Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete

using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)

Jurusan Teknik Sipil

Universitas Syiah Kuala
Example 16.3: Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam
with FRP laminates

A simply supported concrete

beam reinforced with three No. 9
bars is located unoccupied
warehouse and is subjected to a
50% increase in its live-load
carrying requirements. An analysis
of the existing beam indicates
that the beam still has
sufficient shear strength to resist
the new required shear strength
and meets the deflection and
crack control serviceability
requirements. Its flexural
strength, however, is
inadequate to carry the
increased live load.
Summarized in Table 16.3a are
the existing and new load-ings
and associated midspan
moments for the beam. The
existing reinforced concrete beam
 should be strengthened with the
FRP system described in Table
16.3b, specifically, two 305 mm
wide x
7 m long plies bonded to the
soffit of the beam using the wet
layup technique.
By inspection, the degree of
strengthening is reasonable in
that it does meet the
strengthening limit criteria
specified in:

That is, the existing moment

strength without FRP, =
361 kN-m, is greater than the
unstrengthened moment limit,
= 240 kN-m.
Example 16.3: Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with
FRP laminates
Example 16.3: Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete
beam with FRP laminates
16.3C- Procedure for flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with
fiber-reinforced polymer laminates
Example 16.3: Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete
beam with FRP laminates

16.3C- Procedure for flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with
fiber-reinforced polymer laminates
Example 16.3: Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete
beam with FRP laminates

16.3C- Procedure for flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with
fiber-reinforced polymer laminates
Example 16.3: Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete
beam with FRP laminates
16.3C- Procedure for flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with
fiber-reinforced polymer laminates
Example 16.3: Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete
beam with FRP laminates

16.3C- Procedure for flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with
fiber-reinforced polymer laminates
Example 16.3: Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete
beam with FRP laminates

16.3C- Procedure for flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with
fiber-reinforced polymer laminates
Example 16.3: Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete
beam with FRP laminates

16.3C- Procedure for flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with
fiber-reinforced polymer laminates
 Example 16.3: Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete
beam with FRP laminates

16.3C- Procedure for flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with
fiber-reinforced polymer laminates

The summary of calculations in the previous step that is not shown

Example 16.6: Shear strengthening of an interior T-
beam

A reinforced concrete T-beam ( f’c =

20.7 N/mm²) located inside of an
building is subjected to an
increase in its live-load-carrying
requirements. An analysis of the
existing beam indicates that the
beam is still satisfactory for
flexural strength; howevwer, its
shear strength is inadequate to carry
the increased live load. Based on the
analysis, the nominal shear strength
provided by the concrete is Vc =
196.6 kN, and the nominal shear
strength provided by steel shear
reinforcement is Vs = 87.2 kN. Thus,
the design shear strength of the
existing beam is ØVn,existing =
0.75 (284) = 213 kN. The
factored required shear strength,
including the increased live load,
at a
distance d away from the support
is Vu = 253.5 kN. Figure 16.6a
shows the sheardiagram with the
location where shear strengthening is
required along the length of the
beam.

Supplemental FRP shear

reinforcement is designed as shown
in Fig.
16.6b and summarized in Table
16.6a. Each FRP strip consists of one
 ply (n=1) of a flexible carbon
sheet installed by wet layup. The
FRP system manufacturer’s reported
material properties are shown in
Table 16.6b.

The design calculations used to arrive

at this configuration follow in
T
a
b
l
e

1
6
.
6
c
.
Example 16.6: Shear strengthening of an interior T-beam
 Example 16.6: Shear strengthening of an interior T-
beam

16.6C- Procedure for shear strengthening of an interior T-beam

Example 16.6: Shear strengthening of an interior T-
beam
16.6C- Procedure for shear strengthening of an interior T-beam
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2.1-Notation
.l, = cross-sectional area of concrete in compression member, in.1 (mm1)
.l,,,. = area of concrete section of individual vertical wall, in.1 (rnml)
.l, cross-sectional area ofeffectively confined concrete section. in.2 (mni2)
.lf = area ofFRP external reinforcement. in.1 (mrrr')
.lfml<hor = area of transverse FRP Ll-wrap for anchorage of
1

b - width of compression face of member. in. (mm)

= short side dimension of compression member of
prismatic cross section, in. (mm)
larger cross-sectional dimension for rectangular
FRP bars, in. (mm)
web width or diameter of circular section. in. (mm)
environmental reduction factor
 compressive force in A,., lb (N)

d, =
effective depth of FRP shear reinforcement. in. (mm)
distance from centroid of i-th layer of longitudinal
steel reinforcement to geometric centroid of cross section, in. (mm)
distance from extreme compression fiber 10 centroid
ofprestressed reinforcement, in. (mm)
slope of linear portion of stress-strain model for
FRP-confined concrete,
flexural FRP psireinforcement,
(M Pa) in.
(mm1)
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to the
1
.lfi = modulus of elasticity
area ofFRP of concrete, psiwith
shear reinforcement (M Pa)
spacings. in.
(mm1)
neutral axis, in. (mm)
= distance from extreme compression fiber to the
tensile modulus of elasticity of FRP, psi (MPa)
modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel. psi
1 .,•
= gross area of concrete secti.on, m.
.:'(mm·')
neutral axis al steel yielding, in. (mm)
(MPa)
Ap = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone,
in.1 (mm-)
A, = area of noaprestressed steel reinforcement, m.2
J
D = diameter of compression member for circular cross sections or diagonal distance equal to b1 + h2 for
prismatic cross section (diameter of equivalent
E,
e, =
modulus of elasticity of steel, psi (MPa) eccentricity of prestressing steel with respect to centroidal axis of member at support, in. (mm)
(mm1)
A" = area of the longitudinal reinforcement within a d
distance of"'.rin the compression region, in.2 (mm1)

circular column), in. (mm)

.l:, =
area of i-th layer of longitudinal steel reinforce• d'

distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, in. (mm)
distance from the extreme compression fiber lo the
e,,. =

!c =
!c' =
eccentricity of prestressing steel with respect to centroidal axis of member at midspan, in. (mm) compressive stress in concrete, psi (MPa)
specified compressive strength of concrete, psi (MPa)
ment, m.
' (
.· mm· ')
center of A,,, in. (mm)
!/. =
compressive strength ofconfined concrete, psi (MPa)
A:, =
total area oflongitudinal reinforcement, in.2 (mm1}
A,,, = area of longitudinal reinforcement in the central area of the wall. in.2 (rnrrr')
a = depth of the equivalent concrete compression block, in. (mm)
ab = smaller cross-sectional dimension for rectangular
FRP bars, in. (mm)
d" distance from the extreme tension fiber to the center ofA,,, in. (mm)
diameter of longitudinal steel in confined plastic
hinge, in. (mm)
effective depth of FRP flexural reinforcement, in. (mm)
effective depth of FRP shear reinforcement, in. (mm)

J;, - fc., = Ji
compressive strength of unconfined concrete; also equal to 0.85/,', psi (MPa)
compressive stress in concrete at sen-ice condition, psi (MPa)
stress in FRP reinforcement, psi (MPa)
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/j; =
design stress of externally bonded FRP reinforce•
ment, psi (MPa)
effective stress in the FRP; stress attained at section failure, psi (MPa)
stress in FRP caused by a moment within elastic range of member, psi (MPa)
design ultimate tensile strength of FRP, psi (MPa)
ultimate tensile strength of the FRP material as
reported by the manufacturer, psi (MPa)
g = clear gap between the FRP jacket and adjacent members, in (mm)
h = overall thickness or height of a member, in. (mm)
= long side cross-sectional dimension of rectangular compression member, in. (mm)
member flange thickness, in. (mm)
height of entire wall from base to top, or clear height of wall segment or wall pier considered, in. (mm)
lp,o,· = M,.. = M; = M,,, =
M., =
length of steel lap splice, in. (mm)
cracking moment, in.-lb (N-mm)
nominal flexural strength, in.-lb (N-mm) contribution ofFRP reinforcement 10 nominal flex• ural Strength, lb-in. (N-mm)
contribution of prestressmg reinforcement to nominal flexural strength, lb-in. (N-mm) contribution ofsteel reinforcement to nominal flex•
ural strength, lb-in. (N-mm)
fi =
fp: =

fp, =
maximum confining pressure due to FRPjacket, psi
(MPa)
stress Ill prestressed reinforcement at nominal strength, psi (MPa)
stress in presrressed reinforcement at service load, psi (MPa)
specified tensile strength of prestressing tendons,
le,, =

1,r =

K =
moment of inertia of cracked section transformed
to concrete, in.4 (mm")
moment of inertia ofuncracked section transformed to concrete, in.4 (mm")
ratio of depth of neutral axis to reinforcement depth measured from extreme compression fiber modification factor applied to K,. to account
for
M, =
M,.,,=
U, =N = II/ =
service moment at section, in.-lb (N-mm)
sen-ice moment at section beyond decompression, in.-lb (N-mm)
factored moment at a section, in.-lb (N-mm)
number of plies of FRP reinforcement
modular ratto of elasticity between FRP and concrete= EJE,

fz =
psi (MPa)
stress in nonprestressed steel reinforcement. psi
concrete strength
modification factor applied to K,. to account for
11: =
modular ratto of elasticity between steel and
concrete= E:!E,

f, = f, = f:., =

f, =

f-., =

!,, -
(MPa)
stress Ill the longirudinal reinforcement corre•
sponding to A:,-, psi (MPa)
stress in the i-th layer of longirudinal steel rein•
forcement, psi (MPa)
stress Ill nonprestressed steel reinforcement at service loads, psi (MPa)
stress Ill the longirudinal reinforcement corre•
sponding to A,,, psi (MPa)
stress Ill the longirudinal reinforcement corre•
sponding to A,," psi (MPa)
specified yield strength of nonprestressed steel

L. ;:::; Lp ;:::; L". & edb =

f,u =
wrapping scheme
stiffness per unit width per ply of the FRP rein•
forcement, lb/in. (N/mm); kj= E/1
active bond length of FRP laminate, in. (mm)
plastic hinge length, in. (mm)
length of the shear wall, in. (mm)
development length of near-surface-mounted FRP
bar, in. (mm)
length over which the FRP anchorage wraps are provided, in. (mm)
development length of FRP system. in. (mm)
length. measured along the member axis from the
P, •

P,, =

p.,. =

Pfi, =•
effective force in prestressing reinforcement (after
allowance for all presrress losses), lb (N)
nominal axial compressive strength of a concrete section, lb (N)
factored axial load, lb (N)
mean tensile strength per unit width per ply of FRP
reinforcement, lb/in. (N/mm)
'
 ultimate tensile strength per unit width per ply of
FRP reinforcement, lb/in. (N/mm);pfi,' =fj.,'ff
nominal strength of a member
nominal strength of a member subjected to elevated temperatures associated with a fire
reinforcement, psi (MPa)
face of the joint. over which special transverse rein•
forcement must be provided, in. (mm)
R = radius of gyration of a section, in. (mm)

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I",:

SDL=
Su=

T,r :;::;
 T_., =

\i'f =
=

radius ofedges ofa prismatic cross section confined with fRP, in. (mm)
dead load effects live load effects

tensile force in prestressing steel, lb (N)

tensile force in .4:,. lb (N)
tensile force in.{,,., lb (N)
nominal thickness ofone ply ofFRP reinforcement, in. (mm)
thickness of the existing concrete shear wall, in.
(mm)
nominal shear strength provided by concrete with steel flexural reinforcement, lb (N)
design shear force for load combinations including
earthquake effects, lb (N)
nominal shear strength provided by FRP stirrups, lb (N)
nominal shear strength, lb (N)
shear strength ofexisting member, lb (N)
nominal shear strength provided by steel stirrups, lb(N)
width of fRP reinforcing plies, in. (mm)
distance from centroidal axis of gross section.
neglecting reinforcement, to extreme bottom fiber,

aSJ angle of application

center-to-center of primary
spacing of fRPfRP reinforcement
strips, in. (mm) direction relative to longitudinal
longitudinal axis of of
coefficient member multiplier on/,
thermal :' to determine obtained stress-strain curve
in./
T1 = intensity of aninequiva•
tensile force fRP, lb lent
(N) rectangular stress distribution for concrete
expansion,
in./ 0
f (mm/mm/°C) strain in the fRP reinforcement,
T& :;:; glass-transition temperature, 0f (°C) transverse coefficient of thermal expansion, in./ £Jd = debonding strain of externally
TKM :;;; wet glass-transition temperature, "F (°C) in./0f (mm/mml°C) forcement, inlin. (mm/mm)

ratio of depth of equivalent rectangular stress block to depth of the neutral axis
strain in concrete substrate developed by a given
bending moment (tension is positive), in.fin. (mm/
mm)
strain in concrete substrate at time ofFRP installa•
tion (tension is positive), in.fin. (mm/mm)
strain in concrete, in.fin. (mm/mm)
compressive strain of unconfined concrete corre•
sponding to f,,', in.fin. (mm/mm); may be taken as
0.002
ultimate axial compressive strain of confined concrete corresponding to 0.85£� in a lightly
confined member (member confined to restore its concrete design compressive strength), or ultimate axial compressive strain
ofconfined concrete corre• sponding to failure in a heavily confined member strain in concrete at service, in.fin. (mm/mm) concrete
tensile strain at level of tensile force resul•
tant in post-tensioned flexural members, in.fin.
 £fa =

£fa =

£fa • =

ultimate axial strain of unconfined concrete corre• sponding to 0.85/,,.; or maximum usable strain of unconfined concrete, inlin.
(mm/mm), which can occur atf,: = 0.85f,:' or r., = 0.003, depending on the

effective strain in FRP reinforcement anained at failure, inlin. (mm/mm)

design rupture strain of FRP reinforcement, in.fin. (mm/mm)
mean rupture strain ofFRP reinforcement based on a population of 20 or more tensile tests per AST�f
D3039/D3039M, in.fin. (mm/mm)
ultimate rupture strain ofFRP reinforcement, in.fin. (mm/mm)
effective strain in prestressing steel after losses, in./
in. (mm/mm)
initial strain in prestressed steel reinforcement. in./
in. (mm/mm)
net strain m flexural prestressing steel at limit state after prestress force is discounted (excluding strains due to effective prestress force
after losses), in.fin. (mm/mm)
net strain in prestressing steel beyond decompres•
sion at service, in.fin. (mm/mm)

.I',
inJin. (mm/mm)
= vertical coordinate within compression region measured from neutral axis position. It corresponds to transition strain c,', in. (mm)
(mm/mm)
r.,,, =
strain 111 prestressed reinforcement at nominal
Strength, in.fin. (mm/mm)

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1). Kerjakan Soal seperti contoh 16.3 dengan perubahan parameter sebagai berikut:
2). Kerjakan Soal seperti
Skemacontoh 16.6 dengan perubahan parameter sebagai berikut:
Vc Balok 200 kN
Vs 80 kN Skema Balok
Vn = Vc+Vs
Length of beam (l) 280 kN 7.5 m
Skema
width of the beam (w) 300 mm
w FRP 300 mm
d 546 mm
h f
Sf 300 mm 609.6 mm
f'c t 0.17 mm 35 MPa
Kuat f ultimit
fy tarik 600 N/mm² 410 MPa
ØMn tanpa FRP 365 kN-m
Baja Ø = 28.6 mm
Skema FRP
Ketebalan per layer 1 mm
Kuat tarik ultimit 630 N/mm²