S.

No Title Author Journal Abstract Inference

1 Behavior of Beam- Valeria JOURNAL OF MATERIALS

This work is part of a wide study related to
Column Joints Made of Corinaldesi and IN CIVIL ENGINEERING ©
the structural behavior of concretes prepared
Sustainable Giacomo ASCE/ SEPTEMBER/ by substituting natural aggregates with
Concrete under Cyclic Moriconi OCTOBER 2006 recycled aggregates from building demolition.
Loading1 In this work, recycled aggregates coming
from an industrial crushing plant in which
rubble are suitably treated were employed in
substitution of ordinary aggregates. In order
to evaluate the real-scale behavior of
reinforced recycled-aggregate concrete,
several beam-column joints were
manufactured, then cured in open air at a
temperature of approximately 20°C in order
to simulate the real conditions of the building
site. Subsequently, they were submitted to
low-cycle loading, characterized
by a load history containing few cycles but
having a large range of bond reversal stresses
in order to simulate real structures subjected
to earthquake or high winds. In this way, the
ductility of joints, made of either ordinary or
recycled-aggregate reinforced concrete, could
be investigated and compared. The results
gave experimental evidence of the suitability
of recycled-aggregate concrete for structural
use, although some measures in the structural
design of the joint should be taken.
2. Analysis of FRP- Costas P. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES Analytical models are presented in this study
Strengthened RC Antonopoulos1 FOR CONSTRUCTION / for the analysis of reinforced concrete joints
Beam-Column Joints and Thanasis C. FEBRUARY 2002 / strengthened with composite
Triantafillou, materials in the form of externally bonded
M.ASCE2 reinforcement comprising unidirectional
strips or flexible fabrics. The models provide
equations
for stresses and strains at various stages of
the response ~before or after yielding of the
beam or column reinforcement! until the
ultimate
capacity is reached, defined by concrete
crushing or fiber-reinforced polymer ~FRP!
failure due to fracture or debonding.
Solutions to
these equations are obtained numerically.
The models provide useful information on the
shear capacity of FRP-strengthened joints in
terms of the quantity and configuration of the
externally bonded reinforcement and may be
used to design FRP patching for inadequately
detailed beam-column joints. A number of
case studies are examined in this article,
indicating that even low quantities of FRP
materials
may provide significant enhancement of the
shear capacity. The effectiveness of external
reinforcement increases considerably if
debonding
is suppressed and depends heavily on the
distribution of layers in the beam and column.
The latter depends on the relative quantities
of steel reinforcement crossing the joint panel
and the level of axial load in the column.
 Analytical shear strength predictions were in
good
agreement with test results found in the
literature, thus adding confidence to the
validity of the proposed models.
3. Seismic Response of Tarek H. 590 / JOURNAL OF : In this paper a procedure for analytical
Interior RC Beam- Almusallam1 and COMPOSITES FOR prediction of joint shear strength of interior
Column Yousef A. Al- CONSTRUCTION © ASCE / beam-column joints, strengthened with
Joints Upgraded with Salloum2 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer
FRP Sheets. Abstract 2007 _FRP_ sheets, has been presented. The
II: Analysis and procedure is based on the formulation
Parametric Study available in the
literature. To implement the available
formulation for shear capacity prediction a
computer program has been developed. Using
this
program shear capacity of the joint and joint
shear stress variation at various stages of
loading have been predicted and compared
with
experimental observations; presented in Part
I of this study. Predictions show good
agreement with experimental test results.
The
formulation is further extended to predict
diagonal tensile stresses in the joint. The
effectiveness of FRP quantity on joint shear
strength
and on various strains has been studied on
parametric basis. It is observed that even a
low quantity of FRP can enhance shear
capacity of
 the joint significantly and its effectiveness can
be further increased if debonding is
suppressed _e.g., through mechanical
anchorages_.
Effect of column axial load on shear strength
of the joint has also been studied. It is
observed that axial load increases the
confinement
of the joint core, which in turn increases the
shear capacity of the joint.
4. Seismic Rehabilitation Chris P. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES Abstract: An experimental research program
of Reinforced Pantelides, FOR CONSTRUCTION © is described regarding the use of externally
Concrete Frame M.ASCE1; ASCE / JULY/AUGUST 2008 applied carbon fiber-reinforced plastic
Interior Yasuteru / 435 _CFRP_
Beam-Column Joints Okahashi2; and L. jackets for seismic rehabilitation of
with FRP Composites D. Reaveley, reinforced concrete interior beam-column
M.ASCE3 joints, which were designed for gravity loads.
The joints had
steel reinforcement details that are known to
be inadequate by current seismic codes in
terms of joint shear capacity due to the
absence
of transverse steel hoops and bond capacity
of beam bottom steel reinforcing bars at the
joint. Lap splicing of beam bottom steel
reinforcement at the joint using externally
applied longitudinal CFRP composite
laminates is investigated. Improvement of
joint shear
capacity using diagonal CFRP composite
laminates is another strengthening scheme
employed. Concrete crack widths for the as-
 built
specimens and the extent of CFRP
delamination for the rehabilitated specimens
at various drift ratios are reported. The test
results indicate
that CFRP jackets are an effective
rehabilitation measure for improving the
seismic performance of existing beam-column
joints with
inadequate seismic details in terms of
increased joint shear strength and inelastic
rotation capacity. In addition, CFRP laminates
are
effective rehabilitation measures for
overcoming problems associated with beam
bottom steel bars that have inadequate
embedment into
the beam-column joints.
5. Seismic Behavior of Bing Li1 and Qian JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES Abstract: To prevent the casualties that can
Reinforced Concrete Kai2 FOR CONSTRUCTION © result from the collapse of earthquake-
Interior ASCE / MAY/JUNE 2011 / damaged structures, it is important that
Beam-Wide Column 327 structures be
Joints Repaired Using rehabilitated as soon as possible. This paper
FRP proposes a rapid rehabilitation scheme for
repairing moderately damaged reinforced
concrete
(RC) beam-wide column joints. Four
nonseismically detailed interior beam-wide
column joints were used as control
specimens. All four
subassemblages were subjected to similar
cyclic lateral displacement to provide the
 equivalent of severe earthquake damage. The
damaged
control specimens were then repaired by
filling their cracks with epoxy and externally
bonding them with carbon-fiber-reinforced
polymer
(CFRP) sheets and glass-fiber-reinforced
polymer (GFRP) sheets. These repaired
specimens were then retested and their
performance
compared with that of the control specimens.
This paper demonstrates that the repair of
damaged RC beam-wide column joints by
using
FRP can restore the performance of damaged
RC joints with relative ease, suggesting that
the repair of beam-column joints is a cost-
effective
alternative to complete demolition and
replacement
6. Seismic retrofit of RC Má rio Coelho1,a, The strengthening technique based on the
beam-column joints Pedro application of multi-directional
using the Fernandes1,b, laminates of CFRP (MDL-CFRP)
MF-EBR strengthening José Melo2,c, José simultaneously glued and anchored to the
technique Sena-Cruz1,d, surface
Humberto of the elements to be strengthened has been
Varum2,e, recently proposed. This technique was
Joaquim Barros1,f designated Mechanically Fastened and
and Aníbal Externally Bonded Reinforcement (MF-EBR)
Costa2,g and combines the fasteners from the MF-FRP
technique with the externally glued
properties from the EBR. With the aim of
 assessing the potentialities of this technique
for seismic retrofitting, three interior RC
beam-column joints were strengthened
according to the MF-EBR technique and
tested. This work presents the entire test
program executed, including test
configuration, results and corresponding
analysis.
7. Predicting shear H.F. Wonga, J.S. Computers and Structures A theoretical model is presented for analysing
strength of RC interior Kuang 133 (2014) 12–17 the shear behaviour and predicting the shear
beam–column joints strength
by modified of reinforced concrete (RC) interior beam–
rotating-angle column joints. The model presented is
softened-truss model referred to as the
modified rotating-angle softened-truss model
(MRA-STM), which is modified from the
rotating-angle
softened-truss model and the modified
compression field theory. In the proposed
methodology, the RC
interior joint is treated as an RC shear panel
that is subjected to vertical and horizontal
shear stresses
transferred from adjacent columns and
beams. Employing the deep beam analogy,
the characteristic
strut and truss actions typical in beam–
column joints are represented by the effective
transverse compression
stresses and the softened concrete truss in
the model. Sixteen RC interior beam–column
joints were subsequently analysed with the
 proposed model. Shear strengths of the RC
interior
beam–column joints predicted by the
proposed model show very good agreement
with the experimental
results.
8. Study of the seismic Angelo Masi a,1, Engineering Structures 52 The paper is focused on the analysis of some
behavior of external Giuseppe (2013) 207–219 test results obtained in the framework of a
RC beam–column Santarsiero a,⇑, wide experimental
joints Gian Piero program on RC beam–column joints carried
through experimental Lignola b,2, out at the Laboratory of Structures of the
tests and numerical Gerardo M. University of
simulations Verderame Basilicata in Potenza, Italy. Specifically, cyclic
tests on full-scale joint specimens having
different earthquake
resistant design levels were performed,
applying different values of axial force. Test
results relevant
to 4 specimens have been analyzed and
compared with the results of numerical
simulations
based on an accurate finite element modeling
using the DIANA code at the Structural
Engineering Dept.
of the University of Naples. Experimental
results show how the value of the axial load
acting on the column
can change the collapse mode, spreading
damage from the beam to the joint panel.
Moreover, a collapse
mode due to the failure of beam longitudinal
rebars, sometimes neglected in structural
 codes, has
been observed. Numerical simulations were
used to evaluate the stress distribution in the
joint panel as a
function of the axial load and to quantify the
beam rebar deformations. The reasons for the
specimens’
global failure and, specifically, for that of the
beam longitudinal rebars were identified and
highlighted
through a comparison with the experimental
results.
9. Experimental Bo Li a, Eddie Siu- Engineering Structures 56 In this study, a method for rehabilitating
investigation on shu Lam a,⇑, Bo (2013) 897–909 reinforced concrete interior beam–column
reinforced concrete Wub, Ya-yong joints using ferrocement
interior Wangc jackets with embedded diagonal
beam–column joints reinforcements is proposed. It improves
rehabilitated by seismic performance of
ferrocement jackets substandard beam–column joints and repairs
deteriorated concrete cover without
increasing the dimensions
of the joints. Ferrocement, comprising mortar
and wire mesh, was applied to replace
concrete cover
to enhance shear strength of the joints.
Diagonal reinforcements were installed to
reduce the forces transferred
to the joint core. Four 2/3 scale interior
beam–column joints, including one control
specimen and
three strengthened specimens, were
prepared and tested under quasi-static cyclic
 loading. Three types of
mortars were considered for each
strengthened specimen. Test results have
indicated that the proposed
rehabilitation method can improve seismic
performance of interior beam–column joints
using ferrocement
with high strength mortar. Strength of mortar
is the vital factor affecting the performance of
strengthened specimens. Anchor bolts
installed at the interface between
ferrocement and concrete substrate
improve bonding and overall performance.
Finally, a method for predicting the shear
strength of
joints rehabilitated by ferrocement jackets
with embedded diagonal reinforcements is
proposed.
10. Seismic response of Ali A. Abbas a,⇑, Engineering Structures 59 The present research work aims to
steel fibre reinforced Sharifah M. Syed (2014) 261–283 investigate numerically the behaviour of steel
concrete beam– Mohsin b, fibre reinforced
column joints Demetrios M. concrete beam–column joints under seismic
Cotsovos c action. Both exterior and interior joint types
were examined
and 3D nonlinear finite element analyses
were carried out using ABAQUS software. The
joints were
subjected to reversed-cyclic loading,
combined with a constant axial force on the
column representing
gravity loads. The joints were initially
calibrated using existing experimental data –
 to ascertain the validity
of the numerical model used – and then
parametric studies were carried out using
different steel fibre
ratios coupled with increased spacing of
shear links. The aim was to assess the effect
of introducing steel
fibres into the concrete mix in order to
compensate for a reduced amount of
conventional transverse steel
reinforcement and hence lessen congestion of
the latter. This is particularly useful for joints
designed to
withstand seismic loading as code
requirements (e.g. Eurocode 8) lead to a high
amount of shear links
provided to protect critical regions. The
spacing between shear links was increased by
0%, 50% and
100%, whilst the fibre volume fraction (Vf)
was increased by 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and
2.5%. Potential
enhancement to ductility, a key requirement
in seismic design, was investigated as well as
potential
improvements to energy absorption and
confinement. The work also examined key
structural issues such
as strength, storey drift, plastic hinges
formation and cracking patterns.
11. Experimental tests on J.G. Ruiz-Pinilla ⇑, Engineering Structures 59 This paper presents an experimental program
retrofitted RC beam- F.J. Pallarés, E. (2014) 702–714 designed to determine the behaviour of steel
 column joints Gimenez, P.A. jacketing
underdesigned Calderó n used as a seismic strengthening system for
to seismic loads. reinforced concrete frame structures. Tests
General approach were carried
out on a total of 20 full scale interior beam-
column joints. Geometry and reinforcements
were selected
according to existing buildings, designed
solely to gravity loads under strong beam-
weak column concept.
Column strengthening was performed in all
specimens, and four different types of
column-joint
connection strengthening have been tested.
Two types of beam reinforcement have been
included in
the experimental program. Tests were carried
out by subjecting specimens to gravity and
cyclic loads.
The paper shows general results and
conclusions, describing the failure modes of
the specimens. Results
show that the strengthening techniques and
the axial loads applied on columns can have
significant influence
on the seismic behaviour of the joints.
12. A case study on pre Ravi Kiran a,⇑, Case Studies in Structural The exterior beam-column (EBC) joints in the
1970s constructed Giovacchino Engineering 1 (2014) 20– second generation concrete structures (built
concrete exterior Genesio 25 prior to 1970s) were observed to
beam-column joints underperform during earthquakes mainly
due to the lack
of shear reinforcement and improper
 construction practices. In this paper, results
of a
detailed parametric study conducted using
3D finite element analysis are presented to
illustrate the performance of three types of
substandard EBC joints that are typical to
pre 1970s construction practices designed
according to: (1) ACI 318-1971, (2) old
Japanese
practice and (3) old Indian practice. In
addition, the influence of concrete strength,
beam
and column flexural reinforcements on the
load carrying capacity of substandard EBC
joints
are investigated. The substandard joints
analyzed in this study failed in a brittle
fashion
due to the shear failure of joint core concrete
and anchorage slippage.
13. Cyclic performance of M. Kazem Construction and Building This paper investigates the cyclic
retrofitted reinforced Sharbatdar a,⇑, A. Materials 36 (2012) 287– experimental behavior of damaged exterior
concrete beam– Kheyroddin a, E. 294 reinforced concrete beam–
column joints Emami b column joint specimens retrofitted with the
using steel prop proposed technique using steel elements
called steel prop
and curb. The technique is usable for local
and global strengthening of reinforced
concrete frames. Four
half-scale RC joints were tested under the
cyclic loading; two control specimens with
the different beam
 heights were loaded up to their ultimate
strength and this was followed by retrofitting
of these damaged
specimens as new specimens and tested again
under the same loading system. Experimental
results
showed that the 25% reduction of beam
height due to construction mistake caused
increasing in deflection
of joint beam, decreasing of ductility and also
33% and 26% decreasing in bearing capacity
and energy
absorption, respectively. The ultimate load
was increased up to 80% and the rigidity
decreased degradation
of retrofitted damaged joints was significantly
in the proposed retrofitting system. And also
the
energy absorption was enhanced and the
cracks were minimized due to a new lateral
loading in the
beam–column joint region in this upgrading
method.
14 Experimental studies Varinder Singh Construction and Building Beam-column joints in reinforced concrete
on strength and a,⇑, Prem Pal Materials 55 (2014) 194– (RC) framed structures are recognized as
ductility of CFRP Bansal b, Maneek 201 most vulnerable
jacketed Kumar b, S.K. structural element subjected to lateral loads.
reinforced concrete Kaushik c The use of various jacketing techniques for
beam-column joints strengthening
or retrofitting the existing structural
components is very frequent. In the present
work, the effect on
 the strength of beam-column joints initially
stressed to three different stress levels,
retrofitted with CFRP
jackets has been presented. A total of 9 RC
beam-column joints were tested under static
loading conditions.
CFRP strengthening has been carried out for
beam-column joints already stressed to three
different
stress levels. The jackets have been provided
in L-shape and at 45_ orientation to the joint
in two layers.
The results show improvement in the
ultimate load carrying capacity (7–12%) of
the retrofitted beams,
when compared to the control beams along
with an increase of 15% in yield load for each
of such exterior
beam- column joints. Stiffness up to the first
crack load was 17.36% and 26.94% more for
stress level-2
and stress level-3 as compared to stress level-
1.
15 Strengthening of Mohamed H. Journal of Advanced This paper presents an experimental study
defected beam– Mahmoud, Research (2014) 5, 67–77 for the structural performance of reinforced
column joints using Hamdy M. Afefy *, concrete
CFRP Nesreen M. (RC) exterior beam–column joints
Kassem, rehabilitated using carbon-fiber-reinforced
Tarek M. Fawzy polymer (CFRP).
The present experimental program consists
of testing 10 half-scale specimens divided
into three
groups covering three possible defects in
addition to an adequately detailed control
specimen.
The considered defects include the absence of
the transverse reinforcement within the joint
core,
insufficient bond length for the beam main
reinforcement and inadequate spliced
implanted column
on the joint. Three different strengthening
schemes were used to rehabilitate the
defected
beam–column joints including externally
bonded CFRP strips and sheets in addition to
near
surface mounted (NSM) CFRP strips. The
failure criteria including ultimate capacity,
mode
of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and the
developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing
steel
and CFRP were considered and compared for
each group for the control and the
CFRPstrengthened
specimens. The test results showed that the
proposed CFRP strengthening configurations
represented the best choice for strengthening
the first two defects from the viewpoint of
the studied failure criteria. On the other hand,
the results of the third group showed that
strengthening the joint using NSM strip
technique enabled the specimen to
 outperform the
structural performance of the control
specimen while strengthening the joints using
externally
bonded CFRP strips and sheets failed to
restore the strengthened joints capacity.
16 Studies on Behaviour G. Maariappan & Global Journal of Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings designed
of Rcc Beam-Column R. Researches in Engineering for IS 456-2000 have been found to be weak
Joint Retrofitted Singaravadivelan Civil And Structural in
with Basalt Fiber Engineering adequate seismic design provisions, capacity
Reinforced Polymer Volume 13 Issue 5 Version design considerations and detailing for
Sheet 1.0 Year 2013 ductile behaviour.
Experimental tests RC frames have shown
that the excessive damage or failure of beam-
column joints, in
particular exterior (or corner) joints which
can lead to the global collapse of a building.
The poor joint
behaviour of older construction can be
attributed to the inadequate shear
reinforcement in joint region
and the deficient anchorage details into the
joint region. Recent evaluation of Civil
Engineering structures
has demonstrated that most of them will need
major repairs in the near future. Up gradation
to higher
seismic zones of several cities and towns in
the country has also necessitated in evolving
new retrofitting
strategies.
One of the techniques of strengthening the RC
 structural members is through confinement
with a
composite enclosure. This external
confinement of concrete by high strength
fibre reinforced polymer
(FRP) composites can significantly enhance
the strength and ductility as well as result in
large energy
absorption capacity of structural
members .FRP materials such as basalt, glass
and hybrid fibre, available
today in the form of sheets, are being used to
strengthen a variety of RC elements to
enhance the flexural,
shear and axial load bearing capacity of
elements.
17 MATERIALS AND Shri. Pravin B. International Journal of Seismic protection of buildings is a need-
JACKETING Waghmare Advanced Engineering based concept aimed to improve the
TECHNIQUE FOR Research and Studies E- performance of any structure under future
RETROFITTING OF ISSN2249 – 8974 earthquakes. Earthquakes of varying
STRUCTURES magnitude have occurred in the recent past in
India, causing extensive damage to life
and property. Some recently developed
materials and techniques can play vital role in
structural repairs, seismic
strengthening and retrofitting of existing
buildings, whether damaged or undamaged.
The primary concern of a structural
engineer is to successfully restore the
structures as quickly as possible. Selection of
right materials, techniques and
procedures to be employed for the repair of a
 given structures have been a major
challenges. Innovative techniques of the
structural repairs have many advantages over
the conventional techniques. Some guidelines
regarding selection of materials
for repair work such as steel, fiber reinforced
polymer, has been discussed in the present
paper. The selection of materials
and techniques to be used depend on many
aspects that may be viewed from different
prospectives i. e. requirement and
availability of financial resources,
applicability and suitability of materials for
the repair of damaged structures. Use of
standard and innovative repair materials,
appropriate technology, workmanship, and
quality control during implementation
are the key factors for successful repair,
strengthening and restoration of damaged
structures.

18 FINITE ELEMENT Dr.G.Prince International Journal of Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that
MODELING OF Arulraj Civil Engineering and most of the reinforced concrete
REINFORCED Technology (IJCIET), ISSN structures were severely damaged during
CONCRETE 0976 – 6308(Print), earthquakes and they need major repair
BEAM COLUMN ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) works.
JOINTS RETROFITTED Volume 2, Number 1, Beam column joints, being the lateral and
WITH GFRP January - April (2011), © vertical load resisting members in reinforced
WRAPPING IAEME concrete structures are particularly
vulnerable to failures during earthquakes.
The existing
reinforced concrete beam-column joints
which are not designed as per code IS
13920:1993 must be strengthened since they
do not meet the ductility requirements. The
finite element method (FEM) has become a
staple for predicting and simulating the
physical behavior of complex engineering
systems. The commercial finite element
analysis (FEA) programs have gained
common acceptance among engineers in
industry
and researchers. The details of the finite
element analysis of beam column joints
retrofitted with glass fiber reinforced
polymer sheets (GFRP) carried out using the
package ANSYS are presented in this paper.
Three exterior reinforced concrete beam
column joint specimens were modeled using
ANSYS package. The first specimen is the
control specimen. This had reinforcement as
per code IS 456:2000. The second specimen
which is also the control specimen. This had
reinforcement as per code IS 13920:1993.
The third specimen had reinforcement as per
code IS 456:2000 and was retrofitted with
glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets.
During the analysis both the ends of
column were hinged. Static load was applied
at the free end of the cantilever beam up to a
controlled load. The performance of the
retrofitted beam-column joint was compared
with the control specimens and the results
are presented in this paper.
19 STRENGTH Kolli.Ramujee International Journal of The interest in the use of fibers for the
PROPERTIES OF Innovative Research in reinforcement of composites has increased
POLYPROPYLENE Science, during the last several years. A
FIBER REINFORCED Engineering and combination of high strength, stiffness and
CONCRETE Technology thermal resistance favorably characterizes
(ISO 3297: 2007 Certified the fiibers. In this study, the results of
Organization) the Strength properties of Polypropylene
Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2013 fiber reinforced concrete have been
ISSN: 2319-8753 presented. The compressive strength,
splitting
tensile strength of concrete samples made
with different fibers amounts varies from
0%,0.5%,1% 1.5% and 2.0% were
studied. The samples with added
Polypropylene fibers of 1.5 % showed better
results in comparison with the other

20 SEISMIC Kannan P., International Journal of In a RC framed structure, beam-column joints

STRENGTHENING OF Sivakumar S., Dr. Innovative Research in are highly vulnerable to failure when
EXTERIOR Bindhu K.R. Science, Engineering and subjected to seismic
RC BEAM-COLUMN Technology loads. RC framed structures constructed in
JOINTS BYADVANCED An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified accordance to pre-seismic codes will have
FERROCEMENT Organization, Volume 2, deficiencies at the
JACKETING Special Issue 1, December beam-column region, resulting in poor
2013 performance of the same when subjected to
large lateral loads. In
this study, six scaled down models of the
beam-column joint of a non-seismically
designed structure was
prepared. Retrofit in the form of ferrocement
jackets were applied on the con-trol
specimen. Two types of
 ferrocement jacketing schemes were used,
first one is the conventional square jacketing
and the second is
the advanced jacketing scheme in which the
beam and column corners were rounded
prior to the
application of jackets. All the specimens were
subjected to quasi static reverse cyclic
loading. The
experimental re-sults showed that there is an
improvement in ultimate load carrying
capacity, ultimate
deflection, energy dissipation capacity and
ductility for jacketed specimens compared to
that of control
specimens. The advanced ferrocement jack-
eting technique was found to have slightly
better performance
compared to the conventional square
jacketing.
21 Shear Strength Study Tara Sen 1* Civil and Environmental Many of the existing reinforced concrete
of RC Beams H.N.Jagannatha Research www.iiste.org structures throughout the world are in urgent
Retrofitted Using Vinyl Reddy 2 ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) need of rehabilitation,
Ester Bonded GFRP Shubhalakshmi ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) repair or reconstruction because of
and Epoxy Bonded B.S.3 Vol 2, No.2, 2012 deterioration due to various factors like
GFRP corrosion, lack of detailing,
failure of bonding between beam-column
joints, increase in service loads, etc., leading
to cracking, spalling,
loss of strength, deflection, etc. The recent
developments in the application of the
advanced composites in
the construction industry for concrete
rehabilitation and strengthening are
increasing on the basis of specific
requirements, national needs and industry
participation. The need for efficient
rehabilitation and
strengthening techniques of existing concrete
structures has resulted in research and
development of
composite strengthening systems. Fiber
Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite has
been accepted in the
construction industry as a promising
substitute for repairing and in incrementing
the strength of RCC
structures. FRP composites possess some
outstanding properties such as: resistance to
corrosion, good
fatigue and damping resistance, high strength
to weight ratio, and electromagnetic
transparency. FRPs over
the years have gained respect in terms of its
superior performance and versatility and
now are being used
not only in housing industry but its potentials
are being continuously explored for its use in
retro-fitting and
strengthening of damaged structural
members. This paper focuses exclusively on
shear behaviour of RCC
beams and the Vinyl-Ester bonded GFRP and
Epoxy bonded GFRP wrapped retrofitted RCC
 beams. Beams
were retrofitted with 1.2 mm Epoxy bonded
GFRP sheets and 0.9 mm Vinyl-Ester bonded
GFRP sheets
using epoxy resins. In all a total of 10 beams
were tested and the respective readings were
recorded. The
beams were full-wrapped and strip-wrapped
and tested for shear behavior analysis.
Cracking and deflection
of GFRP reinforced concrete beams are
analyzed experimentally. It was concluded
that the wrapping of
GFRP sheets increases the ultimate load
carrying capacity of RCC beams. Also a cost
analysis was done in
order to get a cost effective solution for the
issue of retrofitting, which is a rising concern
in the recent
times
22 TESTS OF Fumio 13th World Conference on Eccentric beam-column joints are used in
REINFORCED KUSUHARA1, Earthquake Engineering construction for a reinforced concrete
CONCRETE INTERIOR Keiko Vancouver, B.C., Canada exterior moment resisting
BEAM-COLUMN AZUKAWA2, August 1-6, 2004 frame in buildings. But the effect of the
JOINT Hitoshi Paper No. 185 eccentricity on the behavior of joint is not
SUBASSEMBLAGE SHIOHARA3 and well known, due to lack
WITH ECCENTRIC Shunsuke of test results. So three specimens of one
BEAMS OTANI4 third scale reinforced concrete interior beam-
column
subassembladges were constructed and
loaded to failure by statically cyclic load
simulating earthquake, to
 obtain fundamental data including three
dimensional deformation of beam-column
joint. The test results
indicated that the eccentricity in the joints led
to lower capacity in story shear and severe
damage of
concrete on the side to which the center line
of beam shifted to. Increasing in the joint
shear reinforcement
on the side of beam shifted to was not
effective to mitigate the concentration of
concrete damage at large
displacement reversals, whereas it was
effective to reduce the crack width at the
small story drift loading
stages. In the case of eccentric joint, large
deflection to out-of-plane direction occurred
and it seemed to
have accelerated the concrete damage on the
side of the joint the beams shifted to
23 BEHAVIOUR AND A. Masi The 14 The 2005-2008 DPC-Reluis Project, funded by
STRENGTHENING OF 1 th the Italian Department of Civil Protection
RC BEAM-COLUMN , G. Santarsiero World Conference on (DPC), is made up of
JOINTS: 1 Earthquake Engineering ten Research Lines (RL). RL 2 specifically
EXPERIMENTAL , C. Moroni October 12-17, 2008, focuses on the seismic performance of
PROGRAM AND FIRST 1 Beijing, China existing RC buildings and is,
RESULTS OF THE , D. Nigro in turn, organised in nine different Tasks. In
RESEARCH 1 the paper, the design of the research activities
ACTIVITY IN THE , M. Dolce being carried out
FRAMEWORK OF DPC- 2 within the Task 7 by the four involved
RELUIS PROJECT , G. Russo Research Units (RU UNIBAS, RU UNIUD, RU
3 UNISA, and RU
 , M. Pauletta UNINA) and some first results are reported.
3 Main objective of Task 7 is to investigate on
, the experimental
R. Realfonzo behaviour of beam-column joints without or
4 with strengthening, thus providing a
, C. Faella contribution to a more reliable
4 evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of
, G.P. Lignola Reinforced Concrete existing buildings. To
5 this purpose the main
, G. Manfredi activities carried out have been devoted to
5 design and set up of wide experimental
, A. Prota programs on beam-column
5 joints relevant to typical existing RC buildings
, G.M. Verderame having different Earthquake Resistant Design
5 (ERD) level, to
make a literature review of the state of the art
on the subject, to perform numerical
simulations based on some
analytical models available in literature in
order to fully understand the mechanical
behaviour. Further, some
results of the tests already carried out are
reported, analysed and compared in order to
understand the failure
mechanism and evaluate the seismic
performance of joints with and without ERD.

24 The Rehabilitation of M. Gencoglu1 and The 14 The beam-column joints that are deficiently
the Deficient RC B. Mobasher2 th detailed and are not built in accordance with
Exterior Beam- World Conference on seismic
Column Joints Earthquake Engineering codes present a serious hazard from view
Using Cement Based October 12-17, 2008, point of the overall ductility of a structure
Composites Beijing, China subjected to
severe earthquake shocks. In order to prevent
hazards associated with such deficiencies,
many
existing buildings have to be rehabilitated
against severe earthquakes. Four half-scaled
exterior
beam-column joint specimens were prepared
with only one of them conforming to the
guidelines of
ACI 318-02. The other three specimens were
insufficient from view point of joint hoops
and main
reinforcements of beam and column. The two
reinforced concrete (RC) exterior beam-
column joints
with these deficiencies were rehabilitated
using cement based composites with alkali
resistant (AR)
Glass fabric and Saint Gobain Technical Fabric
(SGTF) to improve an alternative and
economical
rehabilitation method. These rehabilitated RC
joints were experimentally studied under the
cyclic
loads that simulate seismic excitation. In
order to strengthen the deficient external
beam-column
joints, AR Glass and SGTF fabrics were laid
 out on the tension face of column and beam
and then
both column and beam were wrapped.
Experimental results were compared against
the sample
designed in accordance to the ACI guidelines.
The use of AR Glass and SGTF fabrics
mounted by
cement paste on the exterior surface of
concrete was fairly effective on the ductility,
absorbed total,
dissipated and recovered energy in addition
to ultimate displacement and load carrying
capacity
25 IOSR Journal of Mechanical
Strengthening of Syed and Civil Engineering (IOSR- The behavior of reinforced concrete moment
reinforced concrete Sohailuddin. S. S JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p- resisting frame structures in recent
beam column joint 1, Rashmi. G. ISSN: 2320-334X PP 71-75 earthquakes all over the world has highlighted
under seismic loading Bade 2, Ashfaque the consequences of poor performance of beam
using ANSYS A. Ansari 3 column joints. Beam column joints in a
reinforced concrete moment resisting frame
are crucial zones for transfer of loads
effectively between the connecting elements in
the structure. The reversal of forces in beam-
column joints during earthquakes may cause
distress and often failure, when not designed
and detailed properly. In the present study,
finite element modeling of four types of
exterior beam-column joint specimens is done
by using ANSYS10.0.The first specimen
confirms to the guide lines of IS 13920: 1993
for seismic resistant design. Second one is
 detailed with additional diagonal cross
bracing bars at joints and beam
reinforcements. Third with cross bars in beam
region of 6mm instead of cross bars in joint.
Fourth specimen with cross bars of 8mm
instead of 6mm in beam region. The specimens
are subjected to similar reverse cyclic loading
to simulate earthquake loading in structures.
The specimen with cross bars of 8mm in beam
region shows better performance under
reverse cyclic loading.
26 Strengthening of non- I S MISIR∗ and S Sa¯dhana¯ Vol. 38, Part 1, This article aims to propose a novel seismic
seismically detailed KAHRAMAN February 2013, pp. 69– strengthening technique for
reinforced 88._c Indian Academy of non-seismically detailed beam–column joints
concrete beam– Sciences of existing reinforced concrete buildings,
column joints using typical of the pre-1975 construction practice
SIFCON blocks in Turkey. The technique is based
on mounting pre-fabricated SIFCON
composite corner and plate blocks on joints
with
anchorage rods. For the experimental part
three 2/3 scale exterior beam–column joint
specimens were tested under quasi-static
cyclic loading. One of them was a control
specimen with non-seismic details, and the
remaining two with the same design
properties were strengthened with composite
blocks with different thickness and
anchorage details. Results showed that the
control specimen showed brittle shear failure
at low drift levels, whereas in the
strengthened specimens, plastic hinge
 formation
moved away from column face allowing
specimens to fail in flexure. The proposed
technique greatly improved lateral strength,
stiffness, energy dissipation, and ductility.
27 Seismic Load Tests on Shigeru Hakuto, ACI Structural Simulated seismic load tests on reinforced
Interior and Exterior Robert Park, and Journal/January-February concrete one-way interior
Beam-Column Hitoshi Tanaka 2000 and exterior beam-column joints with
Joints with substandard reinforcing
Substandard details typical of buildings constructed before
Reinforcing Details the 1970s are
described. The interior beam-column joint
cores lacked transverse
reinforcement and the longitudinal bars
passing through the joint
core were poorly anchored. Some of the beam-
column joint units
were also tested after retrofitting by jacketing
with new reinforced
concrete. The limited ductility available from
interior beam-column
joints with the substandard details, the
improved ductility available
from the retrofitted joints, and a means of
seismic assessment of interior
beam-column joints without transverse
reinforcement are
discussed. The exterior beam-column joint
units contained very
little transverse reinforcement in the members
and in the joint core.
In one beam-column joint unit the beam bar
 hooks were not bent
into the joint core. That is, the hooks at the
ends of the top bars
were bent up and the hooks at the ends of the
bottom bars were
bent down. This anchorage detail was common
in many older
buildings constructed before the 1970s. In the
other beam-column
joint unit the hooks at the ends of the bars
were bent into the joint
core as in current practice. The improvement
in performance of the
joint with beam bars anchored according to
current practice is
demonstrated.
28 SEISMIC K.Ravichandran, International Journal of Evidences from previous earthquakes have
RETROFITTING OF C. Antony Engineering & Applied shown that failure in beam column joints may
EXTERIOR BEAM Jeyasehar Sciences (IJEAS) cause disastrous collapse
COLUMN JOINT USING Vol.4, Issue 2(2012)35-58 of structures, especially for building without
FERROCEMENT seismic provisions. To extend the life span of
beam column joints,
strengthening is required and this can be
effectively achieved using ferrocement.
Ferrocement is a composite
material of weld mesh and woven mesh
embedded in mortar with various volume
fractions. It is bonded to the beam
column joint for strengthening. In this study,
eight full scale reinforced concrete exterior
beam column joints, two
control specimen and six specimens
 strengthened by the proposed method, were
constructed and tested under cyclic
loading. The displacement is increased
monotonically using a hydraulic push and pull
jack. The hysteretic curves of
the specimen have been plotted. The energy
dissipation capacity of retrofitted beam
column joints with various
ferrocement configurations has been
compared. In addition, comparisons were
made between experimental and
analytical results of control specimen and
ferrocement retrofitted specimen. The
experimental result indicates that
the proposed strengthening method is effective
to enhance the ultimate loading capacity,
stiffness and energy
dissipation

29 Seismic behavior of Y.A. Al-Salloum, Concrete Repair, Shear failure of exterior beam-column joints
FRP-upgraded S.H. Alsayed, T.H. Rehabilitation and is identified as the principal cause of collapse
exterior RC beam- Almusallam & Retrofitting II – Alexander of many moment-resisting frame buildings
column joints N.A. Siddiqui et al (eds) during recent earthquakes. Effective and
© 2009 Taylor & Francis economical strengthening
Group, London, ISBN 978-0- techniques to upgrade joint shear-resistance
415-46850-3 and ductility in existing structures are
needed. In this paper,
efficiency and effectiveness of Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) in upgrading the
shear strength and
ductility of seismically deficient exterior
beam-column joints have been studied. For
this purpose, two reinforced
concrete exterior beam-column sub-
assemblages were constructed with non-
optimal design parameters
(inadequate joint shear strength with no
transverse reinforcement) representing pre-
seismic code design construction
practice of joints and encompassing the vast
majority of existing beam-column
connections. Out of
these two, one specimen was used as baseline
specimen (control specimen) and the other
one was strengthened
with CFRP sheets (strengthened specimen).
These two sub-assemblages were subjected
to cyclic lateral load
histories so as to provide the equivalent of
severe earthquake damage. The damaged
control specimen was then
repaired using CFRP sheets. This repaired
specimen was subjected to the similar cyclic
lateral load history and
its response history was obtained. Response
histories of control, repaired and
strengthened specimens were
then compared. The results were compared
through hysteretic loops, load-displacement
envelopes, ductility
and stiffness degradation. The comparison
shows that CFRP sheets improve the shear
resistance of the joint and
increase its ductility.
30 CYCLIC BEHAVIOUR C. Antony ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL An investigation on the performance of
OF BEAM COLUMN Jeyasehar and K. ENGINEERING (BHRC) reinforced concrete beam column joints
JOINT Ravichandran VOL. 14, NO. 2 (2013) under cyclic
RETROFITTED WITH PAGES 269-288 loading is reported. Joints have been cast with
SIMCON LAMINATES adequate and deficient shear capacity and
bond
of reinforcements at the beam column joint.
Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites
(HPFRCCs) like Slurry Infiltrated Mat
CONcrete (SIMCON) have been applied on the
joints
in different volume fraction and aspect ratios.
The column subjected to an axial force while
the
beams are subjected to cyclic load with
controlled displacement. The displacement is
increased
monotonically using a hydraulic push and
pull jack. The hysteretic curves of the
specimen
have been plotted. The energy dissipation
capacity of retrofitted beam column joints
with
various SIMCON configurations has been
compared. In addition, comparisons were
made
between experimental and analytical results
of control specimen and SIMCON retrofitted
specimen. The results show that the
strengthened beam column joint exhibit
increased strength,
 stiffness, energy dissipation and composite
action until failure.
31 EVALUATION OF K. ASIANJOURNALOFCIVIL This paper presents an experimental
PERFORMANCE OF Balasubramanian ENGINEERING investigation on the behaviour of retrofitted
RETROFITTED a, N. (BUILDINGANDHOUSING) beam-column
REINFORCED Lakshmananb, C. VOL. 13, NO. 6 (2012) joints subjected to cyclic loading. The beam-
CONCRETE BEAM Antony PAGES 783-803 column joints were designed for gravity
COLUMN JOINTS– Jeyaseharc, loading. The
A SIMPLIFIED MODEL G. Ramesha and same joints were retrofitted for seismic
B.H. loading with four different retrofitting
Bharatkumar*, strategies essentially
to achieve equal strength of the segment
under sagging and hogging bending moments.
The results
obtained from the experimental investigation
gives better understanding of the
strengthening and
repair methodology of FRP strips, FRP sheets,
MS flats and embedded additional
reinforcement in
RC beam–column joints under cyclic loading.
A simple analyticalmodel proposed by Ibarra
et al. is
shown to be an excellent tool for performance
evaluation of the retrofitted beam column
joints. The
progressive damage in the retrofitted
elements can also be well predicted.
32 SEISMIC BEHAVIOR Y.A. Al-Salloum1, ECCM15 - 15TH EUROPEAN Textile reinforced Mortar (TRM) was
OF TRM AND GFRP N.A. Siddiqui1, CONFERENCE ON experimentally investigated in this study as a
UPGRADED RC A.A. Abadel1*, COMPOSITE MATERIALS, new
EXTERIOR BEAM- S.H. Alsayed1, Venice, Italy, 24-28 June material for strengthening and seismic
COLUMN JOINTS T.H. Almusallam1 2012 retrofitting of RC beam-column joints. The
results of
TRM-upgraded joints were then compared
with that of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(GFRP)-strengthened joint specimens. Three
as-built joint specimens were constructed with
non-optimal design parameters (inadequate
joint shear strength with no transverse
reinforcement) representing extreme case of
pre-seismic code design construction practice
of
joints and encompassing the vast majority of
existing beam-column connections. Out of
these
three as-built specimens, one specimen was
used as baseline specimen (control specimen)
and
the other two were strengthened with TRM
and GFRP sheets respectively. All these three
subassemblages
were subjected to quasi-static cyclic lateral
load histories so as to provide the
equivalent of severe earthquake damage.
Response histories of control and strengthened
specimens were then compared. The test
results demonstrated that TRM can effectively
improve both the shear strength and
deformation capacity of seismically deficient
beamcolumn
joints to an extent which is comparable to the
strength and ductility achieved by
 wellestablished
GFRP-strengthening of joints.
33 Feasibility Study of Chrysl Assumpta ADVANCED MASTERS IN The Textile Reinforced Mortar system that
Textile Reinforced Aranha STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS has been developed recently is based on
Shotcrete for OF MONUMENTS AND introducing a
Strengthening HISTORICAL textile fabric which could be a carbon fibre,
Unreinforced CONSTRUCTIONS glass fibre, vegetal fibre,etc. embedded in a
Masonry Structures superficial
layer of modified mortar. The technique of
manual application of textile reinforcement
embedded in a
cementitious mortar has been explored and
its efficiency in strengthening masonry and
concrete
members in flexure, compression and shear
has been established. However, this process is
timeconsuming
and labour-intensive. This becomes an issue
especially when huge walls and large
sections of a building have to be
strengthened. Hence, the study of how to
industrialize its application
is the next logical step in the developing path
of this system. With this in mind, the
feasibility of
pumping a micro-concrete and projecting it
onto vertical surfaces of unreinforced
masonry (URM) was
analyzed. This kind of technology, which is a
mix between TRM and shotcrete can be
termed as
Textile Reinforced Shotcrete (TRSc). It has
been successfully employed in the
strengthening of
reinforced concrete buildings. If successful in
unreinforced masonry, it could result in cost
reduction of
the TRM system. This in turn could open the
market of strengthening larger structures in a
competitive
timing.
For this thesis, the foreseen tasks to achieve
the main objectives are: bibliographic
research to
describe the state of the art, defining the
necessary machinery and procedures to
project the microconcrete
in a suitable thickness, carrying out
experimental tests of application and
destructive tests to
validate the effectiveness of the TRSc
strengthening.
In the present study, the structural behaviour
of unreinforced masonry walls strengthened
with textile
reinforcement placed in projected mortar is
studied. The technique used to install the
grids in airsprayed
mortar was novel and the savings in time and
quantity of mortar was evident. Ten
specimens
were fabricated , out of which, most were
tested by applying the mortar in a sprayed
form and some of
 them were strengthened by hand application
of mortar. The specimens are subjected to
three-point
bending tests to characterize their
mechanical behaviour. The overall increase in
the strength of the
TRSc reinforced specimens was compared
with the ones reinforced with TRM. The
studied
parameters also included the mesh size and
type of the textile reinforcement, the number
of sides
reinforced and the number of layers of
reinforcement. A study was also made on the
orientation and
properties of the textile grids and their effect
on the system. From the results obtained in
the study, it is
concluded that when used with
reinforcement that has an optimum mesh
size, TRSc strengthening for
unreinforced masonry structures is
economical and can strengthen unreinforced
masonry structures to
a higher degree than when TRM is used.
34 ECCM15 - 15TH EUROPEAN
TEXTILE A. H. Al-Saidy , CONFERENCE
1*
ON The study included testing of six reinforced
REINFORCED K. S. Al-Jabri1, A. COMPOSITE MATERIALS, concrete beams (150 x 100 x 2700 mm): one
MORTAR FOR S. Al-Harthi1, S. M. Venice, Italy, 24-28 June control beam (without strengthening); one
STRENGTHENING Al-Zadjali 2012 beam strengthened with one layer of textile
REINFORCED bonded with epoxy to the tension side of the
CONCRETE BEAMS beam; while the remaining beams were
 strengthened with one layer, two layers and
three layers of textile bonded with mortar.
Additional U- shaped strips were used on some
of the beams as anchorage to enhance the
bond of the textile layers to the concrete
surface. The test results indicated that epoxy
bonded textile performed better in terms of
strength enhancement as the bond was perfect
compared to mortar bonded textile where the
bond was the main cause of failure. However,
the ductility or deformability was slightly
better in beams strengthened with mortar
bonded textiles. The test results also showed
that as the number of layers increases, there is
no significant increase in strength due to bond
failure. When the U- shaped strips were used
along with increasing number of textile fiber
layers, the gain in flexure strength and gain in
ductility was observed. From the results
obtained in this study it is believed that TRMs
is a potential solution for the structural
upgrading of concrete structures provided the
bond between the textile layer and the
concrete surface is maintained
35 Hybrid FRP Sheet – PP Theodoros C. Fiber Reinforced Polymers The research presents a novel hybrid
Fiber Rope Rousakis - The Technology Applied confining technique that involves FRP
Strengthening of for Concrete Repair jacketing and
Concrete Members fiber ropes mechanically anchored through
steel collars. Fiber rope confinement is a
“directly
applied and operating” strengthening
technique. The additional polypropylene fiber
rope
confinement may enhance the axial stress and
strain of concrete prior to FRP fracture. It also
restricts the lateral strain of concrete. After
the fracture of the FRP, the PPFR restricts the
abrupt load drop and stabilizes the concrete
softening response up to load regaining and
rehardening.
PPFR withstands the abrupt energy release
and the multiple fractures of the FRP
jacket throughout the loading. No new load
drop or PPFR fracture or local PP fiber
damage
occurs up to axial strains equal to 5.5%. That
hybrid technique can enhance remarkably the
performance of lightly FRP confined columns
that are expected to present abrupt failures
during an event of overloading due to seismic
excitations.
The redistribution of stress and strain of the
rope is feasible because, as mentioned above,
the polypropylene fiber rope (PPFR) is not
used with resin. The PPFR is applied after the
full curing of the common FRP sheets
impregnated by resins. Thus the PPFR is bond
free
when wrapped around the FRP jacket.
In hybrid confining schemes the PPFR is not
in conduct with concrete. Thus the concrete is
protected by the FRP sheet. The PPFR (if fully
wrapped) is expected to provide some
protection
 for the FRP sheet. However no investigations
exist on this mater so far. The polypropylene
is already used widely as mass fiber
reinforcement inside concrete. Thus, even if
in direct
conduct with concrete, the PPFR exhibits no
alkalinity related degradation. On the other
hand
exposure to UV light or high temperatures
should degrade the PPFR. Thus a UV light
protecting
and fire-resistant finishing mortar is required
as in common FRPs applications.
36 USE OF FRP FABRIC Dr. D. D’Ayala, A. Devastating earthquakes in the last 3 years
FOR Penford, S. have shown that non-engineered concrete
STRENGTHENING OF Valentini frames are
REINFORCED particularly vulnerable to seismic action and
CONCRETE BEAM- are a major cause of loss of lives. This
COLUMN JOINTS structural type
constitutes a large share of the building stock,
both in developed and developing countries,
and hence
represents a substantial exposure. Direct
observation of damaged structures, following
the Kocaely,
Turkey 1999 earthquake, has shown that
damage occurs usually at the beam-column
joints, with failure in
bending or shear, depending on geometry and
reinforcement distribution and type.
While substantial literature exist for the
design of concrete frame joints to withstand
 this type of
failure, after the earthquake many structures
were classified as slightly damaged and, being
uneconomic
to replace them, at least in the short term,
suitable means of repairs of the beam column
joint area are
being studied. Furthermore there exist a large
number of buildings that need retrofitting of
the joints
before the next earthquake.
The paper reports the results of cyclic tests
carried out on cruciform beam-column joint
specimens, with two different configurations
of geometry and various configuration of
strengthening by
externally bonded FRP fabric. The specimens
were designed to comply with gravity load
design codes,
but no seismic design was considered. In the
design of the FRP wrapping, two different
type of fabric
were considered and three layout of the
wrapping strips
37 Torsional Dr. Khalaf Tikrit Journal of Many studies have been performed in recent
Strengthening of RC Ibrahem Engineering years on strengthening RC (reinforced
Beams with CFRP Mohammad Dr. Sciences/Vol.20/No.3/Mar concrete) beams in shear and bending using
Wrap Bayar Jaafar Al- ch 2013, (1-9) FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) wraps and
Sulayfani laminates. Torsional strengthening, however,
has not attracted as much attention. The
current study on the torsional strengthening
of reinforced concrete beams was
 performed on reinforced concrete beams
wrapped by CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Polymer). Several different configurations
were used for the CFRP and the torque-twist
angle paths of the beams were recorded to
failure. The failure modes and the increase in
the torsional strengths are presented in this
paper.
38 Experimental ROBERT RAVI International Journal of Moderate and severe earthquakes have
Investigation on the and PRINCE Earth Sciences and struck different places in the world,
Behaviour of ARULRAJ. G Engineering causing severe damage to reinforced concrete
Retrofitted Reinforced ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, structures. Upgradation to higher seismic
Concrete Beam - No. 02, April 2010, pp. 290- zones of several cities and towns in the
Column 301 country has also necessitated in evolving new
Joints with Gfrp Wrap retrofitting strategies. Recent evaluation of
Subjected to Load civil engineering structures has demonstrated
Reversal that most of them will need major repairs in
the near future. Retrofitting of existing
structures are the major challenges that
modern civil engineering field is facing these
days.
Beam-column joints, being the lateral and
vertical load resisting members in RC
structures
are particularly vulnerable to failures during
earthquakes and hence their retrofit is often
the key to successful seismic retrofit strategy.
The existed reinforced concrete beam-column
joints which were designed as per code IS
456:2000 must be strengthened in order to
satisfy the condition given in code IS
13920:1993. In this paper an attempt has
 been made
to study the behavior of reinforced concrete
beam-column joints retrofitted with glass
fiber
reinforced polymer sheets. Totally six
exterior reinforced concrete beam-column
joint
specimens (control) were cast and tested to
failure. Three specimens had reinforcement
details as per code IS 456:2000. Remaining
three specimens had reinforcement details as
per code IS 13920:1993. Various percentage
of load carrying capacity of column was given
as axial load in the column. Push and pull load
was applied at the free end of the cantilever
beam till failure. The failed three beam-
column joint specimens had reinforcement
details as
per code IS 456:2000 were retrofitted by
removing the concrete in the joint portion
and
recasting with concrete of same grade and
subsequently wrapped with Glass fiber
reinforced
polymer (GFRP) sheet to strengthen the
specimens. The performance of the
retrofitted
beam-column joints was compared with the
control beam-column joint specimens and the
results were presented in this paper

39 Fiber reinforced Priyanka Sarker1, Journal of Civil Engineering Many structures located in seismically active
polymers for Mahbuba (IEB), 39 (1) (2011) 49-57 zones are not capable of withstanding seismic
structural retrofitting: Begum2 and action according to current codes and
A review Sabreena Nasrin3 provisions. Furthermore, recent earthquakes
in urban areas
have clearly demonstrated an urgency to
upgrade and strengthen these seismic
deficient
structures. Significant amount of research
work has been carried out in recent years to
develop
various strengthening and rehabilitation
techniques to improve the seismic
performance of
structures. Several strengthening methods
like addition of new structural elements;
external post
tensioning, steel plate bonding etc. has been
applied in the past with varying degree of
success.
Among these methods, seismic retrofit with
FRP materials has gained notable acceptance
from
the civil engineering community in recent
years. Retrofitting with FRP materials is a
technically
sound and cost effective repair technology
and is now extensively being used as a
seismic
retrofitting method all over the world. This
paper presents a representative overview of
the
current state of using FRP materials as a
 retrofitting technique for the structures not
designed to
resist seismic action. It summarizes the
scopes and uses of FRP materials in seismic
strengthening of RC structures and masonry
retrofitting as well as the seismic retrofitting
schemes for steel structures. The advantages
along with the design guidelines and the
limitations
of FRP applications for seismic retrofit are
also included in the paper.
40 STUDY ON SIZE A M Choudhury, A 35thConference on OUR Available theories of material behavior that
EFFECT OF Dutta, S K Deb WORLD IN CONCRETE & predict size effect are receiving
RETROFITTED BEAM- STRUCTURES: 25 - 27 increasing attention in the technical literature
COLUMN JOINT August 2010, Singapore nowadays. Beam-column joint is one of
WITH BEAM WEAK IN Article Online Id: the vital elements, whose behaviour during
FLEXURE UNDER 100035026 earthquake is very critical. No study has
CYCLIC LOADING been done till today to establish the existence
of size effect on beam-column joint.
Hence, in the present study, an experimental
programme was taken by considering
flexure deficient beam-column joints. Three
geometrically similar specimens were
considered as control specimens and three
corresponding specimens were
retrofitted by FRP. Cyclic loading system with
a constant axial load on the beamcolumn
joint was applied during testing. The
recorded data were plotted to draw
hysteretic response, envelope curve, stiffness,
energy dissipation etc. Comparisons
of results were made between control and
 retrofitted specimens in term of all the
above-mentioned properties and conclusions
were drawn regarding the benefit
derived out of retrofitting. Further, the
percentage gain in capacity due to retrofitting
and displacement ductility were tried to be
correlated with size of specimens. To
compare the energy dissipation of specimens
having different sizes, a new
parameter, viz. energy dissipation per unit
volume ( eN ) was introduced for the first
time in the context of evaluation of size effect.
eN was correlated with the size of the
specimen at different drift angles. Equivalent
stresses for all the specimens were
calculated and bi-logarithmic plots were
drawn. It was observed that most of the
properties follow principle of size effect. The
most important finding is that- the
bilogarithmic
plot of unit strength follows the established
law proposed by Baz˘ant
41 Retrofit of Seismically Dionysios A. 4th Colloquium on Textile The effectiveness of a new structural
Deficient RC Columns Bournas1, Reinforced Structures material, namely textilereinforced
with Textile- Thanasis C. (CTRS4) mortar (TRM), was investigated
Reinforced Mortar Triantafillou2, experimentally in this study as a
(TRM) Jackets Catherine G. means of confining old-type reinforced
Papanicolaou3 concrete columns with limited capacity
due to bar buckling or due to bond failure at
lap splice regions. Comparisons with
equal stiffness and strength fiber-reinforced
polymer (FRP) jackets allow for the
 evaluation of the effectiveness of TRM versus
FRP. Tests were carried out on full
scale non-seismically detailed RC columns
subjected to cyclic uniaxial flexure
under constant axial load. Thirteen
cantilever-type specimens with either
continuous
longitudinal reinforcement (smooth or
deformed) or lap splicing of longitudinal
bars at the floor level were constructed and
tested. Experimental results
indicated that TRM jacketing is quite effective
as a means of increasing the cyclic
deformation capacity of old-type RC columns
with poor detailing, by delaying
bar buckling and by preventing splitting bond
failures in columns with lap spliced
bars. Compared with their FRP counterparts,
TRM jackets used in this study were
found to be equally effective in terms of
increasing both the strength and deformation
capacity of the retrofitted columns. From the
response of specimens tested
in this study, it can be concluded that TRM
jacketing is an extremely promising
solution for the confinement of reinforced
concrete columns, including poorly detailed
ones with or without lap splices in seismic
regions.
42 SEISMIC A. GHOBARAH∗ a Journal of Earthquake An innovative and practical technique for the
REHABILITATION OF & A. SAID† Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1 seismic rehabilitation of beam-column
BEAM-COLUMN (2001) 113-129 joints using fiber reinforced polymers (FRP)
 JOINTS is presented. The procedure is to upgrade
USING FRP the shear capacity of the joint and thus allow
LAMINATES the ductile flexural hinge to form in the
beam. An experimental study is conducted in
order to evduate the performance of a
full-scale reinforced concrete external beam-
column joint from a moment resisting frame
designed to earlier code then repaired using
the proposed technique. The beam-column
joint is tested under cyclic loading applied at
the free end of the beam and axial column
load. The suggested repair procedure was
applied to the tested specimen. The
composite
laminate system proved to be effective in
upgrading the shear capacity of the
nonductile
beam-column joint. Comparison between the
behaviour of the specimen before and after
the repair is presented. A design methodology
for fibre jacketing to upgrade the shear
capacity of existing beam-column joints in
reinforced concrete moment resisting frames
is proposed
43
ANALYTICAL AND Dr. Costas P. Analytical models are presented in this study
EXPERIMENTAL Antonopoulo for the analysis of RC joints strengthened
STUDY OF FRP- with composite materials. The models
STRENGTHENED provide equations for stresses and strains at
RC BEAM-COLUMN various stages of the response (before or
JOINTS after yielding of the beam or column
reinforcement) until the ultimate capacity is
 reached, defined by concrete crushing or FRP
failure due to fracture or debonding.
Solutions to these equations are obtained
numerically. The analytical formulation
provides useful information on the shear
capacity of FRP-strengthened joints in terms
of the quantity and configuration of the
externally bonded reinforcement and may be
used to design FRP jackets for poorly detailed
beam-column joints; an illustration is
provided through a case study. Finally, the
analytical model is compared with a series of
test results and the agreement between
theory and experiments is found satisfactory.
44 A Novel S M Kularnia*, Y S M Kularni and Y D Patil / Current design philosophy permits moment-
Reinforcement Pattern D Patilb Procedia Engineering 51 resisting frames subjected to cyclic loading to
for Exterior ( 2013 ) 184 – 193 be induced into the inelastic range where the
Reinforced Concrete forces that develop in parts of the structure
Beam-Column Joint will exceed their design values. In this phase
of inelastic range the beam-column joints are
obliged to resist high horizontal and vertical
shear stresses coming from the adjacent
beams and columns. This occurs during a
large
number of inelastic cycles and while the
joints need to dissipate large energy values.
However, in spite of systematic research that
has
been carried out investigating the behavior of
reinforced concrete beam-column
connections in the past 20 years in the US,
New Zealand,
Japan, we have not succeeded in improving
satisfactorily this behavior, the specific
features of which are extreme decrease of
strength,
stiffness and energy dissipation capacity, all
of which may lead to collapse of the whole
building. Attempts at improving beam-
column
joint performance resulted in
nonconventional methods of reinforcing, such
as the use of fiber concrete. Paulay, Park and
Phillips first
introduced the concept of using inclined main
reinforcement to prevent brittle failure in
short reinforced concrete coupling beams.
Following the work of Paulay, Park and
Phillips, Minami and Wakabayashi and Tegos
and Penelis applied the idea in short columns.
The
results showed that the columns with
inclined reinforcing bars performed
considerably better than those with
conventional reinforcement.
Beam-column joints have many similarities in
geometry, state of stress and mechanical
behavior with short columns and coupling
beams.
For these reasons, the efficiency of a novel
nonconventional reinforcing pattern by the
use of crossed inclined bars in column is
examined
as a way of improving the seismic
 performance of type 2 exterior beam-column
joints.
45 Application of Salahuddin Engineering Structures 69 This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of
Engineered Qudah a, (2014) 235–245 using ultra-ductile Engineered Cementitous
Cementitious Mohamed Maalej Composites
Composites (ECC) in b (ECC) as a means to enhance the performance
interior of beam–column connections. Nine one-third
beam–column scale specimens,
connections for consisting of type 2 (ACI352R-02) interior
enhanced seismic connections at a zone of high seismicity (UBC-
resistance zone 3),
were tested under reverse cyclic loading,
simulating seismic excitation. The joints of
these specimens
were typical in geometry and main
reinforcement detailing to specimens of a
prototype building frame
designed according to ACI318-08. The
primary variables were the amount and
arrangement of transverse
reinforcements, and the materials within the
plastic zone of the connection.
The performances of a series of ECC-
enhanced beam–column interior connections
were compared to
that of a control concrete counterpart to
evaluate the benefits of using ECC in this type
of application.
The column load–displacement response
(including the ultimate load and ultimate
displacement), the
(hysteresis) energy absorption capacity, and
 the cracking response were used as criteria in
the comparison.
The test results indicated that the use of ECC
material in the connection plastic zone as a
replacement of
concrete and partial replacement of
transverse (confinement) reinforcement can
significantly enhance
the joint shear resistance, energy absorption
capacity, and cracking response, thereby,
enhancing the
joint seismic resistance and reducing
reinforcement congestion and construction
complexity.
46 Seismic retrofit of Preeda Materials and Structures A seismic retrofit technique for existing
substandard beam- Chaimahawan Æ (2009) 42:443–459 reinforced concrete beam-column
column joint by planar Amorn Pimanmas connections using
joint expansion planar joint expansion is proposed. The
method is
based on a two-dimensional expansion of
beamcolumn
joint using cast in-situ concrete and dowel
bars. The method is economical and
architecturally
acceptable. Three half-scale sub-standard
beamcolumn
specimens were tested under quasi-static
cyclic loading. One was control specimen and
the
other two were retrofitted specimens with
triangular
and square joint expansion. According to test
 results,
the control specimen showed brittle joint
shear failure
while retrofitted specimens showed beam
flexural
failure. The strength, stiffness, energy
dissipation and
ductility of retrofitted specimens were
greatly
improved. The planar joint expansion is
effective to
reduce joint shear stress and improve
anchorage bond
of beam bar within the joint. The plastic hinge
formation can be moved away from column
face, thus
preventing joint shear failure. The triangular
and
square expansions perform almost equally
well. The
construction joints formed at the interfaces
between
specimen and joint expansion do not produce
an
adverse effect in cyclic behavior
47 Behavior and strength Cheng-Cheng Journal of Constructional Five large-scale beam_column subassemblies
of steel reinforced Chena, Budi Steel Research 65 (2009) were fabricated and tested under cyclic
concrete Suswantoa,b,_, 1569_1581 loading to
beam_column joints Yu-Jen Lin c investigate the behavior of SRC Type I
with exterior and Type II corner beam_column
single-side force joints. In addition, the
inputs applicability of strength superposition
 method on joint shear strength was assessed.
It was found that:
(1) the strength superposition method was
able to estimate the SRC beam_column joint
shear strength
with reasonable accuracy; (2) the anchorage
position of beam longitudinal bars has an
obvious influence
on the joint shear strength and crack pattern;
(3) increased depth of cross-sectional steel
leads to a higher
shear strength for the beam_column joint;
and (4) a combination of corner stirrups and
shaped steel cross-
sections was able to provide sufficient lateral
support to longitudinal steel bars and
adequate confinement
to the concrete in the joint to replace the need
for closed hoops.
48 Behavior of beam-to- Kuo-Chen Journal of Constructional The welded flange-bolted web type moment
column moment Yanga,_, Sheng-Jin Steel Research 65 (2009) connections are commonly used in the
connections under fire Chenb, Ming-Chin 1520_1527 construction of
load Hoc modern steel buildings. The behavior of this
type of connection under service load and
seismic load has
been studied extensively; however, the
knowledge of its performance under fire load
is limited. In this
paper, the experimental studies of the welded
flange-bolted web moment connections
under fire loads are
presented. Four full-size steel beam-to-
 column assemblages, with and without fire-
proofing materials,
were selected to simulate the moment
connection commonly used in steel buildings.
The fire load was
simulated either by a steady state method to
reach a fully-developed fire or by a transient
state method
following the standard temperature_time
curve. Parametric studies were also
conducted to examine the
strength degradation of steel moment
connection at elevated temperature. From
these studies, it was
found that the beam-to-column connection is
able to retain its design strength up to 650 _C.
However,
the stiffness dropped to 25% of the value at
ambient temperature. Ductile behaviors were
observed on the
connections, with necking and tearing at the
top flange and local buckling at the bottom
flange. It was also
found that the stability and integrity of steel
connections can be ensured if proper fire-
proofing materials
were provided.
49 Behaviour of concrete Jianchun Li a,*, Composite Structures 57
beam–column Bijan Samali a, (2002) 357–365 Modelling complex concrete column–beam
connections Lin Ye b, Steve connection with hybrid fibre reinforced
reinforced Bakoss plastic (FRP) reinforcement properly
with hybrid FRP sheet requires
 understanding of the behaviour of such
component and supporting from some
experimental data for model updating and
refinement.
This paper, through a comprehensive
experimental work, investigates the
behaviour of reinforced concrete frame
specimens
designed to represent the column–beam
connections in plane frames. As a follow-up to
the previous reported work, it focuses on
details of experimental analyses, in particular,
a comprehensive strain analysis. Results of
the analysis show that designed hybrid
FRP reinforcement greatly improve the
stiffness and load carrying capacity of its
concrete counterpart. It also delays the crack
initiation at the joint through confinement
due to FRP reinforcement.
50 Behaviour of fibre Constanze Construction and Building The potential of usage of steel fibre
reinforced beam- Rö hma,⇑, Materials 36 (2012) 319– reinforced concrete (FRC) in structural
column sub- Balthasar Nová k 329 components like beam-column
assemblages under a, Saptarshi joints under cyclic loading has been explored
reversed Sasmal b, in the present study. Three different types of
cyclic loading Ramanjaneyulu beam-column
Karusala b, Voggu sub-assemblages, i.e. (i) with normal
Srinivas b concrete, and designed according to Indian
Standard and Eurocode
including seismic joint detailing (Type A), (ii)
adopting modified reinforcement detailing
but including
FRC and, (iii) designed for target joint failure
(Type B) as well as flexural failure (Type C),
have been considered.
The specimens were experimentally
investigated under repetitive reversed cyclic
loading. Performance
of the specimens under cyclic loading is
evaluated in terms of failure mode, energy
dissipation,
strength degradation, shear deformation,
strain development in reinforcement, etc. It
has been found that
longitudinal reinforcements of FRC specimen
were found to be yielded at the face of the
column and joint
failure was completely avoided. At a drift
level of ±5%, both the code based ductile
specimens (Type A)
showed a strength deterioration of 30% after
the third cycle whereas Type B and Type C
specimens experienced
10% and 20%, respectively. The present
study has also brought out that all specimens
of Type B
performed better than Eurocode based
reference ductile (Type A) in terms of energy
dissipation. It is also
observed that flexural specimens (Type C)
were able to dissipate higher seismic energy
than that obtained
from Indian Standard based full ductile
specimen (Type A). The results and
observations of the present
 study would help in understanding the
behaviour of critical regions of structures
such as beam-column
sub-assemblages and the efficacy of usage of
FRC in those joints under cyclic loading.
51 Behaviour of hybrid N. Ganesan ⇑, P.V. Materials and Design 54 An experimental investigation was carried
fibre reinforced Indira, M.V. (2014) 686–693 out to study the effect of hybrid fibres on the
concrete beam– Sabeena strength and
column joints under behaviour of High performance concrete
reverse cyclic loads beam column joints subjected to reverse
cyclic loads. A total
of 12 reinforced concrete beams column
joints were cast and tested in the present
investigation. High
performance concrete of M60 grade was
designed using the modified ACI method
suggested by Aïtcin.
Crimped steel fibres and polypropylene fibres
were used in hybrid form. The main variables
considered
were the volume fraction of (i) crimped steel
fibres viz. 0.5% (39.25 kg/m3) and 1.0%
(78.5 kg/m3) and (ii)
polypropylene fibres viz. 0.1% (0.9 kg/m3),
0.15% (1.35 kg/m3), and 0.2% (1.8 kg/m3).
Addition of fibres in
hybrid form improved many of the
engineering properties such as the first crack
load, ultimate load and
ductility factor of the composite. The
combination of 1% (78.5 kg/m3) volume
fraction of steel fibres and
 0.15% (1.35 kg/m3) volume fraction of
polypropylene fibres gave better
performance with respect to
energy dissipation capacity and stiffness
degradation than the other combinations.
52 Cyclic behavior of RC Roberto Construction and Building This paper presents the results of an
beam-column joints Realfonzo a, Materials 54 (2014) 282– experimental campaign performed at the
strengthened with Annalisa Napoli 297 Laboratory of Materials
FRP a,⇑, Joaquín and Structural Testing of the University of
systems Guillermo Ruiz Salerno (Italy) with the aim to investigate the
Pinilla b seismic performance
of RC beam-column joints strengthened with
FRP systems.
The complete test matrix includes eight full
scale specimens designed to be
representative of existing
exterior beam-column subassemblies with
inadequate seismic details. Of these, six were
strengthened by
using different FRP systems while the
remaining ones were used as benchmarks.
Once damaged, some
specimens were repaired with FRP systems
and re-tested.
Tests were performed in displacement
control by subjecting the specimens to cyclic
excitation,
whereas the axial load on the column was
kept constant and equal to about 300 kN.
Test results have provided useful information
on the adopted strengthening systems in
terms of
 strength, ductility and energy dissipation
capacity. In particular, the results have
allowed drawing some
criticisms related to the design of the joint
upgrading; the most suitable FRP
configurations are also identified.
Tests on repaired joints have confirmed the
efficiency of the selected strengthening
solutions.
53 Experimental N.Vijayalakshmi 2 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Beamcolumn
Investigation of M.Kalaivani 3 OF CIVIL AND joints of a reinforced concrete structure need
RCBeam A.Murugesan 4 STRUCTURAL special attention due to their
Column Joint G.S.Thirugnanam ENGINEERING highly complex behavior under seismic loads,
Strengthening Volume 1, No 1, 2010 which is marked by a combination of large
by FPP Wrapping shear
forces, diagonal tension and high bond
stresses in the reinforcement bars, all brittle
mode of
failure. An experimental investigation of the
behavior of Corner beamcolumn
joints with
detailing as per IS 13920: 1993 under seismic
conditions is presented in this paper. The
experimental study on Corner beamcolumn
joint of a multistory reinforced concrete
building
(G+ 4 storey’s) in Salem Zone falling under
the seismic Zone – III has been analyzed using
STADD.pro. The specimens were designed for
seismic load according to IS 1893(PartI):
2002
& IS 13920: 1993. The test specimen is
 reduced to one fifth model of beam column
joint from
prototype specimen. Column confinement
and beam stirrups are provided closely in
joint region
according to IS 13920: 1993.The test
specimens were evaluated in terms of
loaddisplacement
relation, ductility, load ratio and cracking
pattern.
54 Evaluation of low- Amadeo Construction and Building Since Acoustic Emission (AE) is effective in
cycle fatigue damage Benavent a, Materials 24 (2010) 1830– monitoring the initiation of cracks in
in RC exterior beam- Enrique Castro b, 1842 materials and structures,
column Antolino Gallego it has been widely used as a real-time
subassemblages by b evaluation technique for damage in
acoustic emission reinforced concrete (RC) elements
such as beams or columns in moment-
resisting frames. This paper investigates its
applicability for
assessing the low-cycle fatigue damage in RC
exterior beam-column subassemblages,
which are especially
vulnerable parts of the RC frames when
subjected to earthquakes. Two 3/5 scale
specimens
representing connections from the lower and
upper part of a prototype building located in
a moderate-
seismicity area are tested under cyclic
loading until collapse. Important differences
between the
two specimens are observed owing to the
 different size and amount of reinforcing steel.
First, a significant
increase in AE activity is observed when the
steel reinforcement begins to undergo plastic
deformations.
Second, by means of the AE improved b-value
method, it is clearly shown that the
macroscopic fracture
processes occur mainly during the loadings
paths. Thus, on the basis of AE source location
with four sensors
situated around the beam-column joint, the
AE is successfully correlated with the
observed cracks. A
strong correlation is also found between the
accumulated plastic strain energy dissipated
by the concrete
and the accumulated AE energy. Based on this
fact, a formula is proposed to predict the level
of damage
and the closeness to failure of an exterior
beam-column subassemblage from the AE as
recorded by sensors
located near the joint.
55 Evaluation of the Vladimir V.G. Haach et al. / Joints of reinforced concrete are critical
influence of the Guilherme Engineering Structures 30 regions to study and to manufacture because
column axial load on Haacha,_, Ana L (2008) 965–975 of their high steel ratio and reduced
the behavior of ´ucia Homce De geometrical
monotonically loaded Cresce El Debsb, dimensions. Column axial load is one of the
R/C exterior beam– Mounir Khalil El several variables that influence the behavior
column joints through Debsb of the exterior beam–column joints. This
numerical simulations paper
 investigates the influence of the column axial
load on the joint shear strength through
numerical simulations. The numerical study
is performed
through the software ABAQUS R, based on
Finite Element Method. A comparison of the
numerical and experimental results is
presented in
order to validate the simulation. The results
showed that the column axial load made the
joint more stiff but also introduced stresses in
the beam
longitudinal reinforcement. A more uniform
stress distribution in the joint region is
obtained when the stirrup ratio is increased.
Furthermore,
some tension from the top beam longitudinal
reinforcement is absorbed by the stirrups
located at the upper part of the joint.
56 EXPERIMENTAL R.V.S.RAMAKRIS International Journal of This paper proposes a rapid rehabilitation
INVESTIGATION ON HNA Engineering Science and scheme for moderately damaged reinforced
REHABILITATION OF Technology (IJEST) concrete interior
REINFORCED beam - column joints under the static loading.
CEMENT CONCRETE Eight interior beam - column joints were
INTERIOR casted and designated
BEAM-COLUMN as virgin specimens and tested up to failure .
JOINTS USING CFRP Out of eight specimens, four of the specimens
AND GFRP SHEETS were externally
wrapped with glass fibre reinforced polymer
sheets and other four specimens with carbon
fibre reinforced
polymer sheets. These rehabilitated
 specimens were tested up to failure. The
performances of the rehabilitated
beam-column joint specimens were
compared with the virgin beam-column joint
specimens. Experimental
results illustrated that the rehabilitated
specimens of glass fibre reinforced polymer
and carbon fibre reinforced
polymer beam-column joint specimens
exhibited an improved load carrying capacity
and a higher rate of
stiffness than the virgin specimens.
57 Experimental Costas P. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES The results of a comprehensive experimental
Investigation of FRP- Antonopoulos1 FOR CONSTRUCTION / program, aimed at providing a fundamental
Strengthened RC and Thanasis C. FEBRUARY 2003 / 39 understanding of the behavior of
Beam-Column Joints Triantafillou, shear-critical exterior reinforced concrete
M.ASCE2 ~RC! joints strengthened with fiber
reinforced polymers ~FRP! under simulated
seismic load, are
presented in this study. The role of various
parameters on the effectiveness of FRP is
examined through 2/3-scale testing of 18
exterior RC
joints. Conclusions are drawn on the basis of
certain load versus imposed displacement
response characteristics, comprising the
strength
~maximum lateral load!, the stiffness, and the
cumulative energy dissipation capacity. The
results demonstrate the important role of
mechanical anchorages in limiting premature
debonding, and they provide important
 information on the role of various
parameters,
including: area fraction of FRP; distribution of
FRP between the beam and the column;
column axial load; internal joint ~steel!
reinforcement;
initial damage; carbon versus glass fibers;
sheets versus strips; and effect of transverse
beams.
58 Experimental Bo Li a, Eddie Siu- Engineering Structures 56 In this study, a method for rehabilitating
investigation on shu Lam a,⇑, Bo (2013) 897–909 reinforced concrete interior beam–column
reinforced concrete Wub, Ya-yong joints using ferrocement
interior Wangc jackets with embedded diagonal
beam–column joints reinforcements is proposed. It improves
rehabilitated by seismic performance of
ferrocement jackets substandard beam–column joints and repairs
deteriorated concrete cover without
increasing the dimensions
of the joints. Ferrocement, comprising mortar
and wire mesh, was applied to replace
concrete cover
to enhance shear strength of the joints.
Diagonal reinforcements were installed to
reduce the forces transferred
to the joint core. Four 2/3 scale interior
beam–column joints, including one control
specimen and
three strengthened specimens, were
prepared and tested under quasi-static cyclic
loading. Three types of
mortars were considered for each
strengthened specimen. Test results have
 indicated that the proposed
rehabilitation method can improve seismic
performance of interior beam–column joints
using ferrocement
with high strength mortar. Strength of mortar
is the vital factor affecting the performance of
strengthened specimens. Anchor bolts
installed at the interface between
ferrocement and concrete substrate
improve bonding and overall performance.
Finally, a method for predicting the shear
strength of
joints rehabilitated by ferrocement jackets
with embedded diagonal reinforcements is
proposed.
59 Experimental studies Varinder Singh Construction and Building Beam-column joints in reinforced concrete
on strength and a,⇑, Prem Pal Materials 55 (2014) 194– (RC) framed structures are recognized as
ductility of CFRP Bansal b, Maneek 201 most vulnerable
jacketed Kumar b, S.K. structural element subjected to lateral loads.
reinforced concrete Kaushik c The use of various jacketing techniques for
beam-column joints strengthening
or retrofitting the existing structural
components is very frequent. In the present
work, the effect on
the strength of beam-column joints initially
stressed to three different stress levels,
retrofitted with CFRP
jackets has been presented. A total of 9 RC
beam-column joints were tested under static
loading conditions.
CFRP strengthening has been carried out for
beam-column joints already stressed to three
 different
stress levels. The jackets have been provided
in L-shape and at 45_ orientation to the joint
in two layers.
The results show improvement in the
ultimate load carrying capacity (7–12%) of
the retrofitted beams,
when compared to the control beams along
with an increase of 15% in yield load for each
of such exterior
beam- column joints. Stiffness up to the first
crack load was 17.36% and 26.94% more for
stress level-2
and stress level-3 as compared to stress level-
1.
60 Experimental tests on J.G. Ruiz-Pinilla ⇑, Engineering Structures 59 This paper presents an experimental program
retrofitted RC beam- F.J. Pallarés, E. (2014) 702–714 designed to determine the behaviour of steel
column joints Gimenez, P.A. jacketing
underdesigned Calderó n used as a seismic strengthening system for
to seismic loads. reinforced concrete frame structures. Tests
General approach were carried
out on a total of 20 full scale interior beam-
column joints. Geometry and reinforcements
were selected
according to existing buildings, designed
solely to gravity loads under strong beam-
weak column concept.
Column strengthening was performed in all
specimens, and four different types of
column-joint
connection strengthening have been tested.
Two types of beam reinforcement have been
 included in
the experimental program. Tests were carried
out by subjecting specimens to gravity and
cyclic loads.
The paper shows general results and
conclusions, describing the failure modes of
the specimens. Results
show that the strengthening techniques and
the axial loads applied on columns can have
significant influence
on the seismic behaviour of the joints.
61 FRPC reinforced Abhijit Mukherjee Composite Structures 70 An investigation on the performance of
concrete beam- *, Mangesh Joshi (2005) 185–199 reinforced concrete beam-column joints
column joints under under cyclic loading is reported. Joints have
cyclic excitation been
cast with adequate and deficient bond of
reinforcements at the beam-column joint.
FRP sheets and strips have been applied on
the
joints in different configurations. The
columns are subjected to an axial force while
the beams are subjected to a cyclic load with
controlled displacement. The amplitude of
displacement is increased monotonically
using a dynamic actuator. The hysteretic
curves
of the specimens have been plotted. The
energy dissipation capacity of various FRP
configurations has been compared. In
addition,
the control specimens have been reused after
testing as damaged specimens that are
 candidates for rehabilitation. The
rehabilitation
has been carried out using FRP and their
performance has been compared with that of
the undamaged specimens.
_ 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
62 IOSR Journal of Mechanical
A Study of R. C. C. S. S. Patil, C. G. and Civil Engineering (IOSR- Beam and column where intersects is called as
Beam Column Junction Konapure & S. S. JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p- joint or junction. The different types of joints
Subjected To Quasi- Manekari ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 6, are classified as corner joint, exterior joint,
Static (Monotonic) Issue 5 (May. - Jun. 2013), interior joint etc. on beam column joint
loading PP 61-74 applying quasi-static loading on cantilever end
of the beam. and study of various parameters
as to be find out on corner and exterior beam
column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum
stress, displacement and variation in stiffness
of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys
software ( Non-Linear FEM Software)
Significant experimental research has been
conducted over the past three decades on
hysteretic behavior of beam-column joints of
RC frames under cyclic displacement loading.
The various research studies focused on corner
and exterior beam column joints and their
behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies,
however, addressed beam-column joints of
substandard RC frames with weak columns,
poor anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and
insufficient transverse reinforcement. the
behavior of exterior beam column joint is
different than the corner beam column joint
63 Seismic retrofit of RC Má rio Coelho1,a, ” Advanced Materials The strengthening technique based on the
beam-column joints Pedro Research, Vols. 452-453, application of multi-directional
using the Fernandes1,b, 1110–1115 laminates of CFRP (MDL-CFRP)
MF-EBR strengthening José Melo2,c, José simultaneously glued and anchored to the
technique Sena-Cruz1,d, surface
Humberto of the elements to be strengthened has been
Varum2,e, recently proposed. This technique was
Joaquim Barros1,f designated Mechanically Fastened and
and Aníbal Externally Bonded Reinforcement (MF-EBR)
Costa2,g and combines the fasteners from the MF-FRP
technique with the externally glued
properties from the EBR. With the aim of
assessing the potentialities of this technique
for seismic retrofitting, three interior RC
beam-column joints were strengthened
according to the MF-EBR technique and
tested. This work presents the entire test
program executed, including test
configuration, results and corresponding
analysis
64 Investigation on Ugale Ashish B.1 International Journal of The performance of beam-column joints have
Behaviour of and Raut Civil Engineering Research. long been recognized as
Reinforced Concrete Harshalata R ISSN 2278-3652 Volume 5, a significant factor that affects the overall
Beam Number 3 (2014), pp. 289- behavior of Reinforced
Column Joints 294 Concrete framed structures subjected to large
Retrofitted with FRP lateral loads. The
Wrapping reversal of forces in beam-column joints
during earthquakes may cause
distress and often failure, when not designed
and detailed properly.
One of the techniques of strengthening the
reinforced concrete
 structural members is through external
confinement by high strength
fiber composites which can significantly
enhance the strength and
ductility which will result in large energy
absorption capacity of
structural members. Fiber materials are used
to strengthen a variety of
reinforced concrete elements to enhance the
flexural, shear, and axial
load carrying capacity of elements. Beam-
column joints, being the
lateral and vertical load resisting members in
reinforced concrete
structures are particularly vulnerable to
failures during earthquakes.
Hence this paper discussed that retrofit is
often the key to successful
seismic retrofit strategy.
65 International Journal of
Analysis of Reinforced S. S. Patil, S. S. Engineering and Innovative The common regions of intersecting elements
Beam-Column Joint Manekari Technology (IJEIT) Volume are called joints. Whenever the area of these
Subjected to 2, Issue 10, April 2013 regions is limited, as in case of linear elements
Monotonic Loading (beams and columns) framing into each other,
it is essential to verify their maximum shear
stress, as well as the minimum shear stress and
deformations (displacements) of beam column
joint region. The various research studies
focused on corner and exterior beam column
joints and their behavior, support conditions of
beam-column joints i. e .both ends hinged and
fixed, stiffness variation of the joint .In this
 study various parameters are studied for
monotonically loaded exterior and corner
reinforced concrete beam column joint. The
corner as well as exterior beam-column joint is
analyzed with varying stiffness of beam-
column joint. The behavior of exterior and
corner beam-column joint subjected to
monotonic loading is different. Various graphs
like load vs. displacement (deformations),
Maximum stress, Stiffness variations i.e. joint
ratios of beam-column joints are plotted.
66 IJRET: International
BEHAVIOUR OF P.K.Joshi1, Jyoti Journal of Research in Beam-column joints of a reinforced concrete
BEAM-COLUMN JOINT B. Chavan2 Engineering and structure need special attention due to their
UNDER CYCLIC Technology, Volume: 03 highly complex behavior under seismic loads,
LOADING Special Issue: 03 | May- which is marked by a combination of large
2014 | NCRIET-2014. shear forces, diagonal tension and high bond
eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: stresses in the reinforcement bars, all brittle
2321-7308 mode of failure. This paper presents an
experimental behavior of beam-column joints
under cyclic loading. Four numbers of exterior
beam-column joint specimens were cast and
tested under cyclic loading. The specimens
were designed for seismic load according to IS
1893(Part-I):2002 and IS 13920:1993. The test
specimens were evaluated in terms of load-
displacement relation, and cracking pattern.
67 IJRET: International
NUMERICAL S.Vijaya1, Journal of Research in Retrofitting of existing structure is one of the
MODELING ON B.Shivakumarasw Engineering and major challenges that modern civil engineering
BEHAVIOUR OF amy2, Ravikiran Technology. Structures have demonstrated that most of
REINFORCED K.V3 Volume: 03 Special Issue: them will need major repairs in the near
CONCRETE EXTERIOR 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE – future. Until early 1990s, concrete jacketing
BEAM-COLUMN JOINT 2014. and steel were the two common methods
RETROFITTE WITH eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: adopted for strengthening the deficient RC
EXTERNALLY 2321-7308 Beam Column Joints. A new technique has
BONDED FIBER emerged recently which uses fiber reinforced
REINFORCED polymer sheet such as carbon fiber reinforced
POLYMERE (FRP) polymer (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced polymer
(GFRP) and aramid fiber reinforced polymer
(AFRP) sheets to strengthen the beam-column
joint. Also, recent research has attempted to
simulate the behavior of reinforced concrete
structures strengthened with FRP composites
using the finite element method (FEM). In the
present study, finite element modeling of a RC
exterior beam-column joint retrofitted with
externally bonded FRP is carried out with the
help of commercially available software ANSYS
13.0. First, the control specimen is analyzed
and the results obtained are compared with an
experimental study from the literature. Then,
the specimen is retrofitted with externally
bonded glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP)
sheets with different wrapping schemes and
analyzed. The results from the retrofitted
specimens are then compared with the results
of the control specimen. It is found that for the
control specimen, the values of the yield load
and ultimate load obtained in the ANSYS are
very close to the values obtained from the
experimental study. Comparison between the
load-deflection results obtained from the
 ANSYS for the control and retrofitted specimen.
This is accompanied by the limited deflections
for the retrofitted specimen as compared to the
control specimen. The deflection ductility ratio
and energy absorption has also increased for
the retrofitted specimen
68 PERFORMANCE OF S. A. HADIGHEH1, IJST, Transactions of Civil Despite the large volume of work reported on
WEAK-BEAM, MAHMOUD R. Engineering, Vol. 37, No. the behaviour of reinforced concrete
STRONG-COLUMN RC MAHERI 2** AND C1, pp 33-51 joints, only a few studies have been carried
FRAMES S. S. MAHINI3 out to investigate the influence of retrofitting
STRENGTHENED AT joints by
THE JOINTS BY FRP FRP composites on the overall behaviour of
an RC frame. To study the seismic
performance of
Moment Resisting RC frames retrofitted at
joints by FRP, experimental and numerical
investigations are carried out on a scaled-
down frame of weak-beam, strong-column
type,
retrofitted by applying the FRP laminates at
the web of the joints. Representing
constitutive
models are used to introduce the behaviour
of concrete, steel and fibre-reinforced
polymers in the
numerical investigation. Full post-peak
behaviour of the joints is captured
considering strain
softening of concrete. Finite element results
show good agreement with the experimental
findings.
It is found that the maximum load carrying
 and displacement capacities of the joint after
strengthening are increased and that the first
steel yielding and development of crack occur
at
higher loads, further away from the joint, into
the beam. The effects of different values of
fracture
energies on the behaviour of the reinforced
concrete joint are also investigated. Nonlinear
pushover analyses are also carried out to
predict the seismic performance of an eight-
storey and
two additional low-rise frames retrofitted by
steel braces and FRP. It is shown that by using
FRP
laminates at the web of the joints, the
stiffness, the behaviour factor, R, performance
level and the
lateral load-carrying capacity of the
damaged/plain frame are markedly
increased.
69 Improved measure of Gang Shi a,⁎, Hao Journal of Constructional The behavior of beam-to-column joint
beam-to-column joint Fan a, Yu Bai b, Steel Research 70 (2012) rotation in a steel frame has been shown to
rotation in steel Feng Yuan c, 298–307 have significant effects on
frames Yong-jiu Shi a, the internal force distribution and the global
Yuan-qing Wang deformation response. However, approaches
a to experimentally
quantify the joint rotation are not well
established. This fact impairs the applicability
and comparability of
research results on joint mechanical
behavior. This paper compares different
 measurement methods in the
research literature on beam-to-column joint
rotation in steel frames, and proposes
improved approaches for
the experimental quantification of the
rotation of welded joint and welded-flange-
bolted-web (WFBW)
joints. The feasibility and accuracy of the
proposed methods are demonstrated by the
comparison of results
from simplified frame analysis with those
from finite element analysis on both partial
and complete structural
levels.
70 Investigation on the A. Parvin*, P. Composites: Part B 31 This investigation involves parametric
effects of ®ber Granata (2000) 499±509 studies of the application of ®ber-reinforced
composites at polymer (FRP) composite laminates to
concrete joints exterior beam±
column joints to increase their moment
capacity. Three beam±column joint models
were examined using various ®ber
composite laminates
and wraps, and various thickness. Composite
laminates and wraps considered were made
out of epoxy and ®bers such as E-glass,
carbon, and
kevlar. One beam±column joint model
without FRP reinforcement was used as a
control specimen for comparison. The other
two beam±
column joint models studied included
laminates bonded to the tensile faces with
 and without wraps. The wraps were provided
to prevent the
peeling of the laminates. The ®nite element
analysis results indicated that the choice of
the ®ber composite materials, the laminate
and wraps
arrangement and thickness affected the
enhancement of the structural joint
performance signi®cantly. Furthermore, an
increase in the
moment capacity of up to 37% was observed
when the joints were reinforced with FRP
laminates and were compared to the control
specimen.
71 The International Journal
An Experimental 1M. L. Anoop Of Engineering And Science Beam column joints in a reinforced concrete
Study on Beam- Kumar, 2Dr. S. (IJES) ||Volume||3 ||Issue|| moment resisting frame are crucial zones for
Column Joints for Robert Ravi 2||Pages|| 56-65||2014|| transfer of loads effectively between the
Load Reversal ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 connecting elements in the structure. The three
ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805 main factors considered in design of beam
column joint are Anchorage of main
reinforcement of the beam, Confinement of the
core of joint, Shear strength of the joint. In the
present investigation, the beam column joint
specimens were detailed as per IS 456:2000
and IS 13920:1993 and the influence of the
increase of anchorage length by 25 % and 50
% for both the types of beam column joints was
studied. Totally eighteen beam-column joint
specimens were tested. Among the eighteen
beam-column joint specimens nine specimens
were designed and detailed according to IS
 456:2000 specifications and the other nine
specimens were designed according to IS
13920:1993 specifications. The results of the
investigation proved that the load carrying
capacity and the energy absorption capacity of
the beam column joints were enhanced
considerably by the increase of anchorage
length in the joint specimens detailed as per IS
456:2000 and also IS 13920:1993
72 Lateral load response M. Jamal Shannag Construction and Building Six beam–column (B–C) joints were
of high performance *, Nabeela Abu- Materials 19 (2005) 500– constructed according to the existing practice
fiber reinforced Dyya, Ghazi Abu- 508 in Jordan and tested under cyclic lateral
concrete beam– Farsakh loading
column joints to determine the effect of using high
performance steel fiber reinforced concrete
(HPFRC) in place of conventional concrete in
the joint region. The properties of ultimate
strength, ductility, energy dissipation
capacity, and joint stiffness of the reference
concrete
specimens were compared with those
containing different amounts of brass-coated
(BCSF) or hooked steel fibers (HSF). It was
determined that the steel fiber concrete
specimens exhibited three times higher load
levels, 20 times larger energy dissipation, and
two
times slower stiffness degradation compared
to the reference concrete specimens. Using
hooked steel fibers showed a significant
increase
(three times) in the maximum load carrying
 capacity and in the initial secant stiffness
compared to reference specimens.
73 The Strengthening of M. Gencoglu, B. Structural Engineering, The beam-column joints that are not detailed
the Deficient RC Mobasher Mechanics and and built in accordance with seismic codes
Exterior Beam- Computation 3, A. Zingoni present
Column (ed.) a serious hazard that can affect the overall
Joints Using CFRP for ductility of a structure subjected to severe
Seismic Excitation earthquake shocks. Due to
the hazards associated with such deficiencies,
many existing buildings have to be
rehabilitated. Four half-scaled
exterior beam-column joint specimens were
prepared with only one of them conforming
to the guidelines of ACI
318-02. The other three specimens were
insufficient from view point of joint hoops
and main reinforcements
of beam and column. The performance and
behavior of the reinforced concrete (RC)
exterior beam-column
joints rehabilitated using carbon-fiber-
reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabric was
experimentally studied under the
cyclic loads that simulate seismic excitation.
The displacement controlled cyclic loads
were applied to the beam
tip, while column was subjected to constant
axial load of 90 kN. In order to strengthen the
deficient external
beam-column joints, CFRP fabrics were laid
out on the tension face of column and beam
and then both column
 and beam were wrapped. Experimental
results were compared against the sample
designed in accordance to the
ACI guidelines. The use of CRFP fabrics
attached on the exterior surface of concrete
was extremely effective
on the ductility, absorbed total, dissipated
and recovered energy in addition to ultimate
displacement and load
carrying capacity. Examination of the
specimens after testing indicated that the
strengthening method shifted the
localization hinge of the specimen to the
beam and the mode of failure of beam-column
joints could be directly
affected.
74 Modelling of Beam-to- G. Huber* & F. J. Construct. Steel Res. Vol. The paper has described the evaluation of
Column Joints Tschemmernegg 45, No. 2, pp. 199–216, test results in view of the realistic
1998 joint characteristics: stiffness, resistance,
elastic limit and rotation ability, for
both load introduction through the
connection (bending) and for shear. A
uniform
procedure should be used as a basis for the
development of new joint
models as well as checks on existing models,
to recalibrate them if necessary.
It was shown that for the simplified joint
model used in design codes the
realistic and not transformed characteristics
are given. Hence, if using the
simplified joint model with a dimensionless
 joint a transformation would have
to be carried out for the already assembled
flexural springs depending on the
analysed structure.
75 Moment resistance Vincenzo Piluso Journal of Constructional In seismic design of steel–concrete composite
statistical distribution 1, Gianvittorio Steel Research 78 (2012) moment resisting frames, the randomness of
of beam-to-column Rizzano ⁎, 183–191 beam-to-column
composite joints Immacolata joint rotational response can affect the
Tolone 2 location of dissipative zones. In fact, in case of
full-strength joints, the
dissipation of the earthquake input energy
occurs at the beam ends; conversely, in case
of partial-strength
joints, the connection components of beam-
to-column joints are involved. Within this
framework, random
material variability of joint components plays
an important role, because it affects the joint
flexural strength
and, as a consequence, also the plastic
rotation supply. Therefore, within the
framework of a research program
aimed at the evaluation of the seismic
reliability of steel–concrete composite frames
including random
material variability, this paper focuses the
attention on the analysis of the influence of
random material variability
on the rotational response of beam-to-column
joints. In particular, the aim of the work is the
evaluation,
by means of Monte Carlo simulations, of the
 statistical distribution laws of the parameters
describing,
from the overall point of view, the rotational
behaviour of beam-to-column joints. Such
distribution laws represent
important input data for a complete
probabilistic seismic demand analysis of
steel–concrete composite
moment-resisting frames where the joint
modelling is performed by using rotational
spring elements whose
parameters are selected as random values
satisfying the distribution laws previously
derived
76 RETROFIT OF Marvin W. The small number of tests performed, limited
EXISTING CONCRETE Halling, Kevin C. by the size and expense of full-scale testing,
BEAM-COLUMN Womack, Robert make it
JOINTS M. Moyle difficult to draw conclusions that are absolute
USING ADVANCED and statistically reliable. However, several
CARBON-FIBER observations
COMPOSITES were made from the tests. First, wrapping of
the columns forced the failure into the bent-
cap. This is in
contrast to the bare concrete specimen (Test
#1) where the failure occurred in the joint of
the column and
bent-cap with each element experiencing
severe damage. Second, the specimen with
only the column wrap
(Test #2) experienced a premature failure
due to the de-bonding of the longitudinal
column reinforcement
 within the bent-cap. Third, the 0° layer of
composite on the bent-cap, which was
bonded directly to the
concrete (Test #5), appears to have inhibited
the effectiveness of the 45° “ankle wrap”
which was wrapped
over the 0° composite layer. Fourth, it is
unclear which of the ankle wraps, the 30° or
45°, was more
effective. However, in general, wrapping the
bent-caps and the columns did provide a
slight increase in
strength and increased the ductility of the
column/bent-cap joint by factors up to 1.5.
77 Numerical Arsalan Engineering Failure In this paper, a parametric study has been
investigation of the Niroomandi a,⇑, Analysis 46 (2014) 62–75 carried out on reinforced concrete (RC)
affecting parameters M.A. exterior
on the shear failure of Najafgholipour b, beam-column joints without transverse
Nonductile RC exterior H.R. Ronagh reinforcement in the joint region. This type of
joints joints belongs to a group of RC structures
classified as non-ductile RC buildings. In the
previous investigations, special attention is
paid to the joint aspect ratio and beam
longitudinal
reinforcement ratio. These parameters have
been shown by other researchers to
govern the joint shear behavior, although the
degree of influence was not scrutinized to
the degree required. The results of the
current study confirmed once again that
these
parameters have a significant influence on the
 shear failure in RC joints. Apart from that,
the degree of influence has been quantified in
great detail. The findings suggest that the
correct selection of these parameters is
extremely important in the design of RC
buildings,
and a wrong choice may adversely affect the
behavior
78
STRENGTHENING OF G. APPA RAO*, V. VIII International Reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting
SHEAR DEFICIENT RC NAVYA† AND R. Conference on Fracture structures built during the early 1950’s
BEAM-COLUMN ELIGEHAUSEN Mechanics of Concrete and through 1970’s are vulnerable for earthquake
JOINTS IN MRFS Concrete Structures loads due to lack of adequate strength and
UNDER SEISMIC FraMCOS-8 ductility. Beam-column joint, the common
LOADING region between the framing beams and
columns, is a crucial zone to ensure global
response of such moment resisting
structures. Many of such structures all over
the world need immediate measures for
upgrading their performance level to
withstand the seismic loading effects. Several
methods have been attempted over the years
by many civil engineers and practitioners for
strengthening of deficiently detailed RC
beam-column joints. In this paper, an
emphasis has been made to understand the
joint vulnerability against lateral loads and
review of various retrofitting methods and
their efficiency for RC beam-column joints.
Further, some experimental investigations on
the performance of joints strengthened with
haunch elements have been reported. The
 numerical studies show that at the location of
0.2 times the span of the beam from the
center of the column at a orientation angle of
450 produced the highest reduction of shear
stress in the joint region. The experimental
investigations show that the RC beam-column
joints designed with haunch elements
exhibited better performance in terms of
significant shear strength, ductility, less
stiffness degradation and energy absorption
under cyclic loading.
79 Flexural Lluís Gil1, a, This work presents a method of
reinforcement of Christian Escrig1, strengthening concrete structures based on
concrete with textile b and Ernest textiles of
reinforced mortar Bernat1 high strength and mortars. The combination
TRM of textiles and mortars produces a new
composite
material of cementitic matrix. This material
can be used for the reinforcement of concrete
beams
under bending loads. We tested several
combinations of fibers: glass, PBO, steel and
carbon fibers
with mortar and we used them to reinforce
precast concrete beams. All the specimens
were tested
with a four-point load test. We discuss the
performance of the specimens and we
compare the
ultimate results with the formulae from FRP
codes
80 Performance of beam- Khalifa S. Al- Fire Safety Journal 43 This paper presents a state-of-the-art review
to-column joints in Jabria,_, J. Buick (2008) 50–62 on the behaviour of beam-to-column joints in
fire—A review Davisonb, Ian W. fire and considers experimental and
Burgess analytical research work on isolated joint
configurations conducted with the prime
objective of developing moment–rotation–
temperature
behaviour of joints. In addition, investigations
on the effect of axial thrust on the behaviour
of joints is presented because fire tests
on a full-scale building, and observations
from accidental fires, have demonstrated
differences between the behaviour of joints
when
tested in isolation and considered as part of a
complete building. Furthermore, joints that
are routinely assumed as pinned at ambient
temperature can provide considerable levels
of both strength and stiffness at elevated
temperature, albeit at large deformations,
and this
has been found to have a beneficial effect on
the survival time of steel-framed buildings. It
is noted that while FE analysis is capable of
predicting accurately the performance of
steel structures in fire, realistic models of
joint performance are required. For this
purpose, the
use of a component approach for the
prediction of joint performance is explained
and appears to be a viable alternative to
extensive joint
 testing or detailed FE analysis of joint details
81 Seismic Assessment of Vorgelegt von The assessment of the shear strength of two
RC Exterior Beam- dimensional (2D) reinforced concrete (RC)
Column Joints and exterior beam-column joints is an open issue
Retrofit with and its solution is still a point of discussion in
Haunches the scientific community although significant
Using Post-Installed research effort has been devoted to this topic
Anchors in
recent times. The uncertainty in the
evaluation of joint shear strength is
exacerbated if
substandard detailing is present such as lack
of transverse reinforcement in the core, the
use
of plain round bars and inadequate anchorage
of the beam bars, typical of pre 1970s
construction practice. The need of a reliable
evaluation of the shear behaviour of
substandard joints is highlighted within the
framework of a performance based seismic
assessment and retrofit of RC frames.
The first part of this thesis aims to develop a
simple shear strength assessment model for
typical pre 1970s beam-column connections
based on mechanical principles. An
experimental programme consisting of six
quasi-static cyclic tests was carried out. The
experimental results were used for the
validation of a Finite Element (FE) model,
which was
used to carry out an extensive parametric
study. The shear assessment model proposed
was
additionally validated with an experimental
database. The model includes the influence of
several parameters such as concrete strength,
column axial load, amount and detailing of
beam and column reinforcement, geometric
aspect ratio and effect of beam bar yielding.
In the second part, the possibility of using
post-installed anchors for the seismic
retrofitting of
beam-column joints is investigated. Post-
installed anchors are usually fast and easy to
install
and they represent a valuable minimally-
invasive solution to transfer high loads with
reasonably low costs. The retrofit of RC
beam-column connections using a fully
fastened
diagonal haunch element is proposed as an
optimisation of an existing retrofit technique.
After some preliminary analytical
considerations, experimental tests and
numerical
simulations were carried out to develop a
safe and economical design model of the
proposed
retrofit solution. The investigations
highlighted the need of displacement oriented
design
provisions for post-installed anchors, because
tensile and shear stiffness of the anchorages
are necessary in order to evaluate their
 loading and the effectiveness of the retrofit
solution
82 Reinforced concrete W.T. Lee a, Y.J. Composite Structures 92 An effective rehabilitation strategy is
beam–column joint Chiou a,b,*, M.H. (2010) 48–60 proposed to enhance the strength and
strengthened with Shih stiffness of the beam–column
carbon joint in this study. An analytical model is
fiber reinforced proposed to predict the column shear of the
polymer joints strengthened
with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP).
Three full scale interior beam–column joints,
including two
specimens strengthened with CFRP and one
prototype specimen, are tested in this study.
The specimens
are designed to represent the pre-seismic
code design construction in which there is no
transverse reinforcement.
A new optical non-contact technique, digital
image correlation (DIC), which can measure
the
full strain field of specimen, is used to
measure and observe the full strain field of
the joint. The experimental
results show that the beam–column joints
strengthened with CFRP can increase their
structural
stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation
capacity. The rehabilitation strategy is
effective to increase the
ductility of the joint and transform the failure
mode to beam or delay the shear failure
mode. By observing
 the measured results, it is found that the
mechanical anchorages can prevent the
debonding of CFRP.
Comparing the analytical and experimental
results, the proposed model can accurately
predict the
column shear and shear strength of the joints
strengthened with CFRP
83 Reinforcement of Jianchun Li a,*, Composite Structures 47 The paper describes the results of tests on
concrete Steve L Bakoss a, (1999) 805±812 prototype size reinforced concrete frame
beam±column Bijan Samali a, specimens which were designed to represent
connections with Lin Ye the column±beam connections in plane
hybrid frames. The tests were devised to investigate
FRP sheet the in¯uence of ®bre reinforced plastic (FRP)
reinforcement applied to external surfaces
adjacent to the beam±column connection on
the behaviour of the test specimens under
static loading. Of particular interest under
static loading was the in¯uence of FRP
reinforcement on the strength and sti€ness of
beam±column connection. As a key to the
study, the hybrid FRP composites of E-glass
woven roving (WR) and plain carbon cloth,
combined with chopped strand mat (CSM),
glass ®ber tape (GFT) with a vinyl-ester resin
were designed to externally reinforce the
joint of the concrete frame. The results show
that retro®tting critical sections of concrete
frames with FRP reinforcement can
provide signi®cation strengthening and
sti€ening to concrete frames and improve
their behaviour under di€erent types of
 loading.
The selections of types of FRP and the
architecture of composites in order to
improve the bonding and strength of the
retro-®tting
were also discussed
84 Retrofitting Muhammad N. S University of Wollongong This paper introduces a new method for
nonseismically Hadi, Tung Minh Research Online retrofitting reinforced concrete (RC) exterior
detailed exterior Tran beamcolumn T joints,
beamcolumn using segmental circular concrete covers
joints using concrete together with Carbon Fibre Reinforced
covers together with Polymer (CFRP). Two RC T
CFRP jacket connections without transverse
reinforcement at the joints were cast and
tested. The first connection
(Strengthened specimen, TS) was glued with
the concrete covers around the column at the
joint area to
modify it from a square to a circular section
and then it was wrapped with CFRP to
strengthen its capacity. A
load was first applied on the second
connection (Repaired specimen, TR) to cause
a serious failure then it was
repaired. The repair scheme of the second
connection was identical to the first
connection. Results of testing
the two connections have shown that the
performances of both the strengthened and
the repaired
connections were improved significantly. The
glued concrete covers worked well with the
 existing concrete to
resist shear load. Moreover, the wrap on the
modified circular sections helped in
increasing the effectiveness of
CFRP by increasing the confinement effect on
the concrete and reduce the possibility of
debonding of CFRP
at the joints.
85 Retrofitting of Beam- N. H. Hamid, N. D. World Academy of Science, This paper presents the retrofitting of beam-
Column Joint Using Hadi, K. D. Ghani Engineering and column
CFRP and Technology joint using CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Steel Plate International Journal of Polymer) and steel plate.
Civil, Architectural, This specimen was tested until failure up to
Structural and 1.0% drift. This joint
Construction Engineering suffered severe damages and diagonal cracks
Vol:7 No:12, 2013 at upper crack at upper
column before retrofitted. CFRP were
wrapped at corbel, bottom and
top of the column. Steel plates with bonding
were attached to the two
beams and the jointing system. This
retrofitted specimen is tested
again under lateral cyclic loading up 1.75%
drift. Visual observations
show that the cracks started at joint when
0.5% drift applied at top of
column. Damage of retrofitted beam-column
joint occurred inside the
CFRP and it cannot be seen from outside.
Analysis of elastic
stiffness, lateral strength, ductility, hysteresis
loops and equivalent
 viscous damping shows that these values are
higher than before
retrofitting. Therefore, it is recommended to
use this type of
retrofitting method for beam-column joint
with corbel which suffers
severe damage after the earthquake
86 SEISMIC Y. A. Al-Salloum, Proceedings of the 7th Saudi In this paper, efficiency and effectiveness of
PERFORMANCE OF S. H. Alsayed, T. Engineering Conference using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers
SHEAR DEFICIENT H. Almusallam (SEC7) (CFRP) sheets in repairing and upgrading the
EXTERIOR RC and N. A. Siddiqui shear strength and ductility of seismically
BEAM-COLUMN deficient exterior beam-column joint has
JOINTS REPAIRED been studied. For this purpose, a reinforced
USING CFRP concrete exterior beam-column sub-
COMPOSITES assemblage was constructed with non-
optimal
design parameters (inadequate joint shear
strength with no transverse reinforcement)
representing pre-seismic code design
construction practice of joints and
encompassing
the vast majority of existing beam-column
connections. The specimen was subjected to
cyclic lateral load histories so as to provide
the equivalent of severe earthquake damage.
The damaged specimen was repaired using
CFRP sheets and then subjected to the
similar cyclic lateral load history and its
response history was obtained. Response
histories of the specimen before and after
repair were then compared. The results were
compared through hysteretic loops, load-
 displacement envelops, ductility and stiffness
degradation. The comparison shows that
CFRP sheets improve shear resistance and
ductility of the joint substantially.
87 Seismic Retrofit of C.P. Pantelides The research described encompasses
Reinforced Concrete and J. Gergely laboratory as well as in-situ testing of
Beam- reinforced
Column T-Joints in concrete beam-column joints and
Bridge Piers with FRP multicolumn bridge piers rehabilitated with
Composite Jackets FRP composite jackets.
Fourteen RC beam-column joint tests were
performed and a design equation was
developed which
determines the thickness of the FRP
composite jacket and the orientation of the
fibers for maximum
effectiveness in enhancing shear capacity and
ductility. Several in-situ tests were conducted
at the
South Temple Bridge in Salt Lake City, which
included a three-column bridge pier without
an FRP
composite seismic retrofit, a pier retrofitted
with FRP composite jackets, and a pier
retrofitted with FRP
composite jackets and a reinforced concrete
grade beam. The design of the seismic retrofit
was based
on rational criteria, which included the design
of the foundation and column retrofit, and the
design
equation for retrofitting reinforced concrete
 beam-column joints, developed in the
laboratory tests. The
performance target for the seismic retrofit
was a displacement ductility twice that of the
pier without the
FRP composite retrofit. The FRP composite
jacket was able to strengthen the cap beam-
column joints of
the pier effectively and the displacement
ductility was increased to the designed level.
88 Seismic rehabilitation T. El-Amoury, A. Engineering Structures 24 Techniques for upgrading reinforced concrete
of beam–column joint Ghobarah (2002) 1397–1407 beam–column joints are proposed. The test
using GFRP sheets specimens represent a typical joint that
was built in accordance to pre-1970s’ codes.
The objective of the rehabilitation is to
upgrade the shear strength of these joints and
reduce the potential for bond-slip of the
bottom bars of the beam. Glass fibre-
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are
wrapped around
the joint to prevent the joint shear failure.
GFRP sheets are attached to the bottom beam
face to replace the inadequately anchored
steel bars. Three beam–column joints are
tested; namely, a control specimen and two
rehabilitated specimens. The specimens are
tested under quasi-static load to failure. The
control specimen showed combined brittle
joint shear and bond failure modes while
the rehabilitated specimens showed a more
ductile failure mode. A simple design
methodology for the rehabilitation scheme is
 proposed
89 IJRET: International
SEISMIC Anusha Rani1, D. Journal of Research in Lessons learnt from past devastating
RETROFITTING OF A K. Paul2 Engineering and earthquakes repeatedly emphasize on
DAMAGED SCHOOL Technology eISSN: 2319- importance of school buildings. In our country
BUILDING 1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 performance of school structures are worst in
past earthquakes and increase vulnerability of
school buildings for damage had multiplied the
intensity of impact on society after earthquake
occurrence. Collapse of school buildings causes
loss of lives of most sensitive part of society i.e.
children. The loss to children has huge impact
on the community. The school also serve as
shelter to homeless during the earthquake.
Role of schools in pre and post scenario of
earthquake event demand Immediate
Occupancy level performance. A large number
of school buildings are not earthquake
resistant. It is economically not feasible to
demolish and build again all these important
buildings with earthquake resistant features.
Structural engineers have developed a number
of retrofitting techniques which can be used to
upgrade the performance level of existing
structure. In this paper as a case study a school
building which has suffered damage in 18th
September 2011 earthquake, has been
evaluated and retrofitting measures have been
suggested to upgrade performance level of the
building to make it safer against future
earthquakes
90 Seismic retrofitting of Saptarshi Sasmal Construction and Building
The paper discusses the aspects of repair and
nonductile beam- a,*, K. Materials 25 (2011) 175–
retrofitting technique adopted for a damaged
column sub- Ramanjaneyulu a, 182 reinforced
assemblage using FRP Balthasar Nová k concrete beam-column joint specimen under
wrapping and steel b, V. Srinivas a, K. cyclic loading. A specimen designed based on
plate jacketing Saravana Kumar Indian Standard
a, specifications with consideration of seismic
Christian load but without adopting ductile detailing
Korkowski b, (NonDuctile)
Constanze Roehm was investigated under reverse cyclic loading.
b, N. Lakshmanan Then, the damaged nonductile specimen was
a, Nagesh R. Iyer repaired with epoxy mortar and grouted
a using low viscous polymer, and retrofitted
using fiber reinforced
plastic (FRP) wrapping in beam and column
components and steel plate jacketing in joint
region. The
experimental results showed that the
retrofitted specimen not only regained its
original strength and
stiffness but also has overcome the
deficiencies of nonductile detailing. The
present study shows that
a proper repair and adequate retrofitting
technique can be used for strengthening and
improvement of
damaged regions in reinforced concrete
structures.
91 Shear strengthening of Ahmed Ghobarah Engineering Structures 24 Shear failure of beam-column joints is
beam-column joints ∗, A. Said (2002) 881–888 identified as the principal cause of collapse of
many moment-resisting frame buildings
during recent earthquakes. Effective and

92 Shear strength model Guo-Lin
for RC beam–column Jian-Guo Dai ⇑, (2012) 350–360
joints under seismic J.G. Teng
loading
economical rehabilitation techniques for the
upgrade of the joint shear-resistance capacity
in existing structures are needed. The
objective of this research is to develop
effective selective rehabilitation schemes for
reinforced
concrete beam-column joints using advanced
composite materials. Several reinforced
concrete beam-column joints were
constructed.
The joints were designed to simulate
nonductile detailing characteristics of pre-
seismic code construction. The control
specimens
showed joint shear failure when subjected to
cyclic loading at the beam tip. Different fibre-
wrap rehabilitation schemes were applied
to the joint panel with the objective of
upgrading the shear strength of the joint. The
tested rehabilitation techniques were
successful
in improving the shear resistance of the joint
and in eliminating or delaying the shear mode
of failure
Wang, Engineering Structures 40 This paper presents a new shear strength
model for reinforced concrete (RC) beam–
column joints subjected
to cyclic lateral loading. In the proposed
model, the reinforced concrete in the joint
panel is idealized
as a homogenous material in a plane stress
state. The contribution of the joint shear
 reinforcement
(including both the transverse steel
reinforcement and the intermediate
longitudinal steel reinforcement
of the column) is taken into account through
the nominal tensile strength of the idealized
material. The
effect of tensile straining in the transverse
direction on the compressive strength of the
idealized material
is accounted for using the Kupfer–Gerstle
biaxial tension–compression failure envelope.
Comparisons
with the results of 106 existing tests of both
exterior and interior beam–column joints,
with and without
transverse steel reinforcement, demonstrate
the accuracy of the proposed model. These
comparisons also
illustrate the superior accuracy of the
proposed model over existing models. A
subsequent trend analysis
using the test database confirms that all key
parameters influencing the shear strength of
beam–column
joints have been appropriately considered in
the proposed model. The proposed model is
believed to be
suitable for design use due to its simple form,
wide applicability and accuracy.
93 Steel plates J.Y.R. Yen a,*, H.K. Construction and Building This paper investigates the cyclic behavior of
rehabilitated RC Chien Materials 24 (2010) 332– a two-dimensional RC beam–column joint
 beam–column joints 339 with beams
subjected to vertical rehabilitated by steel plates. The retrofitted
cyclic loads plates were glued to the both lateral surfaces
of the beams
and passed continuously through the joint.
Some steel plates were further bolted or
stiffened with steel
strips. The experimental set-ups were
particularly arranged for vertical vibrations.
An engineering applicable
analytical model was developed to predict the
flexural strength of the specimens.
Additionally, a
pair of indices namely, the strength
rehabilitation index (SRI) and ductility
rehabilitation index (DRI)
respectively, were proposed to estimate the
decaying of strength and ductility of
rehabilitated elements
subjected to earthquake. The experimental
results verified the suitability of these two
indices
94 Strength deterioration Jung-Yoon Lee a, Engineering Structures 31 This paper proposes a method to predict the
of reinforced concrete Jin-Young Kima,_, (2009) 2070_2085 ductile capacity of reinforced concrete
beam_column joints Gi-Jong Ohb beam_column joints
subjected to failing in shear after the development of
cyclic loading plastic hinges at both ends of the adjacent
beams. After the
plastic hinges occur at both ends of the
beams, the longitudinal axial strain at the
center of the beam
section in the plastic hinge region is expected
 to increase abruptly because the neutral axis
continues to
move toward the extreme compressive fiber
and the residual strains of the longitudinal
bars continue to
increase with each cycle of additional
inelastic loading cycles. An increase in the
axial strain of the beam
section after flexural yielding contributes to a
widening of the cracks in the beam_column
joints, thus
leading to a reduction in the shear strength of
the beam_column joints. The proposed
method includes
the effect of longitudinal axial strain of a
beam in the plastic hinge region of the beam
on the joint
longitudinal strain and the strength
deterioration of the joint. In order to verify
the shear strength and
the corresponding deformability of the
proposed method, test results of RC
beam_column assembly were
compared. Comparisons between the
observed and calculated shear strengths and
their corresponding
deformability of the tested assemblies
showed reasonable agreement.
95 Strengthening of Khaled Soudki Journal of King Saud This paper presents experimental data and
concrete slab-column a,1, Ahmed K. El- University – Engineering results on the effect of externally bonded
connections Sayed b,*,2, Tim Sciences (2012) 24, 25–33 carbon
using CFRP strips Vanzwol fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips on the
 punching shear of interior slab-column
connections.
A total of six square slabs with a concentric
column were constructed with overall
dimensions
of 1220 mm by 1220 mm and 100 mm thick
slab and 150 · 150 mm column. The test
variables were
the configuration and amount of CFRP strips
externally bonded to the tension face of the
slab. The
specimens were simply supported along their
edges and tested in punching with vertical
load applied
through the central column. The test results
clearly showed that CFRP strengthening leads
to significant
improvements in the structural behaviour of
slab-column connections. The increase in
punching capacity of strengthened slabs was
up to 29%, while the increase in stiffness was
up to
80% compared to the unstrengthened slab.
Punching capacities of the test specimens
were evaluated
using a recently developed model that
accounts for both configuration and amount
of CFRP strips.
96 Strengthening of Mohamed H. Journal of Advanced (RC) exterior beam–column joints
defected beam– Mahmoud, Research (2014) 5, 67–77 rehabilitated using carbon-fiber-reinforced
column joints using Hamdy M. Afefy *, polymer (CFRP).
CFRP Nesreen M. The present experimental program consists
Kassem, of testing 10 half-scale specimens divided
Tarek M. Fawzy into three
groups covering three possible defects in
addition to an adequately detailed control
specimen.
The considered defects include the absence of
the transverse reinforcement within the joint
core,
insufficient bond length for the beam main
reinforcement and inadequate spliced
implanted column
on the joint. Three different strengthening
schemes were used to rehabilitate the
defected
beam–column joints including externally
bonded CFRP strips and sheets in addition to
near
surface mounted (NSM) CFRP strips. The
failure criteria including ultimate capacity,
mode
of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and the
developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing
steel
and CFRP were considered and compared for
each group for the control and the
CFRPstrengthened
specimens. The test results showed that the
proposed CFRP strengthening configurations
represented the best choice for strengthening
the first two defects from the viewpoint of
the studied failure criteria. On the other hand,
the results of the third group showed that
 strengthening the joint using NSM strip
technique enabled the specimen to
outperform the
structural performance of the control
specimen while strengthening the joints using
externally
bonded CFRP strips and sheets failed to
restore the strengthened joints capacity.
97 Study of the seismic Angelo Masi a,1, Engineering Structures 52 The paper is focused on the analysis of some
behavior of external Giuseppe (2013) 207–219 test results obtained in the framework of a
RC beam–column Santarsiero a,⇑, wide experimental
joints Gian Piero program on RC beam–column joints carried
through experimental Lignola b,2, out at the Laboratory of Structures of the
tests and numerical Gerardo M. University of
simulations Verderame Basilicata in Potenza, Italy. Specifically, cyclic
tests on full-scale joint specimens having
different earthquake
resistant design levels were performed,
applying different values of axial force. Test
results relevant
to 4 specimens have been analyzed and
compared with the results of numerical
simulations
based on an accurate finite element modeling
using the DIANA code at the Structural
Engineering Dept.
of the University of Naples. Experimental
results show how the value of the axial load
acting on the column
can change the collapse mode, spreading
damage from the beam to the joint panel.
Moreover, a collapse
 mode due to the failure of beam longitudinal
rebars, sometimes neglected in structural
codes, has
been observed. Numerical simulations were
used to evaluate the stress distribution in the
joint panel as a
function of the axial load and to quantify the
beam rebar deformations. The reasons for the
specimens’
global failure and, specifically, for that of the
beam longitudinal rebars were identified and
highlighted
through a comparison with the experimental
results.
98 Textile Reinforced T.C. Triantafillou FRPRCS-7 Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) are
Mortars (TRM) and C.G. investigated in this study in comparison
versus Fiber Papanicolaou with a new class of materials, textile
Reinforced reinforced mortars (TRM), for shear
Polymers (FRP) as strengthening
Strengthening and/or seismic retrofitting of concrete
Materials of Concrete structures. Textiles comprise fabric meshes
Structures made of long woven, knitted or even
unwoven fiber rovings in at least two
(typically
orthogonal) directions. Mortars – serving as
binders – contain polymeric additives in
order to have improved strength properties.
In this study, experimental investigations
were carried out in order to provide a better
understanding on the effectiveness of TRM
versus FRP jackets as a means of increasing:
(i) the axial capacity of concrete through
 confinement; and (ii) the load-carrying
capacity of shear-critical reinforced concrete
flexural members. From the results obtained
it is strongly believed that the proposed
TRM strengthening technique is a viable
alternative to the already successful FRP
strengthening technique.
99 THE RETROFITTING Ze-Jun Geng,a Composites Science and This paper reports the research e€ort in
OF REINFORCED Michael J. Technology 58 (1998) improving the
CONCRETE Chajes,b Tsu-Wei 1297±1305 ductility of concrete column-to-beam
COLUMN-TO-BEAM Chouc* & David connection and the
CONNECTIONS Yen-Cheng Pand capability of connections containing
insucient develop-
ment length. CFRP tow sheets were wrapped
around the
column near the joint region for ductility
retro®tting, and
were longitudinally bonded to and/or
wrapped around the
column near the joint with a set of steel
angles and rods
for development retro®tting. Repeated
loading±unload-
ing±reloading were applied on ductility
specimens for
simulating seismic loads. Development
specimens were
tested under monotonic loading. A total of 19
concrete
column-to-beam connection specimens were
tested. Duc-
tility retro®tting has resulted in signi®cant
 improvement
in ductility and 24±35% increase in ultimate
loading
capacity. The development retro®tting has
demonstrated
154±172% increase in ultimate loading
capacity.
100 UPGRADATION OF Priti. A. Patel, Dr. International Journal of This paper presents an experimental
NON-DUCTILE Atul K. Desai, Dr. Civil Engineering and investigation to determine the performance
REINFORCED Jatin A. Desai Technology (IJCIET), ISSN characteristics of non-ductile reinforced
CONCRETE 0976 – 6308 (Print), concrete (RC) beam-column connection by
BEAMCOLUMN ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) using
CONNECTIONS USING Volume 3, Issue 2, July- polyester fibre. A number of studies have
FIBRE December (2012), © been reported on steel fibre reinforced
IAEME concrete
beam-column connections. Now a day’s
synthetic fibres start to capture the market in
all
over the word and becoming popular for
engineering application. The attempt has
been
made to use polyester fibre of triangular
cross-section for RC element. An
experimental
investigation was made to study the
behaviors of polyester fibre reinforced
concrete
(PFRC) beams-column connection under
cyclic loading. Fibre dosages used were 1%,
1.5% and 2% by volume. The test program
included the evaluation of non-ductile PFRC
beam-column connection in terms of load-
 deflection behaviour, energy dissipation,
stiffness and specific damping capacity. The
test results reveal that addition of polyester
fibre in the connection region of beam and
column enhances all the above properties.
The increase in strength is about 31% that of
non-ductile control specimen. The energy
dissipation capacity and rate of degradation
of stiffness greatly improve
101 STRENGTH AND A large number of old buildings have been
DUCTILITY OF identified as having potentially critical
REINFORCED detailing to resist earthquakes. The main
CONCRETE BEAM reinforcement of lap-spliced columns just
COLUMN above the joint region, discontinuous bottom
JOINT beam reinforcement, and little or no joint
STRENGTHENING BY transverse reinforcement are the most critical
HYBRID FRP AND details of interior beam column joints in such
GFRP SHEETS buildings. This structural type constitutes a
large share of the building stock, both in
developed and developing countries, and
hence represents a substantial exposure.
Direct observation of damaged structures,
following the Algiers 2003 earthquake, has
shown that damage occurs usually at the
beam-column joints, with failure in bending
or shear, depending on geometry and
reinforcement distribution and type. While
substantial literature exist for the design of
concrete frame joints to withstand this type
of failure, after the earthquake many
structures were classified as slightly damaged
and, being uneconomic to replace them, at
 least in the short term, suitable means of
repairs of the beam column joint area are
being studied. Furthermore there exist a large
number of buildings that need retrofitting of
the joints before the next earthquake. The
paper reports the results of the experimental
programme, constituted of three beam-
column reinforced concrete joints at a scale of
one to three (1/3) tested under the effect of a
prestressing axial load acting over the
column. The beams were subjected at their
ends to an alternate cyclic loading under
displacement control to simulate a seismic
action. Strain and cracking fields were
monitored with the help a digital recording
camera. Following the analysis of the results,
a comparison can be made between the
performances in terms of ductility, strength
and mode of failure of the different
strengthening solution considered
102 STRENGTH AND N. Attari1*, S. Asia pacific conference on A large number of old buildings have been
DUCTILITY OF Amziane2 and M. FRP in structures, seoul identified as having potentially critical
REINFORCED Chemrouk3 korea, 9-11 december detailing to resist earthquakes. The main
CONCRETE BEAM 2009. reinforcement of lap-spliced columns just
COLUMN above the joint region, discontinuous bottom
JOINT beam reinforcement, and little or no joint
STRENGTHENING BY transverse reinforcement are the most critical
HYBRID FRP AND details of interior beam column joints in such
GFRP SHEETS buildings. This structural type constitutes a
large share of the building stock, both in
developed and developing countries, and
hence represents a substantial exposure.
 Direct observation of damaged structures,
following the Algiers 2003 earthquake, has
shown that damage occurs usually at the
beam-column joints, with failure in bending
or shear, depending on geometry and
reinforcement distribution and type. While
substantial literature exist for the design of
concrete frame joints to withstand this type
of failure, after the earthquake many
structures were classified as slightly damaged
and, being uneconomic to replace them, at
least in the short term, suitable means of
repairs of the beam column joint area are
being studied. Furthermore there exist a large
number of buildings that need retrofitting of
the joints before the next earthquake. The
paper reports the results of the experimental
programme, constituted of three beam-
column reinforced concrete joints at a scale of
one to three (1/3) tested under the effect of a
prestressing axial load acting over the
column. The beams were subjected at their
ends to an alternate cyclic loading under
displacement control to simulate a seismic
action. Strain and cracking fields were
monitored with the help a digital recording
camera. Following the analysis of the results,
a comparison can be made between the
performances in terms of ductility, strength
and mode of failure of the different
strengthening solution considered
103 PRELIMINARY Marco DI Recent seismic events have clearly confirmed
 RESULTS OF AN LUDOVICO, the vulnerability of existing reinforced
EXPERIMENTAL Alberto concrete (R.C.) structures. In particular, the
INVESTIGATION BALSAMO, premature failure of partially confined (i.e.
ON RC BEAM- Andrea PROTA, exterior) beamcolumn joints has been
COLUMN JOINTS Gerardo Mario identified as one of the main cause limiting
VERDERAME, the structural seismic capacity. Poor attention
Mauro DOLCE, to detail and lacking of adequate transverse
Gaetano reinforcement typically lead to premature
MANFREDI joints brittle shear failure mode. In order to
investigate on the effectiveness of externally
bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) for
the seismic retrofit of beam column joints, the
paper presents the preliminary results of an
experimental program on full scale partially
confined RC joints subjected to transverse
cyclic loading. In particular, the results of four
tests, two on un-reinforced control
specimens, one on repaired and carbon FRP
(CFRP) retrofitted specimen, and one on
CFRP strengthened specimen, are herein
presented. The specimen design strategy, the
repair and strengthening phases, the
experimental results in terms of column
shear versus drift as well as the comparison
between the specimens' performances are
reported and discussed.
104 STRENGTHENING OF Dr Sana Ullah University of Leeds, UK The use of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete
BEAM-COLUMN JOINT Balouch, John (SFRC), firstly centred on pavements and
WITH STEEL FIBRE Paul Forth sprayed concrete, is enlarging itself to
REINFORCED numerous other domains of construction.
CONCRETE Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete has very
DURING potential application in building frames due
 EARTHQUAKE to its high seismic energy absorption
LOADING capability and relatively simple construction
technique. To explore such potential, the
existing body of knowledge on SFRC must be
expanded to cover for enhancing the flexural
strength of concrete. A lot of research has
been done on improving the concrete
strength. There was need to see the
improvement in strength with addition of
fibres in high-rise building in addition to
rebar. This thesis aims to add to that body of
knowledge through experimental
investigation and analysis especially with
respect to earthquake
scenario.
105 Different Dr. Gopal L. Rai R&M International Pvt. Ltd. Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) composites
Strengthening comprise fibers of high tensile strength
Techniques for RC within a polymer matrix such as vinylester or
Columns epoxy. FRP composites have emerged from
being exotic materials used only in niche
applications following the Second World War,
to common engineering materials used in a
diverse range of applications such as aircraft,
helicopters, spacecraft, satellites, ships,
submarines, automobiles, chemical
processing equipment, sporting goods and
civil infrastructure. The role of FRP for
strengthening of existing or new reinforced
concrete structures is growing at an
extremely rapid pace owing mainly to the
ease and speed of construction, and the
possibility of application without disturbing
 the existing functionality of
the structure.
106 SEISMIC Má rio COELHO, An experimental program was carried out to
STRENGTHENING OF Pedro analyse the potentialities of a technique
BEAM-COLUMN FERNANDES, José based on the use of multidirectional CFRP
JOINTS WITH MELO, José SENA- laminates (MDL-CFRP) for the seismic repair
MULTIDIRECTIONAL CRUZ, Humberto and strengthening of reinforced concrete
CFRP LAMINATES VARUM, Joaquim (RC) beam-column joints. This experimental
BARROS, Aníbal program comprises cyclic tests on three full-
COSTA scale RC joints, representative of interior
beam-column connections in buildings. The
joints were initially submitted to a cyclic test
inducing a damage pattern representative of
a seismic event. Subsequently, they were
repaired and strengthened with MDL-CFRP.
The strengthened joints were then tested for
the same loading history of the original ones
up to their failure. The adopted strengthening
technique uses the MDL-CFRP that are
simultaneously glued and anchored to the
concrete surfaces. This technique is called
Mechanically Fastened and Externally
Bonded Reinforcement (MF-EBR). In the
present study, the effectiveness of two
different strengthening configurations was
Investigated. The tests are described and the
main results are presented and analyzed.
107 BEAM-COLUMN Ciro FAELLA, This paper presents the first results of an
JOINTS Carmine LIMA, experimental campaign performed – at the
STRENGTHENED Annalisa NAPOLI, Laboratory of Materials & Structures of the
WITH FRP SYSTEMS Roberto University of Salerno (Italy) – with the aim to
REALFONZO, investigate the seismic performance of RC
Joaquín beam-columns joints strengthened with FRP
Guillermo RUIZ and steel systems. The complete test matrix
PINILLA includes eight specimens realized to be
representative of existing exterior beam-
column subassemblies with inadequate
seismic details. Several technical solutions
were selected in order to improve the joint
seismic behaviour, and the performance of
the first two strengthening systems is
investigated in this paper. To this aim, three
beam-column joints have been tested so far,
i.e. two strengthened specimens and a
reference (unstrengthened) one. Test results
have begun to provide useful information for
the adopted strengthening systems in terms
of strength, ductility and energy dissipation
capacity