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Early printers arranged type into__________a

small, flat composing stick.
words on

____________ along most of its length into an

upper chamber and a lower chamber.

The cochlea is divided

In 1934, chemist Wallace Carothers produced

a plastic which_________ nylon.
he called

Many communities _________ a complex

system of linguistic levels in order to show
respect.

make use of

By studying the movements of the Sun and

Moon, even early astronomers
could___________eclipses would take place.

predict when

As_________grows, the shell in which it lives

grows, too.

a mollusk

A group of winged reptiles__________

pterosaurs is believed to have been the first
vertebrates with the power of flight.

called

____________, the outermost layer of skin, is

about as thick as a sheet of paper over most of
the skin.

The epidermis

Sam Spade in The Maltese Falcon and Rick

Blain in Casablanca _____________ of
Humphrey Bogart’s more famous roles.

are two

Alabama was occupied by the French and

Spanish before _____________ to England in
1763.
it was ceded

Among bees____a highly elaborate form of

communication.

occurs

John has not been able to recall where

____________________
she lives

A baby’s development is influenced by both

heredity and_____________

environment

The speed of light is_________the speed of

sound.

much faster than

To generate income, magazine publishers must

decide whether to increase the subscription
price or ____________.

to sell advertising

Vast flows of information is carried on hair-

thin fiber-optic cables.

is

The crafting of fine violins has been

proceeding for several century as a secretart.
century

Linguistic conflicts due to divided ethnic and

national loyalties can be both bitter or violent

or

In 1851, with the publication of hers anti

slavery novel, Harriet Beecher Stowe rocketed
to fame
hers

The smallest and simple living organisms on

Earth are bacteria.

simple

The effort to determine the exact numerical

value of PI has now reach 2.16 billion decimal
digits.

reach

The hammerhead shark is usual found in

warm, temperate waters

usual

Princeton University, which was establish

in1746, is one of the oldest universities in the
United States.

establish

When a bone is broke into several pieces

doctors may pin the pieces together for proper
healing

broke

Hippocrates believed that good health was

dependently on the balance of the four fluids
of the body.

dependently

When Pierre L`Enfant designed the national

capital in 1791, her envisioned a broad
boulevard linking the White House and the
Capitol.
her

A hawk swallows its food in large pieces,

digests some of it, and regurgitating the rest.

regurgitating

Defects can occurring when liquid helium

undergoes a phase transition to its super fluid
phase.
occurring

Cavemen created a large amount of early

works of art using a mixture of clay, chalk, and
burned wood and bones.

burned

Variations in melody, rhythm and tone of voice

becomes a major feature of child speech
toward the end of the first year.

becomes

As a protective protein molecule, an antibody

can combines with a foreign virus protein.

combines

Though aluminum is more common than iron,

it is extremely difficult to break their hold on
other atoms.

their

The four string on a violin are tuned.

string

Every human typically have twenty-three pairs

of chromosomes in most cells.

have

Scientists at the medical center is trying to

determine the causes of cancer.
is trying

Fire extinguishers can contain liquefied gas,

dry chemicals, or watery.

watery

Manufacturers may use food additives for

preserving, to colour, to flavor, or to fortify
foods.

for preserving

The U.S. Congress consists of both the Senate

as well as the House of Representatives.

as well as

The Spanish introduced not only horses and

also cattle

to North American continent.

and

On the rim of the Kliuea volcano in the

Hawaiian Islands are a hotel called the
Volcano Hotel.
are

Passage 1

It has long been known that when exposed to

light under suitable conditions of temperature
and moisture, the green parts of plants use
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
release oxygen to it. These exchanges are the
opposite of those that occur in respiration. The
process is called photosynthesis. In
photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesized
from carbon dioxide and water by the
chloroplasts of plant cells in the presence of
light. In most plants, the water used in
photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil by the
roots and translocated through the xylem of
the root and stem to the leaves. Except for the
usually small percentage used in respiration,
the oxygen released in the process diffuses out
of the leaf into the atmosphere through the
stomates. Oxygen is the product of the
reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide
used, one molecule of oxygen is released. A
summary chemical equation for
photosynthesis is:

6C02 + 6Н2О --> С6 H12О6 + 6O2

As a result of this process, radiant energy from

the sun is stored as chemical energy. In turn,
the chemical energy is used to decompose
carbon dioxide and water. The products of
their decomposition are recombined into a new
compound, which is successively built up into
more and more complex substances. After
many intermediate steps, sugar is produced. At
the same time, a balance of gases is preserved
in the atmosphere.

Which title best expresses the ideas in this

passage?

The Process of Photosynthesis

Passage 1

It has long been known that when exposed to

light under suitable conditions of temperature
and moisture, the green parts of plants use
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
release oxygen to it. These exchanges are the
opposite of those that occur in respiration. The
process is called photosynthesis. In
photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesized
from carbon dioxide and water by the
chloroplasts of plant cells in the presence of
light. In most plants, the water used in
photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil by the
roots and translocated through the xylem of
the root and stem to the leaves. Except for the
usually small percentage used in respiration,
the oxygen released in the process diffuses out
of the leaf into the atmosphere through the
stomates. Oxygen is the product of the
reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide
used, one molecule of oxygen is released. A
summary chemical equation for
photosynthesis is:

6C02 + 6Н2О --> С6 H12О6 + 6O2

As a result of this process, radiant energy from

the sun is stored as chemical energy. In turn,
the chemical energy is used to decompose
carbon dioxide and water. The products of
their decomposition are recombined into a new
compound, which is successively built up into
more and more complex substances. After
many intermediate steps, sugar is produced. At
the same time, a balance of gases is preserved
in the atmosphere.

In photosynthesis, water____________

must be present

Passage 1

It has long been known that when exposed to

light under suitable conditions of temperature
and moisture, the green parts of plants use
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
release oxygen to it. These exchanges are the
opposite of those that occur in respiration. The
process is called photosynthesis. In
photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesized
from carbon dioxide and water by the
chloroplasts of plant cells in the presence of
light. In most plants, the water used in
photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil by the
roots and translocated through the xylem of
the root and stem to the leaves. Except for the
usually small percentage used in respiration,
the oxygen released in the process diffuses out
of the leaf into the atmosphere through the
stomates. Oxygen is the product of the
reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide
used, one molecule of oxygen is released. A
summary chemical equation for
photosynthesis is:

6C02 + 6Н2О --> С6 H12О6 + 6O2

As a result of this process, radiant energy from

the sun is stored as chemical energy. In turn,
the chemical energy is used to decompose
carbon dioxide and water. The products of
their decomposition are recombined into a new
compound, which is successively built up into
more and more complex substances. After
many intermediate steps, sugar is produced. At
the same time, a balance of gases is preserved
in the atmosphere.

The word "their" in line 21 refers

to____________
carbon dioxide and water

Passage 1

It has long been known that when exposed to

light under suitable conditions of temperature
and moisture, the green parts of plants use
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
release oxygen to it. These exchanges are the
opposite of those that occur in respiration. The
process is called photosynthesis. In
photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesized
from carbon dioxide and water by the
chloroplasts of plant cells in the presence of
light. In most plants, the water used in
photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil by the
roots and translocated through the xylem of
the root and stem to the leaves. Except for the
usually small percentage used in respiration,
the oxygen released in the process diffuses out
of the leaf into the atmosphere through the
stomates. Oxygen is the product of the
reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide
used, one molecule of oxygen is released. A
summary chemical equation for
photosynthesis is:

6C02 + 6Н2О --> С6 H12О6 + 6O2

As a result of this process, radiant energy from

the sun is stored as chemical energy. In turn,
the chemical energy is used to decompose
carbon dioxide and water. The products of
their decomposition are recombined into a new
compound, which is successively built up into
more and more complex substances. After
many intermediate steps, sugar is produced. At
the same time, a balance of gases is preserved
in the atmosphere.

The word "successively" in line 15 has the

closest meaning to ____________
in a sequence

Passage 1

It has long been known that when exposed to

light under suitable conditions of temperature
and moisture, the green parts of plants use
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
release oxygen to it. These exchanges are the
opposite of those that occur in respiration. The
process is called photosynthesis. In
photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesized
from carbon dioxide and water by the
chloroplasts of plant cells in the presence of
light. In most plants, the water used in
photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil by the
roots and translocated through the xylem of
the root and stem to the leaves. Except for the
usually small percentage used in respiration,
the oxygen released in the process diffuses out
of the leaf into the atmosphere through the
stomates. Oxygen is the product of the
reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide
used, one molecule of oxygen is released. A
summary chemical equation for
photosynthesis is:

6C02 + 6Н2О --> С6 H12О6 + 6O2

As a result of this process, radiant energy from

the sun is stored as chemical energy. In turn,
the chemical energy is used to decompose
carbon dioxide and water. The products of
their decomposition are recombined into a new
compound, which is successively built up into
more and more complex substances. After
many intermediate steps, sugar is produced. At
the same time, a balance of gases is preserved
in the atmosphere.

Besides the manufacture of food for plants,

what is another benefit of photosynthesis?

It maintains a balance of gases in the atmosphere

Passage 1

It has long been known that when exposed to

light under suitable conditions of temperature
and moisture, the green parts of plants use
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
release oxygen to it. These exchanges are the
opposite of those that occur in respiration. The
process is called photosynthesis. In
photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesized
from carbon dioxide and water by the
chloroplasts of plant cells in the presence of
light. In most plants, the water used in
photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil by the
roots and translocated through the xylem of
the root and stem to the leaves. Except for the
usually small percentage used in respiration,
the oxygen released in the process diffuses out
of the leaf into the atmosphere through the
stomates. Oxygen is the product of the
reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide
used, one molecule of oxygen is released. A
summary chemical equation for
photosynthesis is:

6C02 + 6Н2О --> С6 H12О6 + 6O2

As a result of this process, radiant energy from

the sun is stored as chemical energy. In turn,
the chemical energy is used to decompose
carbon dioxide and water. The products of
their decomposition are recombined into a new
compound, which is successively built up into
more and more complex substances. After
many intermediate steps, sugar is produced. At
the same time, a balance of gases is preserved
in the atmosphere.

Which of the following is NOT true of the

oxygen used in photosynthesis?

Oxygen is absorbed by the roots

Passage 2

The term 'virus’ derived from the Latin word

for poison or slime. It was originally applied to
the noxious stench emanating from swamps
that were thought to cause a variety of diseases
in the centuries before microbes were
discovered and specifically linked to illness.
But it was not until almost the end of the
nineteenth century that a true virus was
proven to be the cause of a disease.

The nature of viruses made them impossible to

detect for many years even after bacteria had
been discovered and studied. Not only are
viruses too small to be seen with a light
microscope, they also cannot be detected
through their biological activity, except as it
occurs in conjunction with other organisms. In
fact, viruses show no traces of biological
activity by themselves. Unlike bacteria, they
are not living agents in the strictest sense.
Viruses are very simple pieces of organic
material composed only of nucleic acid, either
DNA or RNA, enclosed in a coat of protein
made up of simple structural units. Some
viruses also contain carbohydrates and lipids.
They are parasites, requiring human, animal,
or plant cells to live. The virus replicates by
attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic
acid.' Once inside the cell, the DNA or RNA
that contains the virus' genetic information
takes over the cell's biological machinery, and
the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins
rather than its own.

Which of the following is the best title for the

passage?

Understanding Viruses

Passage 2

The term 'virus’ derived from the Latin word

for poison or slime. It was originally applied to
the noxious stench emanating from swamps
that were thought to cause a variety of diseases
in the centuries before microbes were
discovered and specifically linked to illness.
But it was not until almost the end of the
nineteenth century that a true virus was
proven to be the cause of a disease.

The nature of viruses made them impossible to

detect for many years even after bacteria had
been discovered and studied. Not only are
viruses too small to be seen with a light
microscope, they also cannot be detected
through their biological activity, except as it
occurs in conjunction with other organisms. In
fact, viruses show no traces of biological
activity by themselves. Unlike bacteria, they
are not living agents in the strictest sense.
Viruses are very simple pieces of organic
material composed only of nucleic acid, either
DNA or RNA, enclosed in a coat of protein
made up of simple structural units. Some
viruses also contain carbohydrates and lipids.
They are parasites, requiring human, animal,
or plant cells to live. The virus replicates by
attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic
acid.' Once inside the cell, the DNA or RNA
that contains the virus' genetic information
takes over the cell's biological machinery, and
the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins
rather than its own.

Before microbes were discovered, it was

believed that some diseases were caused
by___________

foul odors released from swamps

Passage 2

The term 'virus’ derived from the Latin word

for poison or slime. It was originally applied to
the noxious stench emanating from swamps
that were thought to cause a variety of diseases
in the centuries before microbes were
discovered and specifically linked to illness.
But it was not until almost the end of the
nineteenth century that a true virus was
proven to be the cause of a disease.

The nature of viruses made them impossible to

detect for many years even after bacteria had
been discovered and studied. Not only are
viruses too small to be seen with a light
microscope, they also cannot be detected
through their biological activity, except as it
occurs in conjunction with other organisms. In
fact, viruses show no traces of biological
activity by themselves. Unlike bacteria, they
are not living agents in the strictest sense.
Viruses are very simple pieces of organic
material composed only of nucleic acid, either
DNA or RNA, enclosed in a coat of protein
made up of simple structural units. Some
viruses also contain carbohydrates and lipids.
They are parasites, requiring human, animal,
or plant cells to live. The virus replicates by
attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic
acid.' Once inside the cell, the DNA or RNA
that contains the virus' genetic information
takes over the cell's biological machinery, and
the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins
rather than its own.

The word "proven" in line 4 is closest meaning

to which of the following_________

Shown

Passage 2

The term 'virus’ derived from the Latin word

for poison or slime. It was originally applied to
the noxious stench emanating from swamps
that were thought to cause a variety of diseases
in the centuries before microbes were
discovered and specifically linked to illness.
But it was not until almost the end of the
nineteenth century that a true virus was
proven to be the cause of a disease.

The nature of viruses made them impossible to

detect for many years even after bacteria had
been discovered and studied. Not only are
viruses too small to be seen with a light
microscope, they also cannot be detected
through their biological activity, except as it
occurs in conjunction with other organisms. In
fact, viruses show no traces of biological
activity by themselves. Unlike bacteria, they
are not living agents in the strictest sense.
Viruses are very simple pieces of organic
material composed only of nucleic acid, either
DNA or RNA, enclosed in a coat of protein
made up of simple structural units. Some
viruses also contain carbohydrates and lipids.
They are parasites, requiring human, animal,
or plant cells to live. The virus replicates by
attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic
acid.' Once inside the cell, the DNA or RNA
that contains the virus' genetic information
takes over the cell's biological machinery, and
the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins
rather than its own.

All of the following may be components of a

virus EXCEPT___________

plant cells

READING SECTION

Questions 51-59

In 1972, a century after the first national park

in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create
the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide
protection to selected coastal habitats similar
to that existing for land areas designated as
national parks. The designation of an areas, a
marine sanctuary indicates that it is a
protected area, just as a national park is.
People are permitted to visit and observe
there, but living organisms and their
environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is

administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the
United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates
for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been
designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small
(less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American
Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744
square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a

crucial part of new management practices in
which whole communities of species, and not
just individual species, are offered some degree
of protection from habitat degradation and
overexploitation. Only in this way can a
reasonable degree of marine species diversity
be maintained in a setting that also maintains
the natural interrelationships that exist among
these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas

exist in the United States and other countries.
The National Estuarine Research Reserve
System, managed by the United States
government, includes 23 designated and
protected estuaries. Outside the United States,
marine protected-area programs exist as
marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over
100 designated areas exist around the
periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range
from the well-known Australian Great Barrer
Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in
countries such as Thailand and Indonesia,
where tourism is placing growing pressures on
fragile coral reef systems. As state, national,
and international agencies come to recognize
the importance of conserving marine
biodiversity. Marine projected areas, whether
as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves,
will play an increasingly important role in
preserving that diversity.

Question: What does the passage mainly

discuss?

Various marine conservation programs

READING SECTION

Questions 51-59

In 1972, a century after the first national park

in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create
the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide
protection to selected coastal habitats similar
to that existing for land areas designated as
national parks. The designation of an areas, a
marine sanctuary indicates that it is a
protected area, just as a national park is.
People are permitted to visit and observe
there, but living organisms and their
environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is

administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the
United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates
for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been
designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small
(less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American
Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744
square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a

crucial part of new management practices in
which whole communities of species, and not
just individual species, are offered some degree
of protection from habitat degradation and
overexploitation. Only in this way can a
reasonable degree of marine species diversity
be maintained in a setting that also maintains
the natural interrelationships that exist among
these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas

exist in the United States and other countries.
The National Estuarine Research Reserve
System, managed by the United States
government, includes 23 designated and
protected estuaries. Outside the United States,
marine protected-area programs exist as
marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over
100 designated areas exist around the
periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range
from the well-known Australian Great Barrer
Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in
countries such as Thailand and Indonesia,
where tourism is placing growing pressures on
fragile coral reef systems. As state, national,
and international agencies come to recognize
the importance of conserving marine
biodiversity. Marine projected areas, whether
as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves,
will play an increasingly important role in
preserving that diversity.

Question:

The word “intent” is closest in meaning to

_____________
goal

READING SECTION

Questions 51-59

In 1972, a century after the first national park

in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create
the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide
protection to selected coastal habitats similar
to that existing for land areas designated as
national parks. The designation of an areas, a
marine sanctuary indicates that it is a
protected area, just as a national park is.
People are permitted to visit and observe
there, but living organisms and their
environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is

administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the
United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates
for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been
designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small
(less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American
Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744
square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a

crucial part of new management practices in
which whole communities of species, and not
just individual species, are offered some degree
of protection from habitat degradation and
overexploitation. Only in this way can a
reasonable degree of marine species diversity
be maintained in a setting that also maintains
the natural interrelationships that exist among
these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas

exist in the United States and other countries.
The National Estuarine Research Reserve
System, managed by the United States
government, includes 23 designated and
protected estuaries. Outside the United States,
marine protected-area programs exist as
marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over
100 designated areas exist around the
periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range
from the well-known Australian Great Barrer
Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in
countries such as Thailand and Indonesia,
where tourism is placing growing pressures on
fragile coral reef systems. As state, national,
and international agencies come to recognize
the importance of conserving marine
biodiversity. Marine projected areas, whether
as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves,
will play an increasingly important role in
preserving that diversity.

Question:

The word “administered” is closest in meaning

to __________
managed

READING SECTION

Questions 51-59

In 1972, a century after the first national park

in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create
the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide
protection to selected coastal habitats similar
to that existing for land areas designated as
national parks. The designation of an areas, a
marine sanctuary indicates that it is a
protected area, just as a national park is.
People are permitted to visit and observe
there, but living organisms and their
environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is

administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the
United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates
for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been
designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small
(less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American
Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744
square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a

crucial part of new management practices in
which whole communities of species, and not
just individual species, are offered some degree
of protection from habitat degradation and
overexploitation. Only in this way can a
reasonable degree of marine species diversity
be maintained in a setting that also maintains
the natural interrelationships that exist among
these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas

exist in the United States and other countries.
The National Estuarine Research Reserve
System, managed by the United States
government, includes 23 designated and
protected estuaries. Outside the United States,
marine protected-area programs exist as
marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over
100 designated areas exist around the
periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range
from the well-known Australian Great Barrer
Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in
countries such as Thailand and Indonesia,
where tourism is placing growing pressures on
fragile coral reef systems. As state, national,
and international agencies come to recognize
the importance of conserving marine
biodiversity. Marine projected areas, whether
as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves,
will play an increasingly important role in
preserving that diversity.

Question:

The word “these” in paragraph 2 refers to

_________
sanctuaries

READING SECTION

Questions 51-59

In 1972, a century after the first national park

in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create
the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide
protection to selected coastal habitats similar
to that existing for land areas designated as
national parks. The designation of an areas, a
marine sanctuary indicates that it is a
protected area, just as a national park is.
People are permitted to visit and observe
there, but living organisms and their
environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is

administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the
United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates
for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been
designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small
(less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American
Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744
square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a

crucial part of new management practices in
which whole communities of species, and not
just individual species, are offered some degree
of protection from habitat degradation and
overexploitation. Only in this way can a
reasonable degree of marine species diversity
be maintained in a setting that also maintains
the natural interrelationships that exist among
these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas

exist in the United States and other countries.
The National Estuarine Research Reserve
System, managed by the United States
government, includes 23 designated and
protected estuaries. Outside the United States,
marine protected-area programs exist as
marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over
100 designated areas exist around the
periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range
from the well-known Australian Great Barrer
Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in
countries such as Thailand and Indonesia,
where tourism is placing growing pressures on
fragile coral reef systems. As state, national,
and international agencies come to recognize
the importance of conserving marine
biodiversity. Marine projected areas, whether
as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves,
will play an increasingly important role in
preserving that diversity.

Question:

The passage mentions the Monterey Bay

National Marine Sanctuary as an example of a
sanctuary that ___________
covers a large area

READING SECTION

Questions 51-59

In 1972, a century after the first national park

in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create
the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide
protection to selected coastal habitats similar
to that existing for land areas designated as
national parks. The designation of an areas, a
marine sanctuary indicates that it is a
protected area, just as a national park is.
People are permitted to visit and observe
there, but living organisms and their
environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is

administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the
United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates
for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been
designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small
(less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American
Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744
square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a

crucial part of new management practices in
which whole communities of species, and not
just individual species, are offered some degree
of protection from habitat degradation and
overexploitation. Only in this way can a
reasonable degree of marine species diversity
be maintained in a setting that also maintains
the natural interrelationships that exist among
these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas

exist in the United States and other countries.
The National Estuarine Research Reserve
System, managed by the United States
government, includes 23 designated and
protected estuaries. Outside the United States,
marine protected-area programs exist as
marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over
100 designated areas exist around the
periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range
from the well-known Australian Great Barrer
Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in
countries such as Thailand and Indonesia,
where tourism is placing growing pressures on
fragile coral reef systems. As state, national,
and international agencies come to recognize
the importance of conserving marine
biodiversity. Marine projected areas, whether
as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves,
will play an increasingly important role in
preserving that diversity.

Question:

According to the passage, when was the

National Marine Sanctuaries Program
established?

One hundred years after Yellowstone National Park

was established

READING SECTION

Questions 51-59

In 1972, a century after the first national park

in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create
the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide
protection to selected coastal habitats similar
to that existing for land areas designated as
national parks. The designation of an areas, a
marine sanctuary indicates that it is a
protected area, just as a national park is.
People are permitted to visit and observe
there, but living organisms and their
environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is

administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the
United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates
for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been
designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small
(less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American
Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744
square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a

crucial part of new management practices in
which whole communities of species, and not
just individual species, are offered some degree
of protection from habitat degradation and
overexploitation. Only in this way can a
reasonable degree of marine species diversity
be maintained in a setting that also maintains
the natural interrelationships that exist among
these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas

exist in the United States and other countries.
The National Estuarine Research Reserve
System, managed by the United States
government, includes 23 designated and
protected estuaries. Outside the United States,
marine protected-area programs exist as
marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over
100 designated areas exist around the
periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range
from the well-known Australian Great Barrer
Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in
countries such as Thailand and Indonesia,
where tourism is placing growing pressures on
fragile coral reef systems. As state, national,
and international agencies come to recognize
the importance of conserving marine
biodiversity. Marine projected areas, whether
as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves,
will play an increasingly important role in
preserving that diversity.

Question:

According to the passage, all of the following

are achievements of the National Marine
Sanctuaries Program EXCEPT___________

the discovery of several new marine organisms

READING SECTION

Questions 51-59

In 1972, a century after the first national park

in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create
the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide
protection to selected coastal habitats similar
to that existing for land areas designated as
national parks. The designation of an areas, a
marine sanctuary indicates that it is a
protected area, just as a national park is.
People are permitted to visit and observe
there, but living organisms and their
environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is

administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the
United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates
for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been
designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small
(less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American
Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744
square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a

crucial part of new management practices in
which whole communities of species, and not
just individual species, are offered some degree
of protection from habitat degradation and
overexploitation. Only in this way can a
reasonable degree of marine species diversity
be maintained in a setting that also maintains
the natural interrelationships that exist among
these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas

exist in the United States and other countries.
The National Estuarine Research Reserve
System, managed by the United States
government, includes 23 designated and
protected estuaries. Outside the United States,
marine protected-area programs exist as
marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over
100 designated areas exist around the
periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range
from the well-known Australian Great Barrer
Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in
countries such as Thailand and Indonesia,
where tourism is placing growing pressures on
fragile coral reef systems. As state, national,
and international agencies come to recognize
the importance of conserving marine
biodiversity. Marine projected areas, whether
as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves,
will play an increasingly important role in
preserving that diversity.

Question:

The word “periphery” is closest in meaning to

__________

outer edge

READING SECTION

Questions 51-59

In 1972, a century after the first national park

in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create
the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide
protection to selected coastal habitats similar
to that existing for land areas designated as
national parks. The designation of an areas, a
marine sanctuary indicates that it is a
protected area, just as a national park is.
People are permitted to visit and observe
there, but living organisms and their
environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is

administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the
United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates
for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been
designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small
(less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American
Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744
square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a

crucial part of new management practices in
which whole communities of species, and not
just individual species, are offered some degree
of protection from habitat degradation and
overexploitation. Only in this way can a
reasonable degree of marine species diversity
be maintained in a setting that also maintains
the natural interrelationships that exist among
these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas

exist in the United States and other countries.
The National Estuarine Research Reserve
System, managed by the United States
government, includes 23 designated and
protected estuaries. Outside the United States,
marine protected-area programs exist as
marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over
100 designated areas exist around the
periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range
from the well-known Australian Great Barrer
Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in
countries such as Thailand and Indonesia,
where tourism is placing growing pressures on
fragile coral reef systems. As state, national,
and international agencies come to recognize
the importance of conserving marine
biodiversity. Marine projected areas, whether
as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves,
will play an increasingly important role in
preserving that diversity.

Question:

The passage mentions which of the following

as a threat to marine areas outside the United
States?

Increases in tourism

Questions 60-67

From their inception, most rural

neighborhoods in colonial North America
included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer,
and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a
tailor for clothing production; a tanner,
currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for
fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith
for metalwork, Where stone was the local
building material, a mason was sure to appear
on the list of people who paid taxes. With only
an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan
provided the neighborhood with common
goods from furniture to shoes to farm
equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods
in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or
dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed
material provided by the customer wove cloth
of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the
family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood
cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced
shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or
sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans

were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by
nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the
winter, other had to be put off during harvest
time, and still others waited on raw materials
that were only produced seasonally. As the
days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since
few artisans could afford enough artificial
light to continue work when the Sun went
down. To the best of their ability, colonial
artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as
possible and to regularize their schedules and
methods of production for the best return on
their investment in time, tools, and materials,
While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker,
for example, carefully matching lumber,
joining a chest together without resort to nails
or glue, and applying all thought and energy to
carving beautiful designs on the finished piece,
the time required was not justified unless the
customer was willing to pay extra for the
quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans,
therefore, often found it necessary to employ
as many shortcuts and economics as possible
while still producing satisfactory products.

Question:

What aspect of rural colonial North America

does the passage mainly discuss?
The work of artisans

Questions 60-67

From their inception, most rural

neighborhoods in colonial North America
included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer,
and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a
tailor for clothing production; a tanner,
currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for
fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith
for metalwork, Where stone was the local
building material, a mason was sure to appear
on the list of people who paid taxes. With only
an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan
provided the neighborhood with common
goods from furniture to shoes to farm
equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods
in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or
dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed
material provided by the customer wove cloth
of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the
family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood
cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced
shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or
sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans

were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by
nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the
winter, other had to be put off during harvest
time, and still others waited on raw materials
that were only produced seasonally. As the
days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since
few artisans could afford enough artificial
light to continue work when the Sun went
down. To the best of their ability, colonial
artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as
possible and to regularize their schedules and
methods of production for the best return on
their investment in time, tools, and materials,
While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker,
for example, carefully matching lumber,
joining a chest together without resort to nails
or glue, and applying all thought and energy to
carving beautiful designs on the finished piece,
the time required was not justified unless the
customer was willing to pay extra for the
quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans,
therefore, often found it necessary to employ
as many shortcuts and economics as possible
while still producing satisfactory products.

Question:

The word “inception” is closest in meaning to

_________

beginning

Questions 60-67

From their inception, most rural

neighborhoods in colonial North America
included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer,
and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a
tailor for clothing production; a tanner,
currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for
fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith
for metalwork, Where stone was the local
building material, a mason was sure to appear
on the list of people who paid taxes. With only
an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan
provided the neighborhood with common
goods from furniture to shoes to farm
equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods
in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or
dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed
material provided by the customer wove cloth
of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the
family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood
cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced
shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or
sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans

were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by
nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the
winter, other had to be put off during harvest
time, and still others waited on raw materials
that were only produced seasonally. As the
days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since
few artisans could afford enough artificial
light to continue work when the Sun went
down. To the best of their ability, colonial
artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as
possible and to regularize their schedules and
methods of production for the best return on
their investment in time, tools, and materials,
While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker,
for example, carefully matching lumber,
joining a chest together without resort to nails
or glue, and applying all thought and energy to
carving beautiful designs on the finished piece,
the time required was not justified unless the
customer was willing to pay extra for the
quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans,
therefore, often found it necessary to employ
as many shortcuts and economics as possible
while still producing satisfactory products.

Question:

The word “fabricating” is closest in meaning

to _________

constructing

Questions 60-67

From their inception, most rural

neighborhoods in colonial North America
included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer,
and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a
tailor for clothing production; a tanner,
currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for
fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith
for metalwork, Where stone was the local
building material, a mason was sure to appear
on the list of people who paid taxes. With only
an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan
provided the neighborhood with common
goods from furniture to shoes to farm
equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods
in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or
dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed
material provided by the customer wove cloth
of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the
family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood
cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced
shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or
sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans

were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by
nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the
winter, other had to be put off during harvest
time, and still others waited on raw materials
that were only produced seasonally. As the
days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since
few artisans could afford enough artificial
light to continue work when the Sun went
down. To the best of their ability, colonial
artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as
possible and to regularize their schedules and
methods of production for the best return on
their investment in time, tools, and materials,
While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker,
for example, carefully matching lumber,
joining a chest together without resort to nails
or glue, and applying all thought and energy to
carving beautiful designs on the finished piece,
the time required was not justified unless the
customer was willing to pay extra for the
quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans,
therefore, often found it necessary to employ
as many shortcuts and economics as possible
while still producing satisfactory products.

Question:

It can be inferied from the from the passage

that the use of artificial light in colonial times
was_________

expensive

Questions 60-67

From their inception, most rural

neighborhoods in colonial North America
included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer,
and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a
tailor for clothing production; a tanner,
currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for
fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith
for metalwork, Where stone was the local
building material, a mason was sure to appear
on the list of people who paid taxes. With only
an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan
provided the neighborhood with common
goods from furniture to shoes to farm
equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods
in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or
dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed
material provided by the customer wove cloth
of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the
family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood
cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced
shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or
sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans

were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by
nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the
winter, other had to be put off during harvest
time, and still others waited on raw materials
that were only produced seasonally. As the
days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since
few artisans could afford enough artificial
light to continue work when the Sun went
down. To the best of their ability, colonial
artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as
possible and to regularize their schedules and
methods of production for the best return on
their investment in time, tools, and materials,
While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker,
for example, carefully matching lumber,
joining a chest together without resort to nails
or glue, and applying all thought and energy to
carving beautiful designs on the finished piece,
the time required was not justified unless the
customer was willing to pay extra for the
quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans,
therefore, often found it necessary to employ
as many shortcuts and economics as possible
while still producing satisfactory products.

Question:

Why did colonial artisans want to “regularize

their schedules their schedules”?
To keep expenses low

Questions 60-67

From their inception, most rural

neighborhoods in colonial North America
included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer,
and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a
tailor for clothing production; a tanner,
currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for
fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith
for metalwork, Where stone was the local
building material, a mason was sure to appear
on the list of people who paid taxes. With only
an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan
provided the neighborhood with common
goods from furniture to shoes to farm
equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods
in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or
dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed
material provided by the customer wove cloth
of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the
family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood
cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced
shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or
sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans

were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by
nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the
winter, other had to be put off during harvest
time, and still others waited on raw materials
that were only produced seasonally. As the
days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since
few artisans could afford enough artificial
light to continue work when the Sun went
down. To the best of their ability, colonial
artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as
possible and to regularize their schedules and
methods of production for the best return on
their investment in time, tools, and materials,
While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker,
for example, carefully matching lumber,
joining a chest together without resort to nails
or glue, and applying all thought and energy to
carving beautiful designs on the finished piece,
the time required was not justified unless the
customer was willing to pay extra for the
quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans,
therefore, often found it necessary to employ
as many shortcuts and economics as possible
while still producing satisfactory products.

Question:

The phrase “resort to” is closest in meaning to

__________

using

Questions 60-67

From their inception, most rural

neighborhoods in colonial North America
included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer,
and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a
tailor for clothing production; a tanner,
currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for
fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith
for metalwork, Where stone was the local
building material, a mason was sure to appear
on the list of people who paid taxes. With only
an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan
provided the neighborhood with common
goods from furniture to shoes to farm
equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods
in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or
dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed
material provided by the customer wove cloth
of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the
family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood
cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced
shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or
sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans

were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by
nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the
winter, other had to be put off during harvest
time, and still others waited on raw materials
that were only produced seasonally. As the
days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since
few artisans could afford enough artificial
light to continue work when the Sun went
down. To the best of their ability, colonial
artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as
possible and to regularize their schedules and
methods of production for the best return on
their investment in time, tools, and materials,
While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker,
for example, carefully matching lumber,
joining a chest together without resort to nails
or glue, and applying all thought and energy to
carving beautiful designs on the finished piece,
the time required was not justified unless the
customer was willing to pay extra for the
quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans,
therefore, often found it necessary to employ
as many shortcuts and economics as possible
while still producing satisfactory products.

Question:

The word “few’ in paragraph 2 refers to

__________

customers

Questions 60-67

From their inception, most rural

neighborhoods in colonial North America
included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer,
and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a
tailor for clothing production; a tanner,
currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for
fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith
for metalwork, Where stone was the local
building material, a mason was sure to appear
on the list of people who paid taxes. With only
an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan
provided the neighborhood with common
goods from furniture to shoes to farm
equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods
in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or
dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed
material provided by the customer wove cloth
of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the
family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood
cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced
shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or
sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans

were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by
nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the
winter, other had to be put off during harvest
time, and still others waited on raw materials
that were only produced seasonally. As the
days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since
few artisans could afford enough artificial
light to continue work when the Sun went
down. To the best of their ability, colonial
artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as
possible and to regularize their schedules and
methods of production for the best return on
their investment in time, tools, and materials,
While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker,
for example, carefully matching lumber,
joining a chest together without resort to nails
or glue, and applying all thought and energy to
carving beautiful designs on the finished piece,
the time required was not justified unless the
customer was willing to pay extra for the
quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans,
therefore, often found it necessary to employ
as many shortcuts and economics as possible
while still producing satisfactory products.

Question:

It can inferred that the artisans referred to in

the passage usually produced products that
were _________

simple

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

What does the passage mainly discuss?

The importance of the geographical situation in the

growth of United States cities

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

The word “ingenuity” is closest in meaning to

_________

resourcefulness

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

The passage suggests that a geographer would

consider a city’s soil type part of its
___________

site

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

According to the passage, a city’s situation is

more important than its site in regard to the
city’s___________

long-term growth and prosperity

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

The author mentions each of the following as

an advantage of Chicago’s location EXCEPT
its_________

flat terrain

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

The word “characteristics” is closest in

meaning to_________

qualities

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is

to___________

define a term and illustrate it with an example

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

According to the passage, Philadelphia and

Boston are similar to New York City in
__________
age

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

The word “functional” is closest in meaning

to________

usable

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

The word “it” in line 32 refers to __________

account

Questions 68-78

Cities develop as a result of functions that they

can perform. Some functions result directly
from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most
functions result from the needs of the local
area and of the surrounding hinterland (the
region that supplies goods to the city and to
which the city furnishes services and other
goods). Geographers often make a distinction
between the situation and the site of a city.
Situation refers to the general position in
relation to the surrounding region, whereas
site involves physical characteristics of the
specific location. Situation is normally much
more important to the continuing prosperity of
a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its
hinterland, its development is much more
likely to continue. Chicago, for example,
possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is
located at the southern end of a huge lake that
forces east-west transportation lines to be
compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting
of significant land and water transport routes.
It also overlooks what is one of the world’s
finest large farming regions. These factors
ensured that Chicago would become a great
city regardless of the disadvantageous
characteristics of the available site, such as
being prone to flooding during thunderstorm
activity.

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New

York City’s importance stems from its early
and continuing advantage of situation.
Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared
New York’s location at the western end of one
of the world’s most important oceanic trade
routes, but only New York possesses an easy-
access functional connection (the Hudson-
Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone
explain New York’s primacy, but it does
include several important factors. Among the
many aspects of situation that help to explain
why some cities grow and others do not,
original location on a navigable waterway
seems particularly applicable. Of course, such
characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and
other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are
normally more significant in early stages

of city development than later.

Question:

The word “significant” is closest in meaning to

__________

meaningful

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

The word “attained” is closest in meaning to

_________

reached

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

The word “flamed” is closest in meaning to

_________
burned

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces. Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

The word “they” in line 9 refers to_________

giant planets

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces. Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

According to the passage, hydrogen can

become a metallic-like liquid when it is
____________

similar atmospheres

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces. Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

According to the passage, some scientists

believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in that
they both have _____________

metallic cores

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces. Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

The clouds surrounding Jupiter are mostly

composed of _____________

ammonia

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces. Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

It can be inferred from the passage that the

appearance of alternating bands circling
Jupiter is caused by _____________

the planet’s fast rotation

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces. Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

The author uses the word “puzzling” in line 25

to suggest that the Great Red Spot is
_____________
not well understood

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces. Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

Paragraph 3 supports which of the following

conclusions?

Scientists might learn about the beginning

of the Solar System by Studying Jupiter.

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces. Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

Why does the author mention primeval heat?

To suggest a possible source of the quantity of heat

that Jupiter gives off

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces. Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

According to the passage, Jupiter’s most

distant moon is_________

the least dense

Questions 79-90

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter,

with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of
all the other planets combined. It is thought to
be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid
surfaces. Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal
temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as
a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low density type quite
distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as
hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s
interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but
under pressures of millions of kilograms per
square centimeter, which exist in the deep
interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the
properties of a metal. Some scientists believe
that the innermost core of Jupiter might be
rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours.

As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have
been whipped into alternating dark and bright
bands that circle the planet at different speeds
in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great
Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the
Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it
might be a gigantic hurricane, which because
of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued
gravitational contraction of the planet.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its
sixteen natural satellites, which, like a
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease
in density with distance—from rocky moons
close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If
Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it
would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-
preserved sample of the early solar nebula,
and with its satellites, might contain the most
important clues about the origin of the Solar
System.

Question:

Which of the following statements is supported

by the passage?

If Jupiter had had more mass, it would have

developed internal nuclear reactions.