OKSF]P]FSIKCL F
AIBAVBIKCL

Prldftl oktfrcosaopbokir4 Bîkgui Plrtugufsi f

Nitfnétoai.

I]IÇISVMI ‑ QP
=0=9
 

  OCFKSOJOAIÇÁL

 Blaib4 AF 13?
 Prldftl oktfrcosaopbokir4 Oktfrprftikcl f Aibaubikcl
 Sfnpl cf fxfauçál4 03 nfsfs
 Surni4 3´ ikls
 Prljfsslris4 Kitisei Nirokel f Seuikf Prolr 
 Cosaopbokis fkvlbvocis4 Bîkgui Plrtugufsi f Nitfnétoai

  DVQSOJOAISOZI
Lmsfrvi-sf quf i grikcf niolroi cls ibukls cls 3´ ikls cl AF 13? iprfsfktin cïjoafs cf
ibgunis alnpftäkaois quf dé cfvfroin fstir cfsfkvlbvocis, l quf, plr sui vfz, alnprlnftf i
alkstruçál
alkstruçál cf klvls
klvls alkefaonfkt
alkefaonfktls.
ls. Vni cfssis biaukis jlrnitovis
jlrnitovis ï i oktfrprftiçál
oktfrprftiçál tfxtuib
tfxtuib quf,
alnl alksfquäkaoi, tfn alnprlnftocl i rfslbuçál cf sotuiçöfs-prlmbfnis cf Nitfnétoai. Ossl
 plrquf, plr kál alnprffkcfrfn l tfxtl iprfsfkticl fn tios fxfraîaols, ls ibukls kál alksfgufn

fsalbefr kfn nlktir is lpfriçöfs nitfnétoais icfquicinfktf.

 Zosikcl igor kis cojoaubcicfs cf bfoturi, fsaroti, oktfrprftiçál cf tfxtl f iprfkcozigfn ci

Nitfnétoai dubginls
dubginls kfafssérol i fbiml
fbimlriçál
riçál cl Prldftl
Prldftl oktfrcosaopbokir4 Oktfrprf
Oktfrprftikcl
tikcl f
Aibaubikcl, audi
audi jokibo
jokibocic
cicff ï cfsfkv
cfsfkvlbv
lbvfr
fr içöfs
içöfs oktfrv
oktfrvfkto
fktovis
vis oktfrc
oktfrcosao
osaopbo
pbokirf
kirfss piri
piri fssi
cojoaubcicf cf alnprffksál cf sotuiçöfs-prlmbfnis iprfsfktici pfbls cosafktfs. Fspfri-sf aln
fssf trimibel alkquostir l clnîkol cis rfbiçöfs fktrf bîkgui nitfrki f bokguigfn nitfnétoai,
jivlrfafkcl uni iprfkcozigfn sogkojoaitovi f iutlkóni.
L prld
prldft
ftl
l lj
ljfrf
frfaf
af itovo
itovoci
cicf
cfss ki
kiss érfis
érfis ci Nitf
Nitfné
néto
toai
ai f Bîkg
Bîkgui
ui Plrg
Plrguf
ufsi
si vo
vosik
sikcl
cl i
issonobiçál f clnîkol cls añcogls. Qlm fssf ispfatl, Nitfnétoai f Bîkgui Nitfrki plssufn i
nfsn
nfsnii rioz,
rioz, i nfsn
nfsnii lr
lrog
ogfn
fn88 ‒i ai
aipi
piao
aoci
cicf
cf nitfn
nitfnéto
étoai
ai ï ki
kici
ci nios
nios cl qu
quff i ai
aipi
piao
aoci
cicf
cf
bokgòîstoai usici cf nikfori bogforinfktf cojfrfktf„ (CFZBOK, =003, p.17)

  P]LMBFNI
Pirtokcl ci lmsfrviçál rfibozici, pfrafmfu-sf i cojoaubcicf cf un pfrafktuib alksocfrévfb cf
ibukls aln cojoaubcicfs
cojoaubcicfs cf bfr, oktfrprftir f fsarfvfr ls alnikcls kls fkukaoicls cis sostuiçöfs-
 prlmbfnis fkvlbvfkcl
f kvlbvfkcl is quitrl lpfriçöfs, ls quios sál rfquosotls jukcinfktios fxogocls cf un
ibukl quf sf fkalktri kfssi sïrof.
 

  LMDFSOZL GF]IB
Cfsfkvlbvfr eimobocicfs rfbiaolkicis à bfoturi, oktfrprftiçál f prlcuçál cf tfxtl,
eimobocicfs fssfkaoios i tlcis is érfis, fspfaojoainfktf fn nitfnétoai f plrtuguäs, fstonubikcl
 piri uni iprfkcozigfn sfguri, sfkcl l ibukl aipiz cf usir prlgrfssovinfktf i bfoturi
bf oturi alnl nfol

cf musair okjlrniçöfs, iprfkcfr f, plstfrolrnfktf, fxpronor suis lpokoöfs alkstruokcl ainokels

quf jiaobotfn i rfslbuçál cis nios covfrsis sotuiçöfs-prlmbfni ki sui voci.

LMDFSOZLQ FQPFAOJOALQ
  Aroir un prldftl cf bfoturi f oktfrprftiçál cf tfxtls quf alktfkein cicls nitfnétoals.

  Ocfktojoair ls kîvfos cf alnprffksál f alrrogor frrls, sf eluvfr.

 
Fnprfgir itls cf jibi icfquicls il alktfxtl cf fksokl-iprfkcozigfn

Alksocfrir i pirtoaopiçál itovi cls ibukls kl prlafssl cf alkstruçál cls alkefaonfktls.

  Inpboir l iafssl cosafktf i nitfroios cocétoals piri i rfslbuçál f fstucl cf uni gini cf
 prlmbfnis nitfnétoals.

 ALKSFÔCLQ I QF]FN CFQFKZLBZOCLQ

 
L tfxtl
tfxtl nitfné
nitfnétoal
toal ï uni alnplsoçá
alnplsoçál l cf fbfnfk
fbfnfktls
tls ci Bîkgui
Bîkgui Nitfrk
Nitfrkii f ci Nitfné
Nitfnétoai
toai,,
rfjfrokcl-sf, plrtiktl i fbfnfktls rfios ‑ lu rfbiaolkicls aln lmdftls rfios ‑ f i fktfs purinfktf
imstritls (CFZBOK, =003)8

  I bokguigfn nitfnétoai, plr vfzfs iprfsfkti uni lrgikoziçál ci fsaroti cojfrfktf ci utobozici
kls tfxtls alkvfkaolkios, fxogokcl un prlafssl pirtoaubir cf bfoturi  (COKOT8 QNLBF, =009)8

  L tfxtl nitfnétoal, fsarotl ki Bîkgui Nitfrki, triz ibguks tfrnls plual utobozicls ki jibi
alblquoib ‑ plr fxfnpbl4 fjftuf, ikibosf, cfalnplkei ‑ f plr vfzfs rftriti sotuiçöfs irtojoaoios quf

kál jiroin plual sfktocl sf cfsblaicis piri i rfibocicf (QHLZQNLQF, =000).

  NFSLCLBLGOI
Piri cfsfkvlbvfrnls fssf trimibel, aln i oktfkçál cf tlrkir is itovocicfs nios itritovis f
 

il nfsnl tfnpl fkroqufafclris piri i iprfkcozigfn, vérois içöfs sfrál cfsfkvlbvocis4

 

  Alkstruçál cf uni rltoki cf bfoturi cf tfxtls aln bokguigfn nitfnétoai iunfktikcl

 prlgrfssovinfktf l kîvfb cf cojoaubcicf.

  Jlrniçál cf grupls aln kovfos prlxonios cf iprfkcozigfn piri ikibosirfn ls tfxtls

ocfktojoaikcl ls vlaimubérols f alnikcls kfafssérols piri rfiboziçál ci itovocicf.

  ]fslbuçál ci Qotuiçál-Prlmbfni f iprfsfktiçál cls rfsubticls.

  Cosaussál albftovi cis eopñtfsfs fkalktricis, tfstikcls is viroévfos itï quf sf fsgltfn.

  Bfvir ls fstuciktfs i gfkfriboziçál.

  ]FAV]QLQ COCÉSOALQ4

  Nitfroios

 Bovrls piricocétoals
 Aioxokei cf bfoturi
 Bovrls, dlrkios,
dlrkios, rfvostis, gomos, rfafotis, jiktlaefs...
 Simubforl cf xicrfz.
 Dlgls cocétoals (cini, mokgl,
mokgl, clnokñ, miribel, pibivris aruzicis, qufmri-aimfçis...)
 Airtizfs, tfxtls xfrlalpoicls.
 Nitfroib onprfssl
 Nîcois (alnputiclr, oktfrkft, afbubir, timbftf, citi selw, ipirfbel cf sln ...)

Cosal cf jriçöfs alkjfaaolkicl pfbls ibukls.
 Vsl cf mirris cf aelalbitf lu mlbl (piri prlmbfnitozir is sotuiçöfs ci covosál cl oktforl
fn pirtfs oguios fktrf ls albfgis).
 Yuicrl, pokafb, pipfb aeinfx, aicfrkls, bépos, rïgui, timuici...

  JFAEINFKSL

Fxplsoçál cis itovocicfs prlcuzocis pfbls ibukls.

 

  A]LKLG]INI

    L     L     L     L     L

    S     ]     ]     ]     ]
    Q     M     M     M     M
    L     N     V     N     N
    G
    I     F
    S     S
    V     F
    Z     F
    T
    F     L     L     F
    Q     K     C

Sfni U
Bfviktinfktl U
 mombolgréjoal
Cogotiçál f alrrfçál U
Fxfauçál cl prldftl UU U U
Aubnokíkaoi U

 
IZIBOIÇÁL
I iviboiçál lalrrfré kl cfalrrfr cf tlcl l prldftl. Qfré alktîkui f prlafssuib, itrivïs cl
coéblgl coérol, cls cfmitfs prlnlvocls f cls rfgostrls cf itovocicfs vovfkaoicis il blkgl cis
itovocicfs. L prlafssl cf iviboiçál sfré fsplktíkfl f vfrojoairé l pltfkaoib f i alnpftäkaoi cls
ibukls fn rfbiçál à tfnétoai, mfn alnl i aipiaocicf cf nucikçi cf alnplrtinfktl nfcoiktf l
alkefaonfktl icquorocl.

  ]FJF]ÄKAOIQ MOMBOLG]ÉJOAIQ
MOMBOLG]ÉJOAIQ

QNLBF, H. Q8 COKOT, N. O. Bfr, fsarfvfr f rfslbvfr prlmbfnis4 eimobocicfs mésoais piri iprfkcfr nitfnétoai.
Plrtl Ibfgrf4 Irtnfc, =009.

QOBZI, Q. cf A. ]. ci.8 QAEO]BL, I. A. Bfoturi f oktfrprftiçál4 fxpblrikcl içöfs piri rfslbuçál cf sotuiçál
 prlmbfnis. Fcuaiçál Nitfnétoai fn ]fvosti,
]fvosti, ikl 93, =091, kônfrl 93
93,, v. =, p. 9: i =:. Cosplkîvfb
Cosplkîvfb fn4
ettps4//mot.by/=t?lkFc. Iafssl fn4 9? dubel =0=9.

 KIAI]ISL, I. N.8 NFKGIBO, M. B. Q.8 PIQQLQ, A. B. M. I Nitfnétoai kls kls ikls okoaoios cl Fksokl
Jukcinfktib4 tfafkcl jols cl fksokir f cl iprfkcfr. =. fc. Mfbl Elrozlktf4 Iutäktoai, =097

BOGFQHO, I. O. Q. Alnprffksál cf fkukaoicls ki rfslbuçál cf prlmbfnis nitfnétoals kl Fksokl

Jukcinfktib. =091. Cossfrtiçál (Nfstricl fn Fcuaiçál) ‑ Vkovfrsocicf Jfcfrib cl Piriké, Aurotomi, =091.
Cosplkîvfb fn4 ettps4//mot.by/=seU0ip. Iafssl fn4 =0 dub. =0=9.

AIGBOI]O, B. A. Ibjimftoziçál f Bokguîstoai. Qál Piubl, Q.P4 Fcotlri Qaopolkf =090.

AV]O, Fcci. I Nitfnétoai f ls prljfsslrfs cls ikls okoaoios. Qál Piubl4 Nusi Fcotlri, =006.