DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL

CDI 9
COVERAGE

• Historical background relative to drug control

• Drugs, its addiction, and related terminologies

• Pharmacological classifications of drugs

• The ill effects of drugs in humanity

• How drug abuse can be minimized, if not eradicated

• Llaws affecting drug use, abuse and vice control

• Mmethodology in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course will talk about the different kinds of human vices and the different

kinds of drugs it will deal on the Sociological, Psychological and Physiological

perspective and dimension on the effect of drugs use and abuse, and the social

development of vices. It will also cover on the different laws governing regulating

and prohibiting drugs and vices. The enforcement of these different laws relevant

jurisprudence, the investigation, gathering of evidences, arrest and seizure of

drugs vices.

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 PART I
INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS DRUG
 Drugs – are chemical substance, other than food, that change the physical,

physiological, behavioural, or psychological make-up of a person taking it.

 Are chemicals substance used as medicine or in making medicine, which

affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse, The word Drug,

taken from French word Drogue which means Dry Herb,

ILLEGAL DRUG

 Recreational drugs intended for pleasure and enjoyment and not intended for

medical purposes or has no medical value.

GENERAL EFFECTS OF DRUGS

1. Illegal use of drugs destroy the very basic foundation of the society which is

the family.

2. Illegal use of drugs destroy the future of the youth which is the hope of the

fatherland.

3. Illegal use of drugs is always related to crime having in our society.

4. Illegal use of drugs corrupt our society.

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SOURCES OF DRUGS

 Drugs are obtained from many sources. Many inorganic materials, such as

metals, chemotherapeutic; hormones, alkaloids, vaccines, and antibiotics

come from living organisms; and other drugs are synthetic or semisynthetic.

 Plant source is the oldest source of drugs. Most of the drugs in ancient times

were derived from plants. Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves,

stem, bark, fruits and roots.

DRUGS ARE OBTAINED FROM SIX MAJOR SOURCES:

 Plant sources.

 Animal sources.

 Mineral/ Earth sources.

 Microbiological sources.

 Semi synthetic sources/ Synthetic sources.

 Recombinant DNA technology.

WHAT IS VICE?
 A vice is a practice, behavior, or habit generally considered immoral, sinful,

criminal, rude, taboo, depraved, degrading, deviant or perverted in the

associated society. In more minor usage, vice can refer to a fault, a negative

character trait, a defect, an infirmity, or a bad or unhealthy habit.

BRIEF HISTORY OF DRUG CONTROL

 1875 - In San Francisco California, enacted an ordinance which banned the

smoking of opium in opium dens.

 1919 - The prohibition of alcohol commenced in Finland.

 1920 - The prohibition of alcohol commenced in the United States.

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  1974 - The Inter Agency Committee on Drug Prevention Education was

created and played vital role in the integration of drug abuse prevention

concepts in social actions programs.

 1979 - The first International non-governmental organization conference was

held in Jakarta, Indonesia, followed by the second which was held from

November 3 to 8, 1980 at Manila. After the second conference, the Philippine

council of Non-Governmental Organization was organized.

 1988 - The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotics Drugs

and Psychotropic Substances was held further bolstering anti-drug laws.

 Harrison Act - passed in 1914, which required sellers of opiates and cocaine

to procure license. Originally intended to require paper trails of drug

transactions between doctors, drug stores and patients, it soon became a

prohibitive law.

 Motbok - an alcohol rationing system with personal ration record book

employed by Sweden from 1914 to 1955.

PERSONALITIES IN THE DISCOVERY OF DRUGS

1. SHEN NUN – use marijuana for the treating stomach disorder in 2700BC.(he

also discover tea or caffeine).

2. HIPOCRATES – considered as the father of medicine (he recommended the

use of opium as treatment to different types of sickness. He prescribed the

juice of the white poppy plants as the early as 500 BC in the belief that it can

cure many illnesses both in the internal and external use. (HIPOCRATICS

OATH)

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3. PARACELSUS- introduce the use of laudanum, a tincture of opium into the

practice of medicine.

4. LOUIS HERBERT - he is the first to harvest the first cannabis hemp that was

sown by a European on Canadian soil.

5. THOMAS SYDENHAM – presented the Victorian cure-all, a mixture of

laudanum and alcohol.

6. JHON ROLF – he was the first to ship tobacco from James Town, Virginia to

England. (the husband of the American Indian princess Pocahontas)

7. MICHAEL FEDEROVITCH – a Russian who executes people to which

tobacco was found during 17th C.

8. CHINESE CHING EMPEROR – first to ban the sale of opium in china.

9. THOMAS DOVER (1660-1742) English Physician. He started prescribing

diaphoretic powder as medication (Drovers Powder). Sometimes referred to

as “Doctor Quicksilver).

10. NAPOLEON’S ARMY – while returning from Egypt, introduce cannabis

(hashish marijuana) into France.

11. FRIEDRICH ADAM WILHELM SERTURNER – first to isolate and describe

the drug morphine in 1806. (He is a German pharmacist who discover

Morphine, the first derivative of opium). He called the new drug “Morphium”

and later change to “Morphine” after the Greek god of dream, Morpheus.

12. ALEXANDEER WOOD – (1817-1884), Physician. Introduce the hypodermic

needle syringe in 1853 that used a true syringe and hollow needle.

13. ADOLF BAYER – first to synthesize barbiturate acid.

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14. ALDER WRIGHT – a British Chemist who discover Heroin (Diacetylmorphine)

in 1896 which was synthesize from the drug morphine.

15. ALBERT HOFFMAN – discovered LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

16. DON CHEPE – the Cali cartel become the most notorious criminal

organization in the world under his rule. He is famously known as the “chess

Player”.

17. HEINRISH DRESSEN – discovers the methods of creating “Heroin” out of

Morphine in 1980.

18. WALTER RALEIGH – first to introduce the smoking of tobacco.

19. OTTO EISLIB – discover the drug Demerol.

20. ALBERT NIEMAN – first to coin the term cocaine. He isolated cocaine from

coca leaves in 1859

21. FRIEDLIB FRRDINAND RUNGE – isolated caffeine from coffee in 1828.

22. JEAN NICOT DE VILLEAMIN – sent tobacco and seeds from Brazil to Paris

(introduce the term “Nicotine”)

23. LAZAR EDELEANU – the first to synthesize amphetamine.

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 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF DRUG ABUSE

HISTORY OF DRUGS ABUSE

 Holy Bible is a very reliable source in tracing the early use and abuse of

narcotics. The Book of Judge of the Old Testament revealed that mighty

Samson was put to Samson was put to sleepy by Delilah by means of drug-

laced wine before cutting his hair, the source of his strength, and

subsequently gouged his eyes before the feasting Philistines already “high

spirited” with narcotics mixed with intoxicants. There are also many allusion of

drug abuse in the old cities of Sodoma and Gomororrha, which might have led to

the widespread adultery, bestiality and incest.

 Ancient Greek and Roman literature likewise are replete with stories to drug

abuse, as the lamentable and tragic romance of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra.

Cleopatra in desperation over her disprized love drank a narcotic laden wine

before allowing herself to be bitten to death by a poisonous sap from River Nile.

Even in the practice of oracle and black magic during Roman ancient times were

believed to be accomplished by narcotics.

 Historian credited that marijuana (Cannabis Sativa) is the world oldest

cultivated plant started by the Incas of Peru.

 Peruvian and Mexican Incas have also the common practice to use coca leaves

during religious offering ceremonies. It was also known that marijuana was a

“sacred tree” in the belief of Assyrians being used during religious rituals.

 9,000 years B.C. The use of marijuana is also deeply ingrained in the culture of

many countries such as India, Jamaica, Moroco, Nepal, Mexico and Peru.

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 The first reference of introduction was in Northern Iran an intoxicant. And from

there it spread throughout India by the Hindus used for religious rituals in the

belief that it is a source of happiness and “laughter provoker”.

 The word “Hashis” (resin) of the marijuana plant was derived from the name

Hasan or Hashasin, in the Muslim cult leader who fed his disciples a preparation

made from the resin of the female hemp plant as a reward for their successful

activities in assassination.

 American Indian too are believed to use not only the stimulant tobacco but also

opium in their peace pipes in order to “narcotize” an opposition to their common

objectives.

 The opium poppy plant (Papaver Somniferum) goes back about 700 years B.C.

cultivated and prepared by the Sumerians. Even the ancient Greek physician

Hippocrates, the father of medicine, prescribed the juice of the poppy plant as

early as 5,000 B.C. in the belief that it can cure external and internal illness both

in external and internal use.

 The plant was first harvested in Mesopotamia and its use spread throughout the

neighboring Mediterranean areas, then to Asia. From there, it was introduce to

Persia, India and china by the Arab came caravans.

 Opium use in china was stemmed out from India and become widespread in 19 th

century. From Middle East the plant was cultivated in India, Pakistan and

Afghanistan.

 Five centuries later, an Opium trade between china and Portuguese merchant

become a lucrative business, and the British took over the trade from the

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 Portuguese and established the Opium Trade Monopoly through the British East

Indies Company.

 In an attempt to stop the extremely high rate of opium addiction in China,

Emperor Yung Chen prohibited the smoking of opium and attempt to close the

part for its importation.

HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Very little known about drugs on the Philippines during the pre-Spanish era. The

intoxicant and stimulants used by the early Pilipino were fermented alcoholic

beverages and the masticatory preparation known as “nga-nga” (betel nut)

 Opium and marijuana plant and coca bush were absent in the Philippines

vegetation prior to 1521.

 During the Spanish era, drug control laws prohibited the use of opium by the

native and other people except the Chinese residing in the Philippines

particularly in Manila.

 In 1844 the Spanish colonial government laid down an opium monopoly, which

entitled the importation by the Spanish government and its sales to Chinese user.

At this period, opium smoking was forbidden to Indian, Mestizo and the Filipino.

 In 1901 Americans conducted a survey and it was found out that there were 190

joints were the Chinese smoke opium.

 In 1906 partial legislation allowed Chinese addicts to obtain a license to use

opium in their homes for a fee of P5.00 The opium sale was under the

government control and the quality was limited.

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 1908 the total ban of opium was effected. The campaign continued until the

Japanese occupation in 1946 at which point all supplies of opium were cut off

from the country.

 In 1953 RA. 953 was enacted which provided for the registration of collection and

importations of fixed and special taxes upon all persons who produce, import,

manufacture, compound, deal-in, dispense, sell, distribute, or give away opium,

marijuana, opium poppies, or coca leaves or any synthetic drugs which may

declared as habit forming. This law also declared as a matter of national policy,

the prohibition of the cultivation of marijuana and opium poppy.

 In 1955 the marijuana plant was introduce in Pasay City by foreigners for the

purpose of producing “reefers”. These were sold in veterans in Pasay City and

introduce into elite school in same area. The PC Criminal Investigation on

January 8, 1959 conducted the first marijuana raid in Pasay city when several

marijuana plant were seized.

 In 1960 in manila when small heroin laboratories opened and new trends

appears.

 In 1972 Republic Act 6425 was enacted and known as the “dangerous Drug Act

of 1972” this was amended by P.D 44, Dated November 9, 1972 place under

control not only narcotics but also psychotropic substance.

 On November 14, 1972 the Dangerous Drug Board was organized to provide

leadership direction and coordination in the effective implementation of R.A 6425.

 IN 1975-1980 cultivation of marijuana increased and become geographically

widespread.

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CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

 Prescriptive Drugs

Drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase. They

are prescribed according to the individual’s age, weight, and height and

should not be taken by anyone else.

 Over the counter Drugs (OTC)

These are non-prescription medicine which may be purchased from any

pharmacy or drugstore without written authorization from a doctor

 Prohibited Drugs

These are drugs which the government does not allowed to be sold. Example;

Elicit drug

DOSAGES OF DRUGS

1. Minimal Dose - The smallest amount of drugs that will produce a therapeutic

effects.

2. Maximal Dose – the largest amount of drugs that produce a desired

therapeutic effect, without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.

3. Toxic Dose – the amount of drugs that produce untoward effects or

symptoms of poisoning.

4. Abusive Dose – the amount needed to produce the side effects and action

desired by an individual who improperly uses it.

5. Lethal Dose - the amount of drugs that will cause death.

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METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION

1. Oral – this is the safest and most convenient and economical route whenever

possible.

2. Injection – this form of drug administration offers a fasters response then the

oral. It make use of a needle of other device to deliver the drug directly into

the body tissue and blood circulation.

3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs, which are

inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the mucous of the respiratory

tract.

4. Tropical – the application of drugs directly to a body sites such as the skin

and the mucous membrane.

5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs in the deeper layer of the skin by

the use of special types of electronic current for local effects.

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ROUTE FOR ADMINISTRATION AND TIME UNTIL EFFECTS OF DRUGS

Route Time of effect

1. Intravenous 30-60 seconds

2. Intraosseous 30-60 seconds

3. Endotracheal 2-3 minutes

4. Inhalation 2-3 minutes

5. Sublingual 2-5 minutes

6. Intramuscular 10-20 minutes

7. Subcutaneous 15-30 minutes

8. Rectal 5-30 minutes

9. Ingestion 30-90 minutes

10. Transdermal (tropical) Variable (minutes to

hours)

MEDICAL USES OF DRUGS

1. Analgesic – drugs that relieve pain. However, may produce opposite effects

on somebody who suffer from peptic ulcer of gastric Urination. Ex. Mefenamic

aced, Salonpas

2. Antibiotics – these are drugs that combat or control infectious organisms.

Ex. Amoxicillin Penicillin, Cloxacillin.

3. Antipyretics – those that can lower body temperature or fever due to

infection. Ex. Dolfenal, Paracetamol, Ibuprofen.

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4. Antihistamines – those that control or combat allergic reaction. (People who

are on antihistamine therapy must not operate or drive vehicle since these

drugs can cause drowsiness).

5. Contraceptives – drugs that prevent the meeting the egg cell and sperm cell

or prevent the ovary from relasing egg cells. (Pregnant woman must not take

l
birth contro pills to avoid congenital abnormalities). Ex. Depo-provera, Otho

Evra, IUD, Vaginal Ring.

6. Decongestant – those that relieved congestion of nasal passages. Ex.

Vicks (Vapor Inhaler).

7. Expectorant – those that can ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm

from lungs and throat. They are not drug of choice for the newborn that

does not know how to cough and phlegm out. Ex. Solmux.

8. Laxatives – those that stimulate defection and encourage bowel

movements. Ex. Diatabs

9. Sedatives and tranquilizers – those that can calm and quiet the nerves

and relieved anxiety without causing depression and clouding of the

mind.

10. Vitamins – those substance necessary for normal growth and

development and proper functioning of the body.

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TERMS TO PONDER

• Addiction - A person has an addiction when he becomes dependent on or

craves a drug and believes he needs the drug to live. All an addicted drug user

can think about is getting the next dose after getting high.

• Administer – any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any

person with/without his/her knowledge by injection , inhalation, ingestion, or other

means or committing any act of indispensable assistance to a person in

administering a dangerous drug to himself/herself unless administered by duly

licensed practitioner for purpose of administration.

• Chemicals – are any substance taken into the body, which alters the way, the

mind and the body work.

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS (FORMS OF DRUGS)

• Synthetic Drugs – are artificially produced substances, synthesized in the

laboratory which are almost wholly manufactured from chemical compounds.

• Natural Drugs – Are active ingredients, secondary metabolic products of plants

and other living systems that may be isolated by extraction.

• Dangerous Drugs - are those that have high tendency for abuse and

dependency, these substances may be organic or synthetic, and pose harm to

those who use them.

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 • Date Rape Drugs – refers to illegal drugs that are sometimes used to overpower

victims and sexually assault them. Ex. Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and

Flunetrazepam (Rohypnol).

• Designer Drug – term used to describe drugs which are created to get around

existing drug laws, usually by modifying the molecular structures of existing

drugs to varying degrees or by finding drugs with entirely different chemical

structures that produce similar subjective effect.

 Dependency - is the state of physical and psychological dependence, or both,

on a dangerous drug, or drugs, experienced by a person following the use of that

substance on a periodic or continuous basis.

 Drug Dependence - A state of psychic or physical dependence, or both on

dangerous drugs, arising in a person following administration or use of a drug on

a periodic or continuous basis.

Drug dependence describes the state when an individual is dependent upon the

drug for normal physiological functioning.

KINDS OF DRUG DEPENDENCY

 Physical Dependence - An adaptive state caused by repeated drug use that

reveals itself by development of intense physical symptoms when the drug is

stopped (withdrawal syndrome).Sober

 Psychological Dependence - An attachment to drug use which arises from a

drug ability to satisfy some emotional or personality need of an individual.

(Physical dependence not required but it does not seem to reinforce

psychological dependence.

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  Idiosyncrasy or side effect – refers to behavioural attribute that is distinctive to

an individual - mannerism

 Chemical Abuse – is an instance when the use of a chemical has produced a

negative or harmful consequence.

 Drug Abuse – any non-medical use of drugs that cause physical, psychological ,
legal, economic, or social change to the user. It is a patterned use of a substance

(drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods

which are harmful to themselves or others. Drug abuse exists when a person

continually uses a drug other than its intended purpose. This continued use can

lead to drug addiction and dependency.

TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE

 Polydrug Abuse - Many people who abuse on drug tend to take all sorts of

drugs. Some play chemical “Russian roulettes” by taking everything including

unidentified pills. This is called Polydrug abuse.

 Prescription Abuse – improper utilization of controlled substance prescribed by

the physicians to the patient under treatment with medical problem

Drug Addiction

 A state of periodic or chronic (continuous) intoxication (drunk) detrimental to

individual and to the society produced by the repeated consumption of drugs.

 Refers to the behavioural condition where an individual’s need to obtain and use

(especially, self-administer) drugs becomes a strong fixation.

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 A complex, and often chronic, brain disease. It is characterized by excessive

drug craving, seeking, and use. Addiction is caused by brain changes caused by

constant drug use.

 Drug Experimenter - One who illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses any

narcotics substances, marijuana or dangerous drugs as defined not more than a

few times for reasons of curiosity, peer pressure or other similar reasons.

 Drug Syndicate - any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or

joining together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed under RA

9165

 Drug Trafficking - the authorized manufacture, distribution or unlawful

possession of any controlled substance, for the purpose of selling

 Enabling - is any action taken by a concerned person that removes or softens

the negative effect or harmful consequences of drug use upon the user. Enabling

only makes thing worse. It is like fighting fire with gasoline.

 High - A high is the feeling that drug users want to get when they take drugs.
There are many types of high, including a spacey feeling, euphoria, or a feeling

that a person has “special powers”, such as the ability to fly or see into the

future .
 Pharmacology - the science of drug preparation, uses and effects.

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  Psychotropic Substance – any substance, natural or synthetic having a

particular affinity for or effect on the mind.

 Rehabilitation - is a dynamic process directed towards the changes on the

health of the person to prepare him from his fullest life potentials and capabilities,

and making him law-abiding and productive member of the community without

abusing drugs.

 Tolerance - it is the increasing dosage of drugs to maintain the same effect.

 Treatment – Is a medical service rendered to a client for the effective

management of hit total conditions related to drug abuse. It deals with the

physiological without abusing drugs.

 Use – Refers to the act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, or of

consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, swallowing, drinking, or

otherwise introducing into physiological system of the body, any dangerous

drugs.

 Withdrawal Period - From the point of habituation or drug dependence up to the

time a drug dependent is totally or gradually deprived of the drug.

NATURE OF DRUGS

1. Stimulant - are a class of drugs that speed up messages travelling between the

brain and body. They can make a person feel more awake, alert, confident or

energetic. Stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine.

2. Depressant - substances reduce arousal and stimulation. ... In larger doses they

can cause drowsiness, vomiting, unconsciousness and death.

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3. Hallucinogen - Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that alter a person's

awareness of their surroundings as well as their own thoughts and feelings.

4. Narcotics - a drug or other substance that affects mood or behavior and is

consumed for nonmedical purposes, especially one sold illegally.

STIMULANTS

 Drugs which increase alertness and physical disposition also called “uppers”.

Examples are: shabu, ecstacy, cocaine.

DEPRESSANTS

 Drugs which decrease body functions and nerve activities also called “downers”.

Examples are: barbiturates, narcotics, alcohol

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HALLUCINOGEN

 drugs that affect thinking, sensation, self-awareness and emotions

 produces hallucinations and delusion

 examples are: LSD, marijuana, mescaline, psylocybin, phenicyclidine (PCP)

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NARCOTICS

 Drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep. Examples are: opium (derivatives

are morphine, cocaine, heroin, codeine)

 Produces insensibility, stupor, melancholy or dullness of mind with delusion and

which may be habit forming.

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 TYPES OF DRUGS, EFFECTS AND COMPONENTS

A. STIMULANT

 METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

 more commonly called “shabu,” "meth" crack meth, crystal meth, ice

 also called “poor man’s cocaine” because it is cheaper than cocaine

 first synthetic stimulant developed by the Japanese

 originally called “kakuzeizai”, from the Japanese term “kakuzei”, which

means “waking” and “zai”, which means drug (“shabu” = waking drug)

 white, colourless crystalline substance with a bitter, numbing taste -

can be ingested, snorted or injected (intravenous or intramuscular)

INGREDIENTS OF "SHABU' OR "METH"

 Acetone - nail polish remover or paint remover. Exteremely flammable

 Lithium - used in batteries. Lithium seriously burns the skin upon contact.

 Toluene - used in brake fluid

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 Hydrocloric acid

 Pseudoephedrine - decongestant found in cold medicine

 Red. Phosphorous

 Sodium hydroxide

 Sulfuric acid

 IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF "SHABU"

 Produces anxiety, irritability, irrational behavior, talkativeness and loss of

self-control

 Loss of appetite and inability to sleep

 Produces violent and destructive behavior and recklessness

 Produces chest pain, irregularity of heartbeat and hypertension

 LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF "SHABU"

 Psychosis

 Convulsion

 Death from cardiac arrest

COCAINE

 Commonly known as "coke", "snow" or "crack"

 Its use is called “the king’s habit” because it is expensive

 White, crystalline alkaloid found in the leaves of the coca bush

 erythroxylon coca is the botanical name of the plant coca bush

 It takes 125 pounds of dried leaves to produce one pound of cocaine

 Medically used as a tropical local anesthetic

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 Can be taken by ingestion, by rubbing it directly to gums, by applying it

directly to sex organs during intercourse, by injection and by snorting

 When ingested, the “high” can last from 15 to 30 minutes

 When injected, the “high” can last from 45 to 90 minutes

 IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF COCAINE

 Dilated pupils

 Increased blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature

 Euphoric effect/light feeling

 Feeling of being energetic and alert

 Loss of appetite

 Slurred speech

 LONG-TERM EFFECT OF COCAINE

• Ppsychosis

• lung damage

• runny nose and mucous membrane of the nose

• misperception

METHYLENE DIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE (MDMA)

 commonly referred to as ecstasy, “X” and party drug a designer drug

 In 1912 MDMA or Methylenedioxymetamphetamine was developed in

Germany as an appetite depressant by the pharmaceutical company

Merck.

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  During the late 1970 psychiatrists and psychologist used the drugs as

treatment for emotional and psychological disorders. Among the youth

users referred it as the “sex drugs”. In its purest form it is crystalline

substance white powder with mastic odor.

 IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF MDMA OR "ECSTACY"

 Euphoria, Feeling energetic and hyperactive, Sense of well-being

 LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MDMA OR "ECSTACY"

 Brain damage, Heart complications, Death

AMPHETAMINE

 synthetic, chemically related substance with stimulant effect on the central

nervous system

 amphetamine, metamphetamine, pemoline, Fenetylline (powder, tablets,

capsules)

 amphetamine Jargons (amp, pep pills, dexies, rippers, glass)

o designer amphetamine may act as hallucinogen

KHAT

 Young tender shoots or leaves of Catha edidis Forsk, which is a flowering

evergreen shrub or small tree as a stimulant effect due to its ephedrine-

like components (cathinone and cathine).

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  KHAT is a leafy green plant containing two main stimulant drugs which speed

up your mind and body. Their main effects are similar to, but less powerful

than, amphetamine (speed). Khat is used mostly in North East Africa, and the

Arabian Peninsula and by expatriate communities from these regions.

CAFFEINE - a stimulant found in coffee.

 NICOTINE - an addictive substance usually obtained from cigarette

smoking.

B. DEPRESSANT ("Downers")

 BARBITURATES

 Are a group of drugs in the class of drugs known as sedative-hypnotics,

which generally describes their sleep-inducing and anxiety-decreasing

effects? Barbiturates can be extremely dangerous because the correct

dose is difficult to predict. Even a slight overdose can cause coma or

death. Acts a central nervous system depressants. Ex. Amobarbital,

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 Barbital, Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital, Secobarbital (Jargons Barbitos,

Downers, Sleepers, Sleeping pills)

 ALCOHOL

 Fermented or distilled liquids or drug containing ethanol and

intoxicating substances. Cconsidered a drug because of its depressing

effects in the body.

 Most common abused drugs

o Jargons (Beer, whisky, gin, brandy, wine)

o Sedative – impairs mental and physical functions

 SOLVENTS AND INHALERS

 Volatile liquids that give off a vapor, which is inhaled producing short

term excitement and euphoric followed by a period of disorientation. Its

effect includes nausea, sneezing, coughing, nose bleed fatigue, and

lack of coordination and loss of appetite.

 TRANQUILIZERS

 are drugs which relieves uncomfortable emotional feelings by reducing

anxiety and promoting relaxation, ease tensions and relax muscles

 SEDATIVES and HYPNOTICS

 calm nerves, reduce tension and induce sleep

28 | P a g e
  Benzodiazepines

 Depressant Drugs

 Diazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Flunitrazepam, Medazepam, Oxazepam

 Tablets, capsules, liquid for injection.

C. HALLUCINOGENS (“Psychedelic")

MARIJUANA

 Commonly called “grass”, “ganja”, “tsongki”, “bhang”, “damo”

 Botanical name is cannabis sativa

 Cannabis Sativa (Resin, Oil)

 Jargons (Weed, Reefer, Dry stick, Hemp, Ganja

 Grows in tropical region

 Contains THC alkaloids

 It is a hallucinogen Drug

 All parts has THC

 THC It is a cannabinoid molecule in marijuana (cannabis) that's long

been recognized as the main psychoactive ingredient—that is, the

substance that causes people who use marijuana to feel high.

 Leaf at a finger-look like

 Origin of use - “Religious rituals”

 It was called “Sacred Tree”

 Philippines as a Source

 THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS

29 | P a g e
 1. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – purple; the most active alkaloid; the

one causing the hallucinogenic effects

2. Cannabinol – red (physiologically inactive)

3. Cannabidiol – pink (physiologically inactive)

 LEGAL DEFINITION OF MARIJUANA

 The term marijuana as defined by law means all parts of the plant

whether growing or not, the seeds thereof, the resin extracted from

any parts of such plant, every compound, manufactured, salt

derivative, mixture or preparation of such plant, its seeds or resin.

 FORMS OF MARIJUANA

1. Marijuana joint or cigarettes – made from dried leaves, tops and

flowers of the plant; the most available form.

2. Hashish or hash – made from the extracted resin of the plant;

usually granular or solid chunky in form, ranging from a mustardy

yellow to dark brown; stronger than crude marijuana and may be

smoked or eaten

3. Hashish oil – higher form of marijuana and not usually available

because it is expensive; brown in color; considered as

concentrated cannabis

 IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA USE

 Faster heartbeat and pulse rate

 Bloodshot eyes

 Dry mouth and throat

30 | P a g e
  Altered sense of time and disorientation

 Forgetfulness inability for coordination and slower reflexes

 LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA USE

 chest pain

 irregular menstrual cycle

 temporary loss of fertility for both sexes

 premature babies and low birth weights

 cancer of the lungs

LYSERGIC ACID DIATHYLAMIDE (LSD)

 colorless and tasteless semi-synthetic alkaloid substance extracted

from a fungus which grown on dry weather and other grains

 Odourless, crystalline substance soluble in water or alcohol.

 popular in the 1960’s and 1970’s at the height of the hippie culture

 semi-synthetic drug derived from lysergic acid and an alkaloid found in

Claviceps purpureu (fungus)

 also known as “lysergic acid diethylamine and “LSD-25”

 Jargons (acid, dots, hats, ghost, barrels)

MESCALINE
o Hallucinogenic substance of the peyote cactus (Lophophora willianisi)

o a plant known as lophophoria williamsii lemaire

o Used by Central American tribes as traditional Indian rites

o Tablets or capsules

o Jargons (Big chief, peyote, mesc, peyod

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KETAMINE
 chemical name is ketamine hydrochloride

 common names include “special K” or “K”

 originally created for use as a human an aesthetic and is still used as a

general for children, persons of poor health and in veterinary medicine

 usually comes as liquid in small pharmaceutical bottles and is most often

cooked into a white powder for snorting

32 | P a g e
  at lower doses, it causes a mild, dreamy feeling and numbness in the

extremities is also common

 higher doses produce hallucinogenic effect and may cause the user to

feel very far away from his body; such experience is referred to as

entering “k” hole

 when snorted, the effect comes on within 5 to 10 minutes , when injected

into the muscle, effect can be felt within 4 minutes; it is never injected into

a vein, if ingested, effect can be felt within 10 to 20 minutes

PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP)

 Synthetic drug with anaesthetic and hallucinogenic properties.

 Sometimes sold as “LSD”, “THC” or “Mescaline”

 Liquid, tablets, capsules

 Jargons (Angel dust, busy bee, D.O.A., Rocket fuel, magic dust)

PSYLOCYBINE/PSILOCYBE MUSHROOMS
 Substance of the psilocybin mushrooms used for centuries in traditional

Indian rites

 When eaten, these, “sacred” or “magic” mushrooms affect mood and

perception like mescaline and LSD

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  Jargons (sacred mushrooms, teonanacad)

 NARCOTICS "Pain Reliever"

 OPIUM
 S.N – Papaver Somniferum L., Depressant drug coagulated juice of

Opium Poppy

 Jargons (gum - hops, gamot, joy plant, mignight oil, Aunti)

 It can grow 3-6ft. in tropical regions

 Discovered by the Sumerians, Mesopotamians cultivated it and spread

out.

 Confirm by Hypocrates as an analgesic drug or a pain reliever

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  papaver is Greek for poppy, somniferum is Latin for “to dream or induce

sleep” , originally intended for medicinal purpose

 raw opium is obtained by making incision either vertically or horizontally

which allows the milky juice to seep from the plant

 raw opium is then formed into balls or chunks and shipped to a laboratory

for cooking

 raw opium is then refined into morphine

 OTHER FACTS ABOUT OPIUM

 Opiates – drugs immediately derived from Opium such as Morphine,

Heroin, Codeine

 Spread started in Persia then to India

 China started the abuse opium

 Emperor Yung Chen tried to control the abuse of opium

 In 1840 - 1847 – The “Opium War”

MORPHINE

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  1806 (F. Serturner) an alkaloid manufactured from raw opium or extracted

from poppy straw. (M, dreamer, emma, emsel, pulbos)

 comes from the name of Greek god of dreams, “Morpheus”

 approximate 10 kilograms of raw opium will produce 1 kilogram of

morphine

HEROIN

 1896 (A. Wright) semi-synthetic opiate synthesized from morphine. (dirt,

junk, dope, chip, aries)

 the chemical compound derived from morphine

 chemical name is diacetylmorphine

 CODEINE

 The chemical compound derived from morphine (France) designed to cure

cough.

SYNTNETIC NARCOTIC
 Groups of potent analgesics (pain reliever) with actions similar to those

morphine but chemically not related to it and synthetic origin.

 Fentanyl and its Derivatives – short acting analgesic, hundred time

more potent than morphine

 Methadone – used in the treatment of heroin addiction as a

substitute drug

36 | P a g e
COMMON DRUG PARAPHERNALIAS

1. Spoon

2. Syringe

3. Eyedropper with rubber suction device

4. Needle

5. Tourniquet

6. Matches

7. Lighter

8. Razor blades

9. Foil

10. Wine bottle cap

CONCEPT OF TOXICOLOGY

1. Overdose – when too much of a drug is taken, there may be an extension of

its effects

2. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine given rise to allergic

symptoms

37 | P a g e
 3. Idiosyncrasy – for unexplained reason, morphine which sedates all men,

stimulant and render some woman some maniacal.

4. General Protoplasmic Poison Property – drugs are chemical and some of

them have the property of being general protoplasmic poison.

5. Side effects – some drugs are not receptor for one organ but receptor of the

other organs as well.

GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE

1. Unexpected changes of behavior

2. Significant deterioration of grooming

3. Continually wear long sleeve clothing to hide injection marks

4. Wearing of sunglasses in appropriate time.

5. Weight loss not attributed to proper physical exercises.

6. Association with persons who are known drug abusers

7. Unusual spending of money

HOW ADDICTION IS ACQUIRED

• Association-The tendency of an abuser to look for peer groups where he feels

being wanted and accepted.

• Experimentation – the tendency of a person to try and explore the effects of

drugs due to curiosity or other reasons.

38 | P a g e
 • Inexperienced doctors – the tendency of doctors and physicians to

unnecessarily prescribe drugs.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSER

 Situational users – those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional

energy to perform an important work.

 Spree users – school age users who take drugs for kicks an adventurous

daring experience or means of fun.

 Hard core addicts – those, whose activity revolves almost entirely around the

drug experience and securing supply.

 Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drugs is an integral

part of life.

THE ILL EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN HUMANITY

 AS TO THE PHYSICAL EFFECTS

 Malnutrition – the life of an addict revolves around drug use. He misses even

his regular meals. He losses appetite and eventually develops malnutrition.

 Skin infection and skin rashes - often time the drug abuser neglects his

personal hygiene, uses unsterilized needles and syringes that result skin

infections or even ulceration at the sites of the needle puncture.

AS TO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

 Deterioration of personality with impaired emotional maturation.

 Impairment of adequate mental function.

 Loss of drive and ambition.

 Development of psychosis and depression.

39 | P a g e
  Loss of interest to study.

 Laziness, lethargy, boredom and restlessness.

 Irritability, rebellious attitude.

 Withdrawn forgetfulness.

AS TO THE SOCIAL EFFECTS

 Deterioration of inter personal relationship and development of conflict with

authority.

 Commission of crimes

 Social maladjustment; loss of desire to work, study and participate in activities

or to face challenges

AS TO THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS

• Inability to hold stable job

• Dependence on family resources

• Accidents in industry

COMMON REASON WHY PEOPLE TURN TO DRUGS

• Poverty

• Ignorance

• Loss of family values and solidarity and various factors

PART II
GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION
Drugs abuse has become not only a national issues or a problem of just a few country

but it is clear and present global danger. This part present a various international

syndicate who proliferate various kinds of illegal drugs;

A. THE 1ST IMPORTANT DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

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 MIDDLE EAST – discovery, plantation, cultivation harvest

TURKEY - preparation

EUROPE - manufacture, syntheses, refine

U.S - marketing

B. The 2nd major drug traffic route

BURMA/MYANMAR

LAOS THAILAND

DRUG THAT ORIGINATED FROM GOLDEN CRESCENT

IRAN

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

INDIA

C. WORDS DRUG SCENE

1. Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle” approximately produce 60% of

opium in the world, 90% of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the

official acknowledge source of Southeast Asia Heroin.

41 | P a g e
2. Southwest Asia – the “Golden crescent” is the major supplier of opium

poppy, MJ and Heroin products in the western part of Asia. It produce at least

85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.

3. Middle East – the Beacka Valley of Lebanon is the biggest producer of

cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon is also considered as the transit

country for cocaine from South America to European markets.

4. Spain – major transshipment point of international drug traffickers in Europe –

known as “the paradise of drug users in Europe.

5. South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the Source of

all cocaine supplies in the world.

6. Morocco – the number one producers of cannabis in the world.

7. Philippines – the major transshipment point for the worldwide distribution of

illegal drugs such as shabu, and cocaine from Taiwan and South America.

The second world supplier of MJ and the drug paradise of drug abuser in

Asia.

8. India - center of the world drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its

people.

9. Indonesia – Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis

growing area in Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for drug

en route to Australia and New Zealand.

10. Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand – the most favorable sites of drugs

distribution from “golden Triangle” and other parts of Asia.

11. China – the transit route for heroin from “Golden Triangle” to H.K

42 | P a g e
 12. Japan – the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from U.S. and Europe.

13. Hong Kong – the world’s transshipment point of all form of heroin.

D. Organize Crime Group behind the Global Drug Scene

 Drug Cartels and Drug Personalities

• cartel - an association of businesses in an international monopoly

 MEDELLIN CARTEL

1. Established in the 1970’s in Medellin, Colombia its key members were:

 Pablo Escobar - the leader of the Medellin Cartel; a common street thief

who masterminded the criminal enterprise

 Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha - had prior illegal involvement in the

emerald trade

 Jorge Ochoa}

 Fabio Ochoa} – belonged to a well-respected ranching family

 Juan David Ochoa}

 Carlos Lehder - marijuana smuggler who owned land properties and air

strip in Norman’s clay. Norman’s clay is a small island in the Bahamas.

Lehder built a runway for the small airplanes that were used in

transporting illegal drugs to the US; this runway was protected from radar

the island became the stopover and re-fuelling hubs for the planes

transporting illegal drugs.

 its operations started to deteriorate when it started getting violent due to

Escobar’s power-hungry activities against the Colombian government

43 | P a g e
 eventually, both Pablo Escobar and Rodriguez Gacha were gunned down

by the Colombian Police, while the Ochoa brothers turned themselves in

exchange for lenient prison terms the Medellin Cartel was neutralized in

the early 1990’s

 CALI CARTEL

 Established in the 1970’s in Cali, Colombia its key members were:

1) Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela

2) Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela

3) Santacruz Londono - they conducted their operations quietly

reinvesting their profits in legitimate businesses

 as rivals of the Medellin Cartel, they secretly supplied information against

Escobar to the Colombian Police - in the mid-1990’s, the leaders were

arrested and are currently serving prison terms however, it is believed that

operations are still going on

 DRUG SYNDICATE IN THE PHILIPPINES

 The Binondo- based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the

nucleus of the Triad Society, the baboo gang based in Taiwan and the

14k based in Hong Kong. The Bamboo Gang is the influence of the

Green Gang of the Chinese Triad while the 14k is the newest among

the triad families established only in 1947.

 The most common “modus operandi” by the syndicate – posing as

fisherman along Philippine seas, particularly the Pangasinan where

they drop their loads of shabu to shoreline base member. The

44 | P a g e
 syndicate are famously involved marijuana cultivation and other drug

smuggling includes drug manufacture.

PART III
APPROACHES TO THE DRUG PROBLEM

This part presents the nature and extent of drug abuse and misuse among youth that

constitute one of the gravest health problem facing the nation and the world today.

45 | P a g e
Public concern about drug abuse id focused not only on drugs that can be abused but

also on the individual who misuses them

The following are the countermeasures undertaken by both the private and government

sectors in the fights against drug abuse as a disease of society. This includes the 4

major’s approaches.

1. The law enforcement approaches

2. The treatment and rehabilitation approaches

3. The education approaches

4. The international efforts against drug abuse

A. THE LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH

The DDB Dangerous Drug Board Act of 2002 or R.A 9165 was enacted to add more

teeth on the government response to the ongoing problem on drug abuse in the

country. This is the major arm of the government in its law enforcement approaches

that drive from the supply and demand reduction strategies.

What are the unlawful acts and their corresponding penalties provided under R.A.

No. 9165?

The penalty of Life imprisonment to Death and P5, 000,000 to P10, 000,000 fines

shall be imposed for the following acts:

46 | P a g e
 Importation of Dangerous Drugs; (Sec. 4)

 Unlawfully sell, trade, dispense, or transport and dangerous drug; (Sec. 5)

 Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort where any dangerous drugs is sold

or used; (Sec. 6)

 Unlawfully engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug; (Sec. 8)

 Possession and dangerous drug in the following quantities, regardless of

the degree of purity thereof:

1) 10 grams or more of opium;

(2) 10 grams or more of morphine;

(3) 10 grams or more of heroin;

(4) 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride;

(5) 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu”;

(6) 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil;

(7) 500 grams or more of marijuana; and

(8) 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to,

methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA oxyamphetamine (TMA),

lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxyamphetamine (GHB),

and those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their

derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity

possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements, as determined and

promulgated by the Board in accordance to Section 93, Article XI of this

Act.

47 | P a g e
Otherwise, if the quantity involved is less than the foregoing quantities, the

penalties shall be graduated as follows:

1. Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand

pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if

the quantity of methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu” is ten (10)

grams or more but less than fifty (50) grams;

2. Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day to life

imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos

(P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the

quantities of dangerous drugs are five (5) grams or more but less than ten

(10) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride,

marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or

“shabu”, or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or

“ecstasy”, PMA, paramethoxymethyamphetamine.TMA, LSD, GHB,

(Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) and those similarly designed or newly

introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic

value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements;

or three hundred (300) grams or more but less than five (hundred) 500)

grams of marijuana; and

3. Imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20)

years and a fine ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos

(P300,000.00) to Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00), if the

48 | P a g e
 quantities of dangerous drugs are less than five (5) grams of opium,

morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or

marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu”, or other

dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or “ecstasy”, PMA,

TMA, LSD, GHB, and those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs

and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the

quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements; or less than

three hundred (300) grams of marijuana. (Sec. 11)

4. Planting or culturing marijuana, opium poppy or any other plant regardless

of quality, except in case of medical laboratories for experiments and

research purposes in accordance with the guidelines of the Dangerous

Drugs Board; (Sec. 16)

5. Unlawfully making or issuing a prescription or any other writing purporting

to be a prescription for any dangerous drug; (Sec. 19)

6. Misappropriation or failure to account for confiscated or seized dangerous

drugs, among others, including proceeds or properties obtained by a

public officer or employee. In addition, the penalty or perpetual

disqualification from any public office shall be imposed (Sec. 27).

The penalty of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment and P100,000 to

P500,000 fine shall be imposed for the following acts:

 Importation of Controlled Precursor and Essential Chemical; (Sec. 4)

49 | P a g e
  Any person, who acts as a “protector/coddler” of any violator of importation, sale,

manufacture, cultivation or culture of plants, or maintenance of den of dangerous

drugs or controlled precursor or essential chemical;(Secs. 4,5,6,16)

 Unlawfully sell, trade dispense, or transport any controlled precursor and

essential chemical; (Sec. 5)

 Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort where any controlled precursor and

essential chemical is sold or used; (Sec. 6)

 Any employee of a den, dive or resort, who is aware of the nature of the place as

such; (Sec.7)

 Any person who is not an employee but is aware of the nature of the place as

such and shall knowingly visit the same; (Sec. 7)

 Unlawfully engaged in the manufacture of any controlled precursor and essential

chemical; (Sec. 8)

 Illegally divert any controlled precursor and essential chemical; (Sec. 9)

 Delivery or possession with intent to deliver, or manufacture with intent to deliver

equipment and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs that will be used to

plant, manufacture, process, contain or conceal and dangerous drugs and/or

controlled precursor and essential chemical; (Sec. 10)

 Unlawfully prescribing and dangerous drug to any person whose physical or

physiological condition does not require the use or in the dosage prescribed

therein. Additionally, the penalty of the revocation of his/her license to practice

shall be imposed upon the practitioner; (Sec. 18)

What are controlled precursors and essential chemicals under R.A. No. 9165?

50 | P a g e
 These include those listed in Tables I and II of the 1988 UN Convention against

Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, such as, acetic

anhydride, N-Acetylanthranilic acid, Ephedrine, Ergometrine, and Ergotamine

among others. (Section 3h)

What are considered dangerous drugs under R.A. No. 9165?

These include those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961 Single

Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the

Schedules annexed to the 1971 Singe Convention on Psychotropic Substances,

such as, acetorphine, morphine, opium, thiofentanyl, among others.

Who is a Protector or Coddler?

It refers to any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful acts

and uses his influence, power or position in harboring or facilitating the escape of

any person he knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has

violated the provision of the Act in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and

conviction of the violator.

In cases of selling, trading or transporting dangerous drugs under Section 5,

what are the instances where the maximum penalty should be imposed?

 If the sale, administration or deliver transpires within 100 meters form a school;

51 | P a g e
  Drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners,

messengers, or in any other capacity

 If an offense was committed and the victim is a minor or mentally incapacitated,

and the proximate cause of the death of the victim was the dangerous drugs

and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;

 Any person who acts as financier of any of the activities in Section 5.

Can a person who is in possession of any instrument or paraphernalia intended

for smoking be penalized under R.A. No. 9165?

 Yes, Section 12 provides penalty upon any persons who unlawfully possess any

instrument or equipment which may be used for the use of dangerous drugs and

is deemed prima facie to have used the same. Except in cases of medical

practitioners and professionals who are required to carry such equipment in the

practice of their profession.

Can a person apprehended or arrested be subjected to a confirmatory test?

 Yes, Section 15 provides that if a person apprehended is found to be positive for

the use of any dangerous drugs, he shall be subjected to a minimum of 6 months

rehabilitation in a government center. If apprehended using dangerous drugs for

the second time, the penalty shall be imprisonment ranging from 6 years and 1

day to 12 years and fine ranging from P50, 000 to P200,000. However, if the

person upon the first apprehension is also found to possess dangerous drugs,

the provisions of Section 11 shall be applied.

What is Chain of Custody in relation to apprehension or arrest under R.A. No.

9165?

52 | P a g e
 Section 21 of R.A. No. 9165 as amended by RA 10640, directs the apprehending

team having initial custody and control of the drugs to:

1. immediately undertake a physical inventory of the confiscated drugs

2. To take photographs of the same, in the presence of the accused or the person/s

from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative

or counsel.

3. A representative from the media and the department of justice (DOJ) and any

elected official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory.

4. Within 24 hours upon confiscation of dangerous drugs, these must be submitted

to the PDEA forensic laboratory for a qualitative and quantitative examination.

5. The forensic laboratory examiner must then make a certification of the forensic

laboratory examination results, the said certification must be issued within 24

hours after the receipt of the subject item/s

 In any case, the chain of custody of the seized items received from the

apprehending officer/team, and examined in the forensic or crime laboratory shall

be observed, where it shall document the chain of custody each time a specimen

is handled, transferred or presented in court until its disposal, and every

individual in the chain of custody shall be identified following the laboratory

control and chain of custody form.

What is the effect of failure to comply with the requirements of the Chain of

Custody?

53 | P a g e
  If there are substantial gaps on the chain of custody of the seized dangerous

drugs, the integrity and authenticity of the evidence presented in court may raise

doubt consequently preclude the conviction of the accused beyond reasonable

doubt.

Is plea-bargaining applicable for violations of the provisions of R.A. No. 9165?

 Yes, the Supreme Court en banc issued a Resolution A.M. No. 18-03-16-SC or

the Adoption of the Plea-Bargaining Framework in Drug Cases.

WHAT IS DDB (DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD IN R.A 9165

 RA 9165 repealed RA 6425 or the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972. The law

mandates the Dangerous Drugs Board to be the policy- and strategy-making

body that plans and formulates programs on drug prevention and control.

 The Dangerous Drugs Board shall be composed of the Secretary of Health, who

shall be ex officio chairman, an Undersecretary of Health designated by the

Secretary, who shall be ex officio Vice-Chairman, an Executive Director and the

following members: the Secretary of Justice or his representative and other

member of law enforcement agencies.

PDEA

 by virtue of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 ( Republic Act

(R.A.) No. 9165), the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was created

for the efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on dangerous

drugs and/or precursors and essential chemicals as provided in R.A. No.9165;

54 | P a g e
 the PDEA, as the lead agency tasked to enforce R.A. No.9165, is still in its

transition period and still has to develop its institutional capabilities to be able to

accomplishment its mandated task;

55 | P a g e
 PART IV
RULES ON NARCCOTIC OPERATION

56 | P a g e
 PART V
THE TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION APPROACH

 This is a component under the drug demand reduction pillar which aims to

reintegrate into the society recovering drug dependents.

 A chance to be treated and rehabilitated is afforded to those who have fallen prey to

drugs. Through the use of effective treatment modalities, drug dependents are being

trained to kick out the habit and become productive citizens of the country once

again.

REQUIREMENTS ON THE APPLICATION FOR THE TREATMENT AND

REHABILITATION OF DRUG DEPENDENTS:

1. Drug Dependency Examination (DDE)

a. Drug dependents may directly set an appointment with a DOH-Accredited

Physician for DDE. (Please be advised that the directory for accredited

physician is being updated. For further inquiries, kindly contact

Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention and Treatment Program

(DDAPTP), DOH Central Office, Tel. No. (02) 651-7800 loc. 2971 /

2973)

b. He/she may also secure a referral form for DDE from the Legal Division of

the Dangerous Drugs Board.

c. If a drug dependent resides outside Metro Manila, he/she may coordinate

with the nearest Treatment and Rehabilitation Center or Anti-Drug Abuse

Council in his/her place of residence.

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 2. Philippine National Police (PNP) Clearance

3. Certificate of No Pending Case from the Regional Trial Court

(RTC) and/or Municipal Trial Court (MTC).

a. If a minor drug dependent has a pending case, secure a

Certification of suspension of proceedings from the RTC or

MTC where the case was filed.

b. If an adult drug dependent, secure a Certification of

Dismissed Case from RTC or MTC where the case was filed

or Certificate that the proceeding is suspended.

STEPS ON TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DRUG

DEPENDENT (Voluntary Submission, Voluntary thru Representation

and Compulsory Confinement)

1. Secure referral form and other requirements for Drug Dependency Examination

(DDE) at the Legal Affairs Division, Dangerous Drugs Board (See the

downloadable Legal Forms below)

2. DDE is conducted by a DOH-accredited physician. (Please be advised that the

directory for accredited physician is being updated. For further inquiries,

kindly contact Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention and Treatment Program

(DDAPTP), DOH Central Office, Tel. No. (02) 651-7800 loc. 2971 / 2973)

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 3. For voluntary confinement, submit the result of the Drug Dependency

Examination together with the other requirements to the Legal Division of the

Dangerous Drugs Board.

4. The DDB Legal will process the petition for confinement (pre-signed by DDB

Authorized Representative) prior to the release of petition filed by applicant with

the RTC.

5. The release of Petition is made either to the applicant and/or authorized

representative.

6. In case of compulsory confinement, the parent(s)/spouse/relative(s) shall execute

and submit a statement/affidavit providing information as to the drug taking habit

of alleged drug dependent.

Treatment Modality

Drug treatment modality is the model or approach in the treatment of drug

dependents utilized by treatment and rehabilitation centers.

 Multidisciplinary Team Approach is a method in the treatment and

rehabilitation of drug dependents which avails of the services and skills of

a team composed of psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, occupational

therapist and other related disciplines in collaboration with the family and

the drug dependent.

 Therapeutic Community Approach views addiction as a symptomatic

manifestation of a more complex psychological problem rooted in an

interplay of emotional, social, physical and spiritual values. It is a highly

structured program wherein the community is utilized as the primary

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 vehicle to foster behavioral and attitudinal change. The patient receives

the information and the impetus to change from being a part of the

community. Role modelling and peer pressure play significant parts in the

program.

The goal of every therapeutic community is to change the patients’ self-

destructive thinking and behavioral pattern, teach them personal

responsibility, positivize their self-image, create a sense of human

community and provide an environment in which human beings can grow

and take responsibility and credit for the growth.

 Hazelden-Minnesotta Model views addiction as a disease, an involuntary

condition caused by factors largely outside a person’s control. The

program consists of didactic lectures, cognitive-behavioral psychology,

Alcoholic Anonymous principles / Twelve Steps Principles and biblio-

theraphy. It aims to treat patients with chemical dependency, endorsing a

set of values and beliefs about the powerlessness of people over drug

taking and turning to a Higher Power to help them combat the disease. In

this modality, counsellors and patients collaborate in defining the path to

recovery.

 Spiritual Approach uses the Bible as the primary source of inspiration to

change. It views drug addiction as a sin and encourages the patients to

turn away from it and renew their relationships with the Lord.

 Eclectic Approach aims at applying a holistic approach in the

rehabilitation program. The spiritual and cognitive components of the

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 Twelve Steps complement the behavioral aspects of the Therapeutic

Community. The skills and services of rehabilitation professionals and

paraprofessionals are made available. In doing so, different personality

aspects of drug dependents are well addressed geared towards their

rehabilitation and recovery.

 Under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, an individual

found to be positive for use of any illegal drug should undergo a minimum

of 6 months of rehabilitation in a treatment center.

Community-Based Treatment and Rehabilitation

 What do we mean by “community-based” treatment? • Located in the

community • Community empowerment: Mobilization of community resources

and participation • Bio-psycho-social approach • Primarily outpatient setting •

Continuum of care • Integrated in community health and social services

 Community Based Treatment services are designed to: • Help patients

develop the skills to manage their drug and alcohol dependence and related

problems in the community • Stop or reduce the use of drugs and alcohol •

Respond to a wide range of individual needs and ensure the best possible

outcomes • Actively involve local organizations, community members and

target populations in the establishment of an integrated network of

community-based services in a manner that is empowering • Reduce the

need and demand for residential treatment and custodial services for people

with drug and alcohol problems.

International Cooperation Approaches

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UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTROL PROGRAMME

1. Urges competent authorities, at the international, regional and national levels,

to implement the outcome of the twentieth special session, within the agreed

time-frames, in particular the high- priority practical measures at the

international, regional or national level, as indicated in the Political

Declaration,1 the Declaration on the Guiding Principles of Drug Demand

Reduction, 2 and the measures to enhance international cooperation to

counter the world drug problem, 3 including the Action Plan against Illicit

Manufacture, Trafficking and Abuse of Amphetamine-type Stimulants and

Their Precursors,9 the measures to prevent the illicit manufacture, import,

export, trafficking, distribution and diversion of precursors used in the illicit

manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances,10 the measures

to promote judicial cooperation,11/ the measures to counter money-

laundering,12 and the Action Plan on International Cooperation on the

Eradication of Illicit Drug Crops and on Alternative Development;

Anti-Drug Drive and Operational Concept

The Operational Plan (OPLAN) against the drug problem are;

1. Oplan Thunderbolt I – operation to create impact to the underworld

2. Oplan Thunderbolt II – operation to neutralize suspected illegal drug

laboratories.

3. Oplan Thunderbolt III - operation for the neutralization of big time drug

pusher drug dealer and drug lord’s.

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4. Oplan Iceberg – Special operation team in selected drug prone areas in

order to get rid illegal drug activities in the area.

5. Oplan Hunter – operation against suspected military and police personnel

who are engage in illegal drug activities.

6. Oplan Mercurion – Operation against drug stores which are violating

existing regulation on the scale of regulated drugs in coordination with the

DDB, DOH and BFAD.

7. Oplan Tornado – Operation in drug notorious and high profile places.

8. Oplan Green gold – nationwide MJ eradication operation in coordination

with local government with NGO.

9. Oplan Sagip Yagit -

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