RADICAL / ELECTRONEGATIVE RADICAL/ ANIONS
They are the negative radical of a compound (eg- Cl- ,SO42-, CO32-)
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA BY CRISS-CROSS METHOD

CHEMICAL NAME BASIC RADICAl ACID RADICAL FORMULA

Potassium chloride K1+ Cl1- KCl
Magnesium Chloride Mg2+ Cl1- MgCl2
Calcium Hydroxide Ca2+ OH1- Ca(OH)2

Ammonium Chloride NH41+ Cl1- NH4Cl

Aluminium Oxide Al3+ O2- Al2O3

Lead Nitrate Pb2+ NO31- Pb(NO3)2

Ferric Sulphide Fe3+ S2- Fe2S3

Cu
Copper Oxide
REATIVE ATOMIC MASS OR ATOMIC WIEGHT:
Atoms being extremely small, cannot be seen or weighed
directly. Hence mass of some standard atom (Hydrogen or
Carbon)is used as a unit and related masses of other atoms with
it
Relative atomic mass of an element is the number that
represents how many times one atom of an element is heavier
than 1/12th mass of an atom of carbon-12
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Relative atomic mass= 1
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐶−12 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
12𝑡ℎ
Atomic mass is expressed in atomic mass units which is defined as
1/12th mass of carbon atom C-12
RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS OR MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

Relative molecular mass of a molecule or a

compound is the number that represent how many
times one molecule of a substance is heavier than
1/12th mass of an atom of carbon-12

The relative molecular mass (RMM) is obtained

by adding together atomic masses of all the
various atoms present in the molecule.
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
Atomic Mass- [Na=23, H=1, O=16, C=12, N=14, Mg=24, S=32]

1. (NH2)2CO.
1.Mg3N2. The molecular mass of (NH2)2CO.
The molecular mass of Mg3N2.
=(Mg x 3) + (N x 2) =(Nx 2) + (H x 4)+ (Cx 1) +(O x 1)
=(24 x 3) + (14 x 2) =(14x 2)+ (1 x 4) + (12x 1) +(16 x 1)
= 72 + 28 =(28) + (4) + (12) +(16)
=100 amu = 60amu.
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
Atomic Mass- [Na=23, H=1, O=16, C=12, N=14, Mg=24, S=32]

1. (NH4)2CO3.
1.Na2SO4.10 H2O The molecular mass of (NH2)2CO.
The molecular mass of. Na2SO4.10 H2O
=(Na x 2) + (S x 1) + (Ox 14) +(H x 20) =(Nx 2) + (H x 8)+ (Cx 1) +(O x 3)
=(23 x 2) + (32 x 1)+ (16x 14) +(1 x 20) =(14x 2)+ (1 x 8) + (12x 1) +(16 x 3)
=(46) + (32) + (224) +(20) =(28) + (8) + (12) +(48)
= 322 amu = 96 amu.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
Percentage of an element= X 100
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅

Calculate the percentage of Hydrogen in H2O, Atomic Mass [H=1, O=16,]

The molecular mass of H2O

=(1 X 2) +(16 X 1) = 2 + 16 = = 18 amu

Mass of Hydrogen in of H2O =(1 X 2) =2

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏
Percentage of Hydrogen = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 H O X 100
2
𝟐
= 18 X 100 = 11.1 %
Calculate the percentage of phosphorous in the following:
Atomic Mass- [Ca=40, H=1, O=16, P=31 ]

1.Ca(H2PO4)2 - Calcium hydrogen phosphate

The molecular mass of Ca(H2PO4)2
=(40 X1) + (1 X 4) +(31 X 2) +(16 X 8)
= 40+4+62+128 = = 234am

Mass of phosphorus inCa(H2PO4)2 = (31 X 2) =62

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒖𝒔
Percentage of phosphorous= X 100
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇Ca(H2PO4)2

62
= X 100 = 26. 49%
Calculate the percentage of phosphorous in the following:
Atomic Mass- [Ca=40, O=16, P=31 ]

1.Ca3(PO4)2 - Calcium phosphate

The molecular mass of Ca3(PO4)2
=(40 X 3) + (31 X 2) +(16 X 8)
= 120+62+128 = = 310amu

Mass of phosphorus in Ca3(PO4)2 = (31 X 2) =62

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒖𝒔
Percentage of phosphorous= X 100
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇Ca3(PO4)2

62
= X 100 = 20 %
EMPERICAL FORMULA OF A COMPOUND
It is the simplest formula, which gives the simplest ratio in whole
numbers of atoms of different elements present in a molecule of
the compound
eg: 1.The empirical formula of H2O2 is HO
2. The empirical formula of C6H1206 is CH2O
3. The empirical formula of C5 H10 is CH2
EMPERICAL FORMULA MASS:
It is the sum of atomic masses of various elements present in
the empirical formula.
empirical formula of H2O2 is HO
and its empirical formula mass is =1 +16 =17
 EXERCISE-1C
17. Urea is an important fertilizer. Its formula is CON2H2. Calculate the
percentage of carbon in urea.[C=12, O=16, N=14, H=1 ]

The molecular mass of CON2H4.

=(C X 1) + (O X 1) +( NX 2) +(H X 4)
=(12 X 1) + (16 X 1) +( 14X 2) +(1 X 4)
=(12) + (16 ) +( 28) +(4)
=60
Mass of C in CON2H4 = 12
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏
Percentage of Carbon = X 100
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇CON2H4.
12
= X 100 = 20 %
60
 EXERCISE-1C
16. Calculate the percentage composition of each of the element in Potassium
Chlorate KClO3. [K=39, O=16, Cl=35.5]

The molecular mass of KClO3

=(39 X 1) + (35.5 X 1) +( 16X 3) =(39) + 35.5 ) +( 48) =122.5
39
Percentage of K in KClO3 = X 100 = 31.83 %
122.5
35.5
Percentage of Cl in KClO3 = X 100 = 28.98 %
122.5
48
Percentage of O in KClO3 = X 100 = 31.18 %
122.5
15. a)Calculate the percentage of phosphorous in the following:
Atomic Mass- [Ca=40, H=1, O=16, P=31 ]

1.Ca(H2PO4)2 - Calcium hydrogen phosphate

The molecular mass of Ca(H2PO4)2
=(40 X1) + (1 X 4) +(31 X 2) +(16 X 8)
= 40+4+62+128 = = 234
Mass of phosphorus inCa(H2PO4)2 = (31 X 2) =62
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒖𝒔
Percentage of phosphorous= X 100
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇Ca(H2PO4)2

62
= X 100 = 26. 5%
234
15.b)Calculate the percentage of phosphorous in Ca3(PO4)2 - Calcium
phosphate : Atomic Mass- [Ca=40, O=16, P=31 ]

1.Ca3(PO4)2 - Calcium phosphate

The molecular mass of Ca3(PO4)2
=(40 X 3) + (31 X 2) +(16 X 8)
= 120+62+128 = = 310amu
Mass of phosphorus in Ca3(PO4)2 = (31 X 2) =62
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒖𝒔
Percentage of phosphorous= X 100
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇Ca3(PO4)2
62
= X 100 = 20 %
310
 EXERCISE-1C
14. Find the percentage mass of water in Epsom salt MgSO4.7H2O
[Mg=24,S=32, O=16, H=1]

The molecular mass of MgSO4.7H2O

= (24 X 1) + (32 X 1) +( 16X 4) +(1 X 14) + (16 X 7)
= 24 + 32 + 64 + 14 + 112
= 246

Mass of water in MgSO4.7H2O = (7 x 18) = 126

126
Percentage mass of water in MgSO4.7H2O = X 100
246
= 51.12 %
 EXERCISE-1C
13.Find the empirical formula of:

a) Benzene. C6H6 - CH

a) Glucose. C6H12O6 - CH2O

a) Acetylene. C2H2 - CH

a) Acetic acid. CH3COOH – CH2O

12.Calculate the relative molecular mass of the following:
Atomic Mass- [Cr=52, H=1, O=16, C=12, N=14, Cl=35.5]

a) CHCl3.
The molecular mass of CHCl3.
=(C x 1)+(H x1) + (Cl x 3 )
=(12 x 1)+(1 x1)+ (35.5x 3)
= 12+1+106.5
=119.5amu
1. (NH4)2Cr2O7.
The molecular mass of (NH4)2Cr2O7.
=(Nx 2) + (H x 8)+ (Crx 2) +(O x 7)
=(14x 2) + (1 x 8)+ (52x 2) +(16 x 7)
=28 + 8 + 104 + 112
=252 amu
11. Correct the following statements
a) A molecular formula represents an element
b) Molecular formula of water is H2O2.
c) A molecule of sulphur is monoatomic
d) CO and Co both represent cobalt
e) Formula of iron(III) oxide is FeO
Answers
a)A molecular formula represents molecule of an element or
compound
b)Molecular formula of water is H2O.
c) A molecule of sulphur is octatomic
d)CO represent carbon monoxide and Co represent cobalt
e)Formula of iron(III) oxide is Fe2O3
10. Choose the correct answer from the option given below.

a) Modern atomic symbols are based on the method proposed by

Ans-Berzelius
b) The number of carbon atoms in hydrogen carbonate radical is
Ans-One
c) The formula of Iron (III) sulphate is
Ans- Fe2(SO4)3
d) In water, the hydrogen to oxygen mass ratio is
Ans:1:8
e) The formula of sodium carbonate is Na2CO3 and that of calcium hydrogen
carbonate is
Ans: Ca(HCO3)2
9. Calculate the molecular mass of the following: Atomic mass:
a) Na2SO4.10H2O Na=23,H=1, O=16,
b) (NH4)2CO3
C=12,N=14,Mg=24,
c) (NH2)2CO3
d) Mg3N2. S=32
Note: Do it as homework:
8.Write the balanced chemical equations for the following word equations

a) Sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid  sodium sulphate +water

NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O

b) Potassium bicarbonate+ sulphuric acid  Potassium sulphate +CO2 +water

KHCO3 + H2SO4  K2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

c) Iron + sulphuric acid  ferrous sulphate + Hydrogen

Fe + H2SO4  FeSO4 + H2

d) Chlorine + sulphur dioxide + water  Sulphuric acid + Hydrogen chloride

Cl2 + SO2 + H2O  H2SO4 + HCl
e) Silver nitrate  silver + nitrogen dioxide + water
AgNO3  Ag + NO2 + H2O
f) Copper + Nitric acid  Copper Nitrate +Nitric oxide +water
Cu + HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
g) Ammonia + Oxygen  Nitric Oxide + Water
NH3 + O2  NO + H2O
h) Barium Chloride + sulphuric acid  Barium Sulphate +Hydrochloric acid
BaCl2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + HCl

i) Zinc Sulphide + Oxygen  Zinc Oxide + Sulphur dioxide

ZnS + O2  ZnO + SO2
j) Aluminium Carbide + Water  Aluminium Hydroxide + Methane
Al4C3 + H2O  Al(OH)3 + CH4
k) Iron Pyrites + Oxygen  Ferric oxide + Sulphur dioxide
FeS2 + O2  Fe2O3 +SO2
l) Potassium permangante + Hydrochloric acid  Potassium chloride +
Manganese chloride+ Chlorine + Water
KMnO4 + HCl  KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2+ H2O
m) Aluminium Sulphate+ sodium hydroxide  Sodium Sulphate +Sodium Meta
aluminate + water
Al2(SO4)3 + NaOH  Na2SO4 + NaAlO2 + H2O
n) Aluminium + Sodium hydroxide + water  Sodium meta aluminate + Hydrogen
Al + NaOH + H2O  NaAlO2 + H2