Mangrove forests= Big, broad leaves, Leathery leaves

Can survive in salty waters, Their roots filter salt Mostly low trees and shrubs are found there, 3-8m

Alpine/coniferous cold climate: Cones → protects seeds in cold months Evergreen → no need to renew leaves
Compact conical shape → stabilizes the tree in windy conditions / releases snow
Tall and straight trunk in order to grow straight towards the sunlight Thick bark → protects from cold winds

Open cast mining → at the surface Adit→ horizontally Shaft → vertically

Rabi- sown in early winter (Oct, Nov) and harvested in early summer (April, May) → wheat, grams, barley
Kharif - sown in early summer (April, May) and harvested in early winter (Oct, Nov) → rice, cotton, sugarcane, maize
Barani crops - farming/crops dependant on rainfall → mash, Lentil, Chcikpea
Wheat
→ upper and lower indus plains → valley areas of KPK (Swat, Peshawar, Bannu)
→ stiff loamy soil, 10-20 C (sow), 25-35C (harvest), uses moderate rain from the western depression, irrigation is always needed
→ little shower before harvesting swells the grain and improves yield
→ first irrigation one month after sowing, second irrigation one month before harvesting
Process of Barani method:
1) Sowing in early winter
2) Crops grow with increasing rainfall (500mm) from western depression
3) Mild temperatures are suitbale for growth
4) Grain begins to swell in Mar April
5) Ripening of crop with rising temperatures
6) Harvesting in spring and early summer by labours manuually
7) Arrangements are made for storing water
Rice
→ SIndh= Larkana and Dudu mian → Sialkot, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala
→ transplanted when 9 inches high, flooded field of 37cm, rice are kept full of water until rice ir ripe
→ Loamy soil, and non-porous subsoil to retain water
→ 25-35 degrees C(sow), 10-20 (harvesting) heavy rain upto 2000mm, irrigation needed
→ human inputs = fertilisers, tractor with harvester and thresher, cannal irrigation. GM seeds

Sugar cane
→ Kasur, Okara, Faisalabad, Rahim Yar Khan, Nawabshah, Hyderabad, Peshawar, Mardan
→ medium loamy and clayey soil, constant addition of manure and fertilisers as it is a bulky crop and rapidly exhausts nutritions
→ 30cm high. 30cm distance, rise upto 6-7feet, ratooned, transport quickly as it losses quality and quantity
→ 25-35 C, heavy rain 1520mm, insufficient rainfall, hence irrigation needed
→ Human inputs= tractor, with harvester, thresher, GM seeds and chemical sprays

Cotton
→ Faislabad, Khanewal, Bahawalpur, Multan, Sanghar, Nawabshah and Lasbela (new)
→ medium loamy soil, manure and chemical fertilisers needed to main fertility
→ 25-35 C. plenty of rain needed, 1000m, frequent showers, sunny intervals, irrigation needed
→ distance of 30cm-45cm, irrigated one month later, second after further 2 months,
→ Human input= tractor for ploughing and harvesting, automatic cotton picking machine, usually women of tenant farmers as
labours, chemical fertilisers, chemical sprays for pesticides and prevent viruses. HYV/GM seeds

Apple, Apricot, Peaches= Murree, Swat, Abotabbad, Mansahra, Chitral

Maize= Sahiwal, Sargodha, faisalabad, Peshawar
Pulse= Sialot, Gujrat, Rahim Yar Khan
Millets = Tharpakar, kohat, rawalpindi, attock, Sargodha
Oilseeds = Multan, bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sialkot, Rawalpindi
Tobacco= Mardan, Peshawar, Multan, sialkot, gujranwala
Bananas= Sindh
Dates= Dera Gazi Khan, Gwadar, Turbat
Oranges= Sargodha, Khanpur and Punjab

M1- Islamabad to Peshawar M2- Islamabad to Lahore M4- Faisalabad to Multan

N-25 (Karachi to Chaman) N-40 (Quetta to Taftan) KKH (Rawalpindi - Khujerab pass)(Karakoram highway)
Motorway= 6-8 lanes, signal free, doesnt pass through populated areas, 120km/h for LTV, 110 for HTV
Highways= 2-4 lanes. 100 for LTV, 80 km/h for HTV, used for all kinds of traffic, passes through towns and villages

Exports:
Cotton= UK, China, Germany, France, Hongkong Sports= UAE, UK, USA Spices= Middle Eastern
Fish= Sri Lanka, Japan Carpets and rugs= USA Surgical goods= Uk, france, USA
Imports:
Machinery= China, UK, Japan, Easter Europe, USA, Germany Tea= Sri Lanka, Kenya
Mineral oil= Middle East Palm oil= Malaysia

Agro-based industries= industries which use agricultural products as their raw material = Cotton and wool textiles,
flour and sugar mills

Industrial estate is a specific area reserved for industries only e.g Sunder and Raiwind Industrial estate
→ to encourage investments, employment, production of value added goods, meet growing demands
Export processing zone→ an area that produces goods for export purposes
- Given incentives to attract more entrepreneur and investments to promote economy, improve BOP

Toursim attractions: Natural= Murree, Swat, Gilgit, Chitral, Naran, Kaghan Other= salt mines, polo festival
Shandur
Archeological= Harappa, Taxila, Moen jo daro Cultural= Badshahi masjid, shahi fort, khyber pass, shalimar garden

Employment wise= Primary, Tertiary, Secondary

Productive forests= natural, high density and closed canopy, main source of timber (Coniferous, sub tropical dry)
Protection forests= planted in linear pattern along roads, railways, protect from soil erosion, flooding, pollution,
provide firewood and shade (irrigated forests and linear plantation)

Barrages (in order) = Panjnat, Gudu, Sukkur, Kotri

Waterlogging= rise of water-table to the surface level is waterlogging and the appearance of salty patches is called salinity.
Water reaches the surface, evaporates and salts are deposited on the surface → deposition
→ reduces cultivable area, un-usable, reduces yield, reduces income and profits, expensive to reclaim, unsuitable
→ lining of canals to control seepage, canal closure in affected areas, installation of tube wells to lower water table, eucalyptus
trees absorb water from the water table, surface drains to divert surface water to rivers

Organisations:
Minerals OGDC (Oil and Gas develop coop)
Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP)
Pakistan Mineral Coop (PMC)

Family planning Rahnuma, Pakistan Society for Planned Parenthood

water Wapda, Irsa, wasa, provincial irrig dep

Women education The Citizen’s foundation, Zindagi trust

Wildlife WWF, Pakistan forest institute, ministry of

climate change

Poverty NRSP National rural supp prog, PPAF

health Shaukhat Khanam,

Sustain develop PPAF, UN sustainable develop, AIMS

Karez:
1) When rain falls in mountains, it sinks into the ground ans settles as ground water
2) The ground water travels into tunnels that work as underground canal
3) The tunnel brings water to the surface that is used for irrigation
4) Vertical shafts are also dug down to the canal for maintenance purpose

Siltation= process of deposition of silt in water reservoirs, barrages and canals

(silt is find particles of soil brought by a river after erosion)
→ caused by deforestation in hilly areas (soil erosion), causes blockage (damage to dam), reduce water capacity of reservoirs
which reduces electricity generation
To stop:
plant trees on the foothills of mountains, installing silt trap stations before water flows into dams, lining of canal, de-
siltation on regular basis (hard, rarely)

Indus water treaty= an agreement over canal water dispute (Pk= Indus, Jhel, Chen) India= (Rav, Sut, Beas) 1960
Violation by India= Baglihar and Salal dam on Chenab, Tulbul hydro-power project on tributry of Jhelum

Inland fish= Rahu, Palla, Trout Marine= shrimps, prawns, sharks, catfish, skate Fish farm=thalla, tilapia, trout
Seasons for fishing= months with no “R”

bagasse for paper / cardboard / packaging / chipboard / power stations / fuel

molasses / bagasse for chemical industry straw for bedding / roofing / strawboard / animal food
can save fossil fuels / coal / gas / oil Cheaper than fossil fuels etc. / electricity

Lignite → Low burning temperature / produces less energy, Low carbon content / more impurities / more smoke, high ash
content
Production of steel → Coal/coke, Iron ore / scrap iron, Manganese, Limestone, Oxygen / air, Chromite

Floodplain → Flat / gentle slope / gentle valley side / doab / Wide

• waterlogged; Fertile / rich soil or minerals → used for farming, grazing, industries, fish farming, canals
Transhumance → seasonal movement to higher pastures in mountains in summer and return in winter
Nomadic farming → Seasonmal movement in search of pasture / water / food
July low pressure on land /
central Asia. December high
pressure on land
July moist air / rain bearing
winds from sea / Indian Ocean /
Bay of Bengal: December dry
winds blow from land to sea /
winds reverse from July SW to
December NE
Coal fields = Salt range coal field, Makerwal coal field (KPK), Quetta coal field, Thar coal field
Natural gas field= Sui in Balochis, Dhodak, potwar plateau, Mari, Khairpur
Petro = Meyal, Adhi (Punjab), Dhabi, Mazari (Sindh)
OIl refinery = Pakistan refinery, National refinery (Karachi), Attock oil (Punjab), Pak Arab Refinery
(Muzafargarh)
Thermal= HImalayas, Chaghai hills

Thermal production= Boiler boils water through coal which produces steam
Steam moves the turbine and in result, the generator runs
Transformer distributes electricity transferred from generator to transmissio lines
Transformers regulates electricity supply

Dry ports: faster transport of cargo from seaports, use of more efficient modes of transport, providing
facilities for the storage and consolidation of goods, reduces buden on Karachi port
Chromite (Zhob, Muslim bagh Gives hardness; bridges, carriages, engineering tools, stainless steel

Iron ore (Kala bagh) Steel making, construction, transport industry

Copper (Sandak) Electrical wires, switches that carry current, water pipes, tanks. alloys

Limestone Cement, bleaching powder, glass, soap, pesticides, termite attacks

Rock salt Cooking, soda ash, laundries, textiles, tanning, preserving

Oil Furnace for cooking, lubricants, motor fuel, plastics, synthetics, waxes
Processes in brick kiln= Mixing, Moulding, Drying, Baking
In cement= mixing, crushing, heating, packing
sugar= washing, crushing, boiling, packing, crystalisation

HYV: wheat = Shah khan, maxi pak cotton= Nayab, mast qalandri, sugar= thatha,Jawan rice= basmati,
super colonel
Southwest monsoon = Sun heats up in (tropical) continents (land) faster or more quickly than the
surrounding oceans (water); • Warm air rises; • Low pressure; • Attracts cool, moist air from the sea

Western Depression brings rain to the north-western areas of Pakistan/ Peshawar/northern Pakistan; •
Western Depression causes the rainfall from December-March/in winter
as winds move towards Balochistan there is no/little moisture left/little/ no rainfall.