INTRODUCTION

Computers and electronics play an enormous role in today's society, that gives an impact to
communication, medicine and science etc. The history of computers began with primitive designs in the early
19th century and went on to change the world during the 20th century.
Today, computers are almost unrecognizable from designs of the 19th century, such as Charles
Babbage's Analytical Engine — or even from the huge computers of the 20th century that occupied whole
rooms, such as the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.

HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER – 19th CENTURY

1801: JOSEPH-MARIE JACQUARD,
Born: July 7, 1752, Lyon, France
Died: August 7, 1834, Oullins, France
Full name: Joseph Marie Charles
Nationality: French
Known for: Programmable loom
French inventor of the Jacquard loom which served as the impetus for the technological revolution of
the textile industry and is the basis of the modern automatic loom. was a French weaver and merchant.He
played an important role in the development of the earliest
programmable loom.

1821 -CHARLES BABBAGE

Born: December 26, 1791 London England
Died: October 18, 1871 (aged 79) London England
Inventions: Analytical Engine computer Difference Engine
Difference Engine are strictly calculators. They cannot be used for general arithmetical calculation. A
difference engine is the type of automatic mechanical calculators that are designed or developed to calculate
or tabulate the polynomial function. It can calculate in a way to tabulate the polynomial functions by using the
small sets of coefficients.
Analytical Engine is much more than a calculator and marks the progression from the mechanized
arithmetic of calculation to fully-fledged general-purpose computation.  

1848: AUGUSTA ADA KING, (ada lovelace)

Countess of Lovelace was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles
Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.
Ada Lovelace, is considered as the first computer programmer. Writes the first program while translating a
paper on Babbage's Analytical Engine from French into English.
Born: December 10, 1815, London, United Kingdom
Died: November 27, 1852, Marylebone, London, United Kingdom
Full name: Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace
Spouse: William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace (m. 1835–1852)

1853: PER GEORG SCHEUTZ and his son EDVARD

Born: September 23, 1785
Died: May 22, 1873
Nationality: Swedish
Education: Lund University
Awards: Order of Vasa
Children: Edvard Scheutz
Scheutz design the world's first printing calculator. The machine is significant for being the first to
"compute tabular differences and print the results,“
Scheutz is lawyer, translator, and inventor, who is now best known for his pioneering work in computer
technology.
He is most known for his inventions; the best known of these is the Scheutzian calculation engine,
invented in 1837 and finalized in 1843. This machine, which he constructed with his son Edvard Scheutz, was
based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.

1890:HERMAN HOLLERITH
was a German-American statistician, inventor, and businessman who developed an electromechanical
tabulating machine for punched cards to assist in summarizing information and, later, in accounting.

Born: February 29, 1860, Buffalo, New York, United States

Died: November 17, 1929, Washington, D.C., United States
Spouse: Beverley Talcott (m. 1890–1929)
Education: Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1890), MORE
Children: Herman Hollerith Jr.
 Awards: Elliott Cresson Medal
Nationality: American, German

EARLY 20TH CENTURY

1931: VANNEVAR BUSH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), invents and builds the
Differential Analyzer, the first large-scale automatic general-purpose mechanical analog computer, according
to Stanford University.

1936: ALAN MATHISON TURING,

Born: June 23, 1912, Maida Vale, London, United Kingdom
Died: June 7, 1954, Wilmslow, United Kingdom
Influenced by: Alonzo Church, Kurt Gödel, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Max Newman
Siblings: John Turing
Academic advisor: Alonzo Church
Education: Princeton University (1936–1938),
Computer designer. In 1945, the war over, Turing was recruited to the National Physical Laboratory
(NPL) in London to create an electronic computer. His design for the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was
the first complete specification of an electronic stored-program all-purpose digital computer. A British scientist
and mathematician, presents the principle of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, Turing
machines are capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer
is based on his ideas.

DAVID PACKARD AND BILL HEWLETT (1937-1939)

HP was founded by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard in 1939. Their first product was an audio oscillator
and one of their first customers Walt Disney. Disney used the oscillator to test audio equipment in the 12
specially equipped theaters showing Fantasia in 1940. HP entered the computer market with the HP 2116A in
1966.
found the Hewlett Packard Company in Palo Alto, California. The pair decide the name of their new
company by the toss of a coin, and Hewlett-Packard's first headquarters are in Packard's garage, according to
MIT.

KONRAD ERNST OTTO ZUSE (1940-1941)

Born: June 22, 1910, Berlin, Germany
Died: December 18, 1995, Hünfeld, Germany
Awards: Werner von Siemens Ring, MORE
Children: Horst Zuse, Monika Zuse Gruden, Klaus Peter Zuse, Friedrich Zuse, Hannelore
Birgit Zuse Stöcker
Education: Berlin Institute of Technology (1927–1935), Collegium Hosianum
was a German civil engineer, pioneering computer scientist, inventor and businessman. His greatest
achievement was the world's first programmable computer; the functional program-controlled Turing-complete
Z3 became operational in May 1941. Wikipedia

JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF (1942-1943)

Born: October 4, 1903, Hamilton, New York, United States
Died: June 15, 1995, Frederick, Maryland, United States
Education: University of Wisconsin-Madison (1930), MORE
Siblings: Edelina Atanasov, Irving Atanasov, Margaret Atanasov, MORE
Awards: National Medal of Technology and Innovation
Parents: Ivan Atanasov, Iva Lucena Purdy
Spouse: Alice Atanasoff (m. 1949–1995), Lura Meeks Atanasoff (m. 1926–1949)
was an American physicist and inventor, considered father of the computer best known for being
credited with inventing the first electronic digital computer. Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital
computer in the 1930s at Iowa State College.

TOMMY FLOWERS (1943-1944)

the COLOSSUS is designed to break the complex Lorenz ciphers used by the Nazis during World War II.
Most historians believe that the use of Colossus machines significantly shortened the war by providing
evidence of enemy intentions and beliefs.

OWARD AIKEN (1943-1944)

HARVARD MARK 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The Mark 1 produced mathematical tables
but was soon superseded by electronic stored-program computers.