SOUTHERN MINDANAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Brgy. Buenaflor, National Highway, Tacurong City

Criminology Department
(A.Y. 2020-2021)

MODULE 1

VICE DRUG EDUCATION AND

CONTROL (CDI 7)

DATE: January 29, 2021

PREPARED BY:
SHEIKENAH JAIREH C. CALSAS, R. CRIM.
Instructor
 Vice Drug Education Control
Welcome to CDI 7! This module will help you understand the true meaning of
drugs, their sources/origin and the history why not all drugs are legal as well as what
makes them illegal. Also, how drugs influence an individual emotionally, intellectually,
psychologically, and socially that may result in the modification of attitudes that
influence behavior.

This module has five (5) lessons:

 Lesson 1: Introduction: Overview, history of drug abuse, the global drug

situation, the world’s drug scene and the organized crime groups behind
the global drug scene
 Lesson 2: Vice – its definition and control
 Lesson 3: Drugs: their sources, classification and effects
 Lesson 4: Administration and metabolism of drugs
 Lesson 5: Identification and examination of dangerous drugs

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify drugs, their sources, classification and effects as well as the vice
definition and control.
2. Understand the global drug situation and the world’s drug scene.
3. Explore different drug sources, classification and effects.
4. Examine various dangerous drugs.
5. Write a short reflection about drug suppression efforts.
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Objectives:

It is the objective of this chapter to inculcate into the mind of the students/readers
the true meaning of drugs, their sources/origin and the history why not all drugs are
legal, as well as what makes them illegal. It is also the objective of this chapter to
emphasize to the students/readers how drugs influence an individual emotionally,
intellectually, psychologically, and socially that may result in the modification of attitudes
that influence behaviour.

AN OVERVIEW

No community in our country is said to be free on the problems on illicit drug use.
Despite years of drug suppression efforts by all levels of government and by numerous
anti-drug organizations, the cycle of drug use continues. In answer to the globally
challenging problem of the illicit trafficking and proliferation of dangerous drugs
strengthen the anti-drug abuse program of the government, public Act 9165, otherwise
known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 was passed, which in July
4, 2002, effectively repealed and replaced the existing drug law, R.A. Otherwise known
as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972.

With the end in view of pursuing a more intensive and sustained campaign
against the trafficking of dangerous drugs, R.A 1965 reconstituted and revitalized the
Dangerous Board (DDB) which already existed under R.A. 6425, and vested it with
increased power and duties to pursue its mandate as the policy making and strategy
planning body in the drafting and formulation of policies and programs on drug abuse
prevention and control. Entrenched in this drug law, however, are provisions aiming at
achieving a balance in the national drug control program so that the people with
legitimate needs are not prevented from being treated with adequate amounts of
required medications which may include the use of dangerous drugs.

Unfortunately, no community in the Philippines can escape the problems

surrounding illicit drugs.

VICE, DEFINED

Vice may be defined as any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which
leads to depravity, wickedness or corruption.

DRUG EDUCATION, DEFINED

Drug Education is a learning process that influences an individual emotionally,

intellectually, psychologically, and socially and may result in the modification of attitudes
that influence behaviour. It involves the formal mechanism of presenting information,
and includes a series of experiences and influences that help shape the learning
environment, the atmosphere of the school, the life-style present at home, the attitude of
parents, the pressures within peer group, the popular culture, the personal experience
with or without drugs, and the availability of alternative mechanisms employed to carry
out certain kinds of behaviour.

HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE

The use of chemical substance that alter physiological functioning dates back to
the Old Stone Age. Egyptian relics from 3500 B.C. depict the use of opium in religious
rituals. By 1ou
B.C., an Egyptian reference work listed opium as an analgesic, or painkiller

The Incas of South America were known to have cocaine for at least 5000 years
ago.
Cannabis, the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) from which marijuana and hashish
are derived, also has a 5000-year history.

During World Wars I and II, the use of injectable morphine to ease the pain of
battle casualties was so extensive that morphine addiction among veterans came to be
known as the "soldiers’ disease”.

By that time, the medical professional and the public recognized how addictive
morphine was, its use had reached epidemic proportions. Then in 1898, the Bayer Drug
Company in Germany introduced a new opiate, supposedly a non-addictive substitute
for morphine and codeine. It came out under the trade name heroine, yet it proved to
be even more addictive than morphine.

When cocaine, which was isolated from the coca leaf in 1869, appeared on the
international drug scene, it too was used for medicinal purposes. Its popularity spread
and soon it was used in other products, a variety of gin tonics, and the most famous of
all, Coca-Cola, which was made until 1903.

THE GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION

DRUG TRAFFICKING

It is noteworthy that drug abuse has become not only national issue or a problem
of just a few countries but it is clear and present global danger. Today, well-organized
drug syndicates are behind this menace. They employ the most advanced and most
sophisticated technology coupled with unlimited financial resources at their command
and disposal. Police agencies around the world, polling their resources are more often
than not, the losers in a game hide and seek with the international drug syndicates.

DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

On the other side of the globe is the second major drug traffic route, which is
composed of the popular “Golden Triangle" which is composed of three (3) countries
namely: (1) Burma/Myanmar (2) Laos, and (3) Thailand; and the ”Golden Crescent"
which is composed of : (1) Iran, (2) Afghanistan, (3) Pakistan, and (4) India.

Southeast Asia

The "Golden Triangle approximately produced 60% opium in the world,

and 90% of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially
acknowledged source of Southeast Asian "Heroin”

A heroin is produced in the "Golden Triangle" and passes through nearby

countries in relatively small quantities through air transport while in transit to the
United States and European countries.

Southwest Asia

The "Golden Crescent" is the major supplier of opium poppy, marijuana

and heroin products in the western part of Asia. It produced at least 85% to 90%
of all illicit heroin channel in the drug underworld market.

THE WORLD'S DRUG SCENE

Middle East

The Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer of

cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon has also became the transit country for cocaine
from South America to Europe illicit drug market.

Spain

Spain known as the major transhipment point for international drug traffickers in
Europe, and became the paradise of drug users in Europe.

South America

Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the principal sources of all cocaine
supply in the world due to the robust production of the "coca plants".
Mexico

Mexico is known in the world to be the number one producer of "Marijuana".

Philippines

The Philippines is second to Mexico as to the production of Marijuana. It also

became the major transhipment point the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs
particularly "shabu” and Cocaine from Taiwan and South America. It is noted that
Philippines today is known as the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.

India

India is known as the center of the world's drug map, leading to the rapid drug
addiction among its people.

Indonesia

North Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in
Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and
New Zealand.

Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand

These countries are known to be the most favourable sites drug distribution from
the "Golden Triangle and other parts of Asia.

China

China is the transit route for heroin from the Golden Triangle to Hong Kong. It is
also the country where the “ephedra plants” cultivated-source of drug "Ephedrine" which
is the principal chemical for producing Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (shabu).

Hong Kong

Hong Kong is known as the world’s transhipment point of all forms of "heroin".

Japan

Japan has become the major consumer or cocaine and “shabu” from the United
States and Europe.

THE ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE GLOBAL DRUG SCENE

The Columbian Medellin Cartel

 Founded during the 1980's by Columbian drug lords in the name of Pablo
Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses: Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid
cocaine barons Juan David Ochoa Brothers.

The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world's drug trafficking
network. The Columbian government succeeded in containing the Medellin Cartel,
which resulted in the death, surrender, and arrest of the people behind the organization.
This further resulted to the disbandment of the Cartel that led to its downfall.

The Cali Cartel

The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali Cartel-the
newly emerged cocaine monopoly.

Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela - better known as "Don Chepe” he Chinese Player

heads the syndicated organization. Under him, the Calu Cartel was considered the most
powerful criminal organization in the World. The Cartel produces over 90% of cocaine of
cocaine in the world. Due to this huge production, it was called the best and brightest of
the modern underworld. They are Professionals of the highest order, intelligent,
efficient, imaginative and nearly impenetrable.

The Chinese Triad

The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese "Mafia" is the oldest and biggest
criminal organization in the world. It is believed to be the controller of the *Golden
Triangle" with international connection on drug trafficking. The Chinese Triad is also
referred to as the "black societies". Called themselves Triads because of their highly
ritualistic use of numerology a belief in the magical significance of numbers. The
number 3 and multiples of 3 were accorded major importance by this group. The symbol
triad societies is depicted by an equilateral triangle with the 3 sides representing the 3
Chinese concepts of heaven, earth, and man.

CHAPTER II

Vice- It's Definition and Control

Objectives:

The objective of this chapter is to emphasize to the students/ readers what is the
true meaning of vice, how does it affect an individual, as well as its evil effects that are
more disastrous, morally and physically that of other crimes. It is also the objective of
this chapter to inculcate into the mind of the readers those vices which are considered
immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity, wickedness or
corruption.

Vice, defined

Vice refers to any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to
depravity, Wickedness or corruption.

It is worthy to note that vices are generally thought of as habits or behaviours that
are, at best, unacceptable, and at their worst... immoral. Yet there are those vices that
have become so commonplace that we've ceased t0 recognize them as such,
depending on the culture you live in.

Importance of the Study of Vice

The importance of studying vice is as follow.

1. It is important because its evil effects are more disastrous, morally and
physically that of other crimes,
2. It is important because vice affects the daily lives of many people.
3. It is important because its existence causes a serious problem in law
enforcement.
4. It is important because commercialized vice disrupts the social make-up of the
community.

Smoking

Take, for example, smoking. Half a century ago it wasn't at all unusual for
Americans to smoke everywhere in and out of doors, on airplanes, at the dinner table,
etc. Today, our culture has changed due primarily to our understanding of its effects on
our health, thus, we no longer see the kind of smoking that was once very common.

Yet it seems that the history of smoking and the presence of tobacco in the west
go back a few centuries. Apparently, men and women have enjoyed smoking as long as
there’s been something top smoke.
It's even been celebrated in song.

Coffee
 Coffee first arrived in Europe via ltaly. More specifically, it came to Venice from
the Middle East and quickly spread throughout Europe. It got a huge promotional boost
in 1600 when the Pope decreed coffee to be a drink for Christians. By the end of the
17th Century, coffee houses had spread like wild fire, including in places such as
Leipzig, Germany where they were also popular venues for musical performance.

It was this very setting that inspired Johann Sebastian Bach to compose his
satirical cantata “Schweigt stille, plaudert nicht," better known as the "Cottee Cantata,
which tells of a daughter's addiction to coffee and of her father's frustration in trying to
get her to stop drinking it. In the end, he doesn’t really succeed in spite of his best
efforts.

Gambling

Gambling is another one of those vices that is, depending on who you talk to,
variously seen as a recreation, an outright sin, or a distraction falling somewhere in
between the two.

Gambling defined,

Gambling is the act or activity of betting money, for example in card games or on
horse racing. Gambling is a game or scheme wherein the result of which depends
wholly or chiefly upon chance or hazard.

Chance of Hazard, defined.

Chance of Hazard is the uncertainty of the result of the game when the outcome
of the game is incapable of calculation by human reason, foresight, capacity or design

Drinking

Wine and spirits have been the libations of choice for many a reveller, and
drinking to excess, par for the course. Countless numbers of songs and dramas have
marked such excess from the middle ages through the present day.

Alcohol, defined.

Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man. When grains, fruits, or
vegetables are fermented. Ever since, there has been a continuous effect, everywhere,
to controls consumption because of its devastating effects on human life. Many
countries all over the world have tried prohibition ban with little success.

Fermentation, defined
 Fermentation is a process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugars in the
food into alcohol. Fermentation is used to produce many necessary items.

Alcoholism, defined

Alcoholism refers to the state or condition of a person produced by drinking

intoxicating liquors excessively and with habitual frequency.

Alcoholic, defined

Alcoholic refers to a person who, from the prolonged and excessive use of
alcoholic beverages, finally develops physical and psychological changes and
dependence on alcohol.

How does Alcohol affect the Body?

Alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows down the function of the central
nervous system. Alcohol actually blocks some of the messages trying to get into the
brain. This alters a person's perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and hearing.

What is Prostitution?

Prostitution is an act or practice of a woman who engages or habitually indulged

in sexual intercourse for money or profit.

Who is deemed a prostitute?

A prostitute is any woman who engages herself indiscriminate sexual intercourse

or acts with males for hire.

Types of Prostitutes

The different types of prostitutes are:

1. Call Girl - This is a part-time prostitute who have her own legitimate work or
profession, but works as prostitute to augment her income.
2. Hustler - This is a professional type of prostitute who works at a bar or tavern.
She is also a pick-up girl or a street-walker.
3. Door Knocker -This is an occasional or selective type of prostitute who is
usually a new comer in the business.
4. Factory Girl-This type of prostitute is the real professional type who works in
regular house of prostitution.

What is Whore/ Knocker

 It is the name often used for all types of prostitute.

Pimp
One who provides gratification for the lust of others.

White Slavery
The procurement and transportation or Women across satellite for immoral
purposes.

CHAPTER III

Drugs: Their Sources, Classifications and Effects

Objectives:

This chapter is objectively designed to emphasize the true meaning of drug, its
sources, classifications- legal classification and international classification as well as its
effects to person taking it. It is likewise the objective of this chapter to emphasıze the
different categories of drugs. This chapter also emphasizes that medicines are drugs,
but not all drugs are medicinal drug.

Drug defined.

Drug is a chemical substance that brings about physical, physiological,

behavioural and/or psychological change in a person taking it.

Are all Drugs Harmful?

Any drug may be harmful when abused. The fact that many drugs will produce
beneficial results has led some people to feel that drugs solve all problems. Drugs that
affect the mind can have subtle or obvious side effects which can be immediate or may
only become evident after continuous use. There are drugs that are taken medicines.
But certain drugs are taken not as medicines but to satisfy craving or a strong desire
and taking them becomes an ingrained habit. These habit- forming drugs have brought
misery to millions of people in every part of the globe.

SEVEN CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

 The following are the categories of drugs namely:

1. Herbal Drugs

Herbal drugs are plant substance that have drug effects whose use is not
generally regulated by the law. These substances require little processing after the
plants are gathered. These drugs may be grown locally.

2. Over-the-counter Drugs

Over-the-counter drugs are commercially produced drugs that may be purchased

legally without prescription. These drugs are also known as "propriety drugs”

3. Prescription Drugs

Prescription drugs are commercially produced drugs that can be legally sold or
dispensed only by a physician or on a physician's order. They are like over-the-counter
drugs in that they are manufactured by pharmaceutical companies, but they differ, in
that the decision to use drugs is legally vested in a licensed physician not in the user.

4. Unrecognized Drugs

Unrecognized drugs are commercial products that have a psychoactive drug

effects but are not usually considered drugs. These substances are not generally
regulated by law except in so far as standards of sanitation and purity is required.

5. Illicit Drugs

Illicit drugs are drugs whose sale, purchase or use is generally prohibited by law.
Criminal penalties usually apply to violators or these laws.

6. Tobacco

Tobacco is not generally considered a drug, thus, may be classified as an

unrecognized drug, However, tobacco holds such a distinct position in terms of usage
patterns, economic importance, and health consequences that it merits category to
itself.

7. Alcohol

Although alcohol may be included in the unrecognized drugs, alcohol in forms

such as beer wine, and recognized distilled liquor is one of the most widely used drugs
to our society. It is regarded by many experts also the most commonly abused drug in
our society.
Medicines VS. Drugs

All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicinal drug.

Medicinal Drugs

A substance which when taken into the human body cures illness and/or relieves
signs/symptoms of disease.

Dangerous Drugs

A Dangerous drug is a substance affecting the central nervous system which

when taken into the human body brings about physical, emotional or behavioural
changes in a person taking it.

Drug Abuse

Drug abuse may refer to any non-medical use of drugs that cause physical,
psychological, legal, economic, or social damage to the user or to people affected by
the user's behaviour. Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also be applicable to
drugs that are available legally, such as prescribed medications and certain over-the-
counter medications.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

Drugs may be classified into:

A. According to origin:

a. Natural Drugs - are active ingredients, secondary metabolic products of

plants and other living systems that may be isolated by extraction.

Examples:
Raw opium
Marijuana
Coca bush

b. Synthetic Drugs - are artificially produced substances, synthesized in the

laboratory for the illicit market, which are almost wholly manufactured from
chemical compounds in illicit laboratories.

Examples:
Methamphetamine
Barbiturates
B. According to Legal classification:

a. RA9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002)

Under Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as The Comprehensive

Dangerous Drugs Act or 2002):

R.A.9163 gives a single definition to dangerous drugs, removing the

distinction between prohibited and regulated drugs. The old law defines the term
"dangerous drugs as pertaining to either “prohibited drug" or a “regulated drug”.

b. PD 1619 (Volatile Substances)

c. RA 6425 (Classified as: Regulated and Prohibited)

Under Republic Act 6425, otherwise known as The Dangerous Drugs Act of
1972: "Dangerous Drugs refers to either:

(1) "Prohibited drug", which includes opium and active components and
derivatives, such as heroin and morphine, coca leaf and its derivatives,
principally cocaine, alpha and beta eucaine; hallucinogenic drugs, such as
mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other Substances producing
similar effects; Indian hemp and its derivatives; all preparations made from any of
the foregoing and other drugs and chemical preparations, whether natural or
synthetic, with the physiological effects of a narcotic or a hallucinogenic drug, or
(AS amended by B.P. 179 dated March 2, 1982)

(2) "Regulated drug", which includes self-inducing sedatives, Such as

secobarbital, Phenobarbital, pentobarbital, such as secobarbital, barbital,
amobarbital and any other drug which contains a salt or a derivative of salt of
barbituric acid; any salt, isomer or salt of an isomer, of amphetamine, such as
Benzedrine or Dexedrine, or any drug which produces a physiological action
similar to amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs, such as methaqualone, nitrazepam
or any other compound producing similar physiological effects; (As amended by
PD No. I1683 dated March 14, 1980)

C. According to International Classification:

a. Narcotics substance (derived from the Greek word narkotikos- meaning

"sleep"

- Any drug that produces sleep or stupor and also relieves pain (medical);

- Depress the central nervous system to produce a marked reduction in

sensitivity to pain, create drowsiness and reduce physical activity.
 - A drug which therapeutic doses diminishes awareness of sensory impulses,
especially pain, by the brain, in large doses, it causes stupor, coma or
convulsions

b. Psychotropic substances

- Any substance, natural or synthetic or any natural material that have a high
potential for dependence and abuse.

- These drugs are highly addictive but, despite the risk, they remain in medical use
because no satisfactory non-addictive alternative medication is available

- Pertaining to any drug or agent having a particular affinity for or effect on the
psyche

Examples:
Heroin
Marijuana
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Morphine
Some barbiturates

c. Designer drugs

- Designer drugs are substance chemically related to but slightly different from
controlled substances

- Designer drugs are designed by clandestine chemists with the aim to

manufacture compounds that produce "the high or euphoria of parent drugs and
avoid the penalties that would be levied against those illegally trafficking the
controlled substance.

D. According to Pharmacological Classification (Effects):

A. STIMULANTS
B. HALLUCINOGENS
C. DEPRESSANTS
D. INHALANTS

a. STIMULANTS (uppers)

- are drugs which increase alertness of physical disposition. They also

reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well-being. They produce the opposite to
that of depressants. Instead of bringing about relaxation and sleep, they produce
 increased mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger, and provide a feeling of
well-being. Cocaine and Amphetamines are the most common stimulants.
Example of Amphetamine: Methamphetamine Hydrochloride

Street Name: Poor man's cocaine, S, shabu, shabs, ubas, Siopao, sha, ice

What is it: White odorless crystal/crystalline powder with a bitter numbing

taste

How Taken: Ingestion, inhalation (chasing the dragon), sniffing, injection,

smoked

General: anxiety, irritability, irrational behavior

Effects:

Long Term: psychosis similar to schizophrenia, difficulty in concentrating, loss

of interest in sex
Physical: chest, pain, irregular, heartbeat, hypertension, convulsion, death

Dangers:

Injection from contaminated needles may lead to risk of infections

phlebitis, septicemia, AlDS, etc.
b. HALLUCINOGENS (Psychedelics)

- are drugs which affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion.

Changes in time and spice Perception, delusion (false beliefs) and hallucinations may
be mild overwhelming, depending on dose and quality of drug. The results are very
variable, a “good trip” or a "bad trip” may occur in the same person on different
occasions.

Ecstasy (MDMA), LSD, Marijuana and Mescaline are the most popular
hallucinogens.

Example: Ecstacy (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

Street Name: XTC, Adam, essence, E, herbals

How Taken: Swallowing or inhalation

Effects:
Exaggerated emotions, makes HR and BP hike up, dries the mouth, stiffens
arms, legs, Jaw, dilates pupils of the eyes, causes faintness, chills sweating
and nausea.

Dangers:
It can really kill!

Example: LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

Street Name: Lucy in the sky with diamonds, wedding bells, acid, white sugar,
lightning, cubes, brain eaters

What it is: A semi-synthetic alkaloid substance extracted from a fungus which

grows on rye, wheat, and other grains; odorless, tasteless, colorless.

Effects:
Psychological: Vivid hallucinations, confusion, blurring and distinction between
conscious and unconscious thought, etc.

Physical:
 dilated pupils, flushed face, increased BP, etc.

Dangers:
May cause abnormal amount of breakage of chromosomes of WBCS that carry
genes, which may result to miscarriages and birth defects.

Example: Marijuana

Street Name: Mary Jane, Flower, pampapogi, brownines, damo, pot, tea, joint,
Dope

What it is: Comes from Cannabis Sativa L. (Indian hemp); looks like fine,
green tobacco

How Taken: Smoked in pipes/cigarettes, can be taken in food; made into

candy; sniffed in powder form; mixed with honey or butter

Effects:
 Immediate:
faster heartbeat, bloodshot eyes, dry mouth

Long Term: chest pain, temporary loss of fertility, cancer, marijuana burn-out.

Dangers:
Slows down user's mental and psychomotor activities; long-term use may lead
to psychological dependence: may lead to cancer.

c. DEPRESSANTS

- are drugs which depress or lower the function of the Central Nervous System

Types of Depressants:

Narcotics - (derived from the Greek word "narkotikos” meaning sleep are
drugs which produce insensitivity stupor, melancholy or dullness of mind, induces
sleep (Hypnotics) or stupor and relieve pain (Analgesics).

Opium, Heroine, Codeine, Morphine are the most popular of narcotics.

Examples of Narcotics:

Street Name: Schoolboy

What it is: A component of opium and derivative of morphine; ideal analgesic;

found in some Cough syrups.

How Taken: Orally (tablet or liquid), by injection

Effects:
 Analgesic and cough suppressant with very little sedation or exhilarant
(euphoric) action; dependence can be produced in large doses

Dangers:
Occasionally taken for kicks; dependence may occur; occasionally resorted to
by opiate-dependent persons to tide them over if heroin is difficult to obtain
with inadequate result.

b. Sedatives and Hypnotics

- calm the nerves, reduce tension and induce sleep. Common example are
Barbiturates and Alcohol.

Barbiturates

Street Name: Lily, bala, downers, yellow jackets, blue heavens

What it is: Made from barbituric acid ("Barb"); prescribed to induce sleep or
provide calming effect

How Taken: Orally (tablet/capsule); sometimes intravenously

Effects:
Small amounts make user relaxed, sociable, good humoured; heavy doses
make him sluggish, gloomy, sometimes quarrelsome, thick speech; staggering
gait

Dangers:
Sedation, coma, death from respiratory failure: deaths from intentional and
unintentional overdose; more than 400 mg per day may lead to barbiturate
poisoning, drug automatism, physical dependence and death.
 Alcohol

Street Name: Beer, whisky, Gin, brandy, wine

Effects:
Sedation; impairs mental and physical functions; increases the risk of heart
attack and stroke.

Dangers:
Cirrhosis; brain damage; obesity; may lead to cancer of the esophagus,
intestines, pancreas, thyroid, and breast.

c. Tranquilizers

- are drugs used in treating nervous disorders or calm psychotic patients or mental
disorders without producing sleep. Example of Tranquilizer is Diazepam (also
known as "Valium"). It is the most commonly used tranquilizer, which has a slow
onset out long duration of action. Prolonged use may result to dependence both
physical and psychological.
 Heroine

Street Name: Blanco, brown, sugar, kabayo, kengkoy, gamot, matsakao,

pulbos, sapsap, tinik

What it is: Alkaloid derived from morphine, white, off- white or brown
crystalline powder

How Taken: Orally, through inhalation, injection or by smoking

Effects: slurring of speech; cyanosis; dry skin and mouth; anoxia; urticaria;
pulmonary ventilation; pulmonary edema; hyperglycemia

Danger: Dependence liability is high; dependence usually develops more

rapidly, sensitivity to respiratory depressant effects.
 Morphine

Street Name: M, dreamer, emma, emsel, pulbos

What it is: Principal active component in opium; white crystalline powder, light
porous cubes, small white tablets

How Taken: Any route, but mostly by intravenous injection

Effects:
Initial reaction is unpleasant to most people but calming supersedes and,
depending on dose, may progress to coma and death from respiratory failure

Dangers:
Sensitivity to respiratory depressant effect until tolerance develops; Psychic
and Physical dependence and tolerance develop readily.
E. VOLATILE SUBSTANCES (inhalants)

Inhalants

Inhalants-these are any liquid, solid or mixed substance that has the property of
releasing toxic (psychoactive) vapours or fumes.

Example: solvents, aerosols glue, gasoline, kerosene. Paint thinner,

naphthalene, bases

What they are:

Liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing toxic

vapours or fumes or any chemical substance which when sniffed, smelled,
inhaled, or introduced into the physiological system of the body produce/induce a
condition of intoxication, Inebriation, excitement, stupefaction, etc.

How it is being taken:

Sniffing or inhaled directly through the container or from a bag or by

holding a rag with the substance in the mouth

Dangers
 Causes permanent damage to brain or may result Sudden Sniffing Death;
users become accident prone, death due to road accidents, drowning, falling
from tall building, etc. after sniffing, glue, violence, psychological dependence.

DANGEROUS DRUGS

What are considered Dangerous Drugs?

Dangerous Drug is a substance affecting the central nervous system when taken
into the human body brings about physical, emotional or behavioural changes in a
person taking.

It is a substance which when taken into the human body alters mood, perception,
feelings and behaviour.

Under Republic Act 6425, otherwise known Dangerous Drugs Act or 1912,
dangerous drugs are classified into three (3) main categories, namely:
A. Prohibited Drugs
B. Regulated Drugs
C. Volatile Substances

A. Prohibited Drug, which includes opium and its active components and
derivatives, such as heroin and morphine; coca leaf and its derivatives,
principally cocaine; alphamand beta eucaine; hallucinogenic drugs, such as
mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other substances producing
similar effects; Indian hemp and its derivatives all preparations made from any of
the foregoing; and other drugs and chemical preparations, whether natural or
Synthetic, With the physiological effects of a narcotic or a hallucinogenic drug (As
amended by B.P. 179 dated March 2, 1982).

B. Regulated Drug, which includes self-inducing sedatives, such as

secobarbital, Phenobarbital, pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital and any other
drug which contains a salt: of a salt of barbituric acid; any salt, isomer or salt of
an isomer of amphetamine, such as a physiological or Dexedrine, or any drug
which action similar to amphetamine, an compound producing methaqualone,
nitrazepam or any hypnotic drugs, such as similar physiological effects (As
amended by PD No. 1683 dated March 14, 1980).
C. Volatile Substance, Liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of
releasing toxic vapours or fumes or any chemical substance which when sniffed,
smelled, inhaled or introduced into the physiological system of the body
 produce/induce a condition or intoxication, Inebriation, excitement, stupefaction,
etc.

Under Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002,
it gives a single definition for prohibited and regulated drugs. The old law defines
the term "dangerous drugs as pertaining to either “prohibited drugs” or "regulated
drug".

Under Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002,
"Drug Dependence means a state of psychic or physical dependence, or both, on
a dangerous drug, arising in a person following administration or use of that drug
on a periodic or continuous basis.

As based on the World Health Organization definition Drug dependence refers to

a cluster of physiological, behavioural and cognitive phenomena of variable
intensity, in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high priority thereby
involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to take the
substance and the difficulties in controlling substance-taking in terms of its onset,
termination, or levels of use.

What is Drug Dependency?

Drug addiction or dependence is a need for a particular controlled substance which

comes from continuous and sometimes periodic use of that drug. Characteristics of
Drug Dependency

1. Physical dependence
It is the result when a drug has been used for a long period of time. It is only
identified when a characteristics withdrawal or abstinence syndrome occurs after its
use is discontinued. The body's physical system changes until the body needs the
particular drug in order to function.

2. Mental or psychological dependence

It is a need of drug in order to feel good, to get by or feel normal.

3. Idiosyncrasy or Side effect.

Idiosyncrasy refers to a behavioural attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an
individual's mannerism.

What is Physical Dependence?

Physical dependence is a result when a drug has been used for a long period of
time. It is only identified when characteristics withdrawal or abstinence syndrome occurs
after its use is discontinued.
 Babies born of drug dependent mothers are often born drug dependent and
require special care, some are mentally and physically impaired as harmed during fetus
development.

If a substance abuser's drug of choice is unavailable, in order to maintain their

high and to avoid withdrawal symptoms, usually use other controlled substance which is
available. Sometimes they are multi-user since they take several different drugs at one
or at different times. Multi use means multi-risk.

What is Psychological Dependence?

Psychological dependence refers to a state in which an individual has a

compulsion to take a drug, but one in which there not be a physical dependence.

What is Drug Addiction?

Drug addiction refers to a state or periodic or chronic intoxication produced by

the repeated consumption of a drug-natural or synthetic.

Characteristics of Drug Addiction

The following are the characteristics of drug addiction:

1. An overpowering desire or need, compulsion to continue taking the drug

and obtain it by any means.
2. A tendency to increase dose or tolerance
3. A psychic or psychological and generally a physical dependence on
drug.
4. A detrimental effect on the individual and on the society.

How is drug addiction acquired?

Drug addiction is acquired primarily in three ways:

1. Association is the tendency of a drug abuser to look for peer groups

where he feels being wanted and accepted.
2. Experimentation is the tendency of a person to try and explore the
effects of drugs due to curiosity or other reasons.
3. Inexperienced Physicians-is the tendency of the physicians to
unnecessarily prescribe drugs.

What is Drug Habituation?

Drug Habituation refers to a condition resulting from the repeated consumption of

drug.
Characteristics of Drug Habituation

The following are the characteristics of drug habituation:

1. A desire but not compulsive to continue taking the drug for the sense or
improved well brings.
2. Little or no tendency to increase dose.
2 Some degree of psychic dependence on the effect of drug but absence
of physical dependence.
4. Detrimental effect if any, primarily on the individual.
What is Drug Use?

The word "Use" refers to the act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, or

consuming, ether by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking, or
otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body, any of the dangerous
drugs.

Other Definitions of Drug Abuse

The term "drug abuse" may refer to any of the following:

1. Use of medically useful drugs which have the capacity to alter mood and
behaviour without the benefit of prescription.

2. Use of a medically useful mood-altering drug for a purpose different from the one
for which that drug has been prescribed.

3. Use of drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application for

purposes other than research.

What is Drug Abuse?

Drug abuse refers to non-medical use of drugs that cause physical psychological,
legal; economic, or social damages to the user or to people affected by user's
behaviour.
Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also be applicable to drugs that are
available legally, such as prescribed medications and certain over- the counter
medications.

What is Prescription Abuse?

Prescription abuse refers to the improper utilization of controlled substance

prescribed by the physicians to the patient under treatments with medical problem. Any
drug not used according to directions, whether prescribed by a physician or over the
counter medication, can be substance abuse. Using a prescription in a manner not
prescribed, for using another's prescription is illegal.

HOW DRUGS WORK?

1. Minimal dose- amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of
a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal dose - largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired
therapeutic effect without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
3. Toxic dose- amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms.
4. Abusive dose - amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired
by the individual who improperly uses it.
5. Lethal dose- the amount of drug that will cause death.

CHAPTER IV

Administration and Metabolism of Drugs

Objectives:

It is the objective of this chapter to explain how is drug administered into the
body, as well as how are drugs tested, what are those communities tested drugs and
what are the usual specimens for drug testing.

What is Administer?

Under Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as Comprehensive Dangerous

Drugs Act of 2002, administer refers to any act of introducing any dangerous drug into
the body of any person, with or without his/her knowledge by injection, inhalation,
ingestion or other means or of committing any act of indispensable assistance to a
person in administering a dangerous drug to himself herself unless administered by a
duly licensed practitioner for purposes of medication.

HOW DRUG IS BEING ADMINISTERED/TAKEN

Drug may be administered by any of the following means:

- Oral Ingestion
- Intravenous/Injection
- Inhalation (smoking, snorting, sniffing)
- Snorting
- Buccal
- Suppositories
- Oral Ingestion
 The drugs are taken by the mouth and most pass through the stomach before being
absorbed into the bloodstream. This is one of the most common ways of taking a drug.

Inhalation

A drug in gaseous form enters the lungs and is quickly absorbed by the capillary
system. It is probably the second most commonly-used route of drug administration.

Injection

The drug can be administered into the body by the use of a syringe or hypodermic
needle in the following ways:

a. Subcutaneous- a drug is administered by injecting the drug just below the

surface of the skin. This is sometimes called "skin popping".
b. Intramuscular-administration involves the injection of a drug into a large muscle
mass that has a good blood supply, such as the gluteus maximus, quadriceps, or
triceps.
c. Intravenous- this is the most efficient means of administration which involves
depositing a drug directly into the bloodstream. This is also the most rapid
method of drug administration.

Snorting

Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in gaseous form. It is done by inhaling a
powder of a liquid drug into the nasal coats of the mucous membrane.

Buccal

Drug is administered by placing it in the buccal under the lips. The active
ingredients of the drug are absorbed in the bloodstream through the soft tissues lining
the mouth.

Suppositories

Drug is administered through the vagina or rectum in suppository form and the
drug is also absorbed into the bloodstream.

DRUG DETECTION

Drug Detection depends on:

 Absorption: (Structure and composition, diffusion and transport,
Psychochemical factors in penetration)
  Disposition: (Distribution, pH partition principle, electro chemical and
Donnan distribution, bio transformation)

 Elimination

WHAT DRUGS ARE TESTED?

MOST COMMON:
Marijuana
Cocaine
Methamphetamine and its derivatives
Benzodiazepines
Ecstasy

OTHER POPULAR TESTS:

Barbiturates
Oxycodone
Amphetamine
Opiates
PCP

SAMPLE SPECIMENS
Blood
Fingernails
Hair
Saliva
Sweat
Tissue
Urine (almost 99%)