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7000

6000

5000
DQO(mg/L)

4000 (20 A/m2, muestra 2)

3000 (56.7 A/m2, muestra 2)


(20 A/m2, muestra 3)
2000
(56.7 A/m2, muestra 3)
1000

0
0 20 40 60
TIEMPO (min)


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100.00
 90.00
80.00 (20 A/m2, muestra 2)
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 70.00
60.00 (56.7 A/m2, muestra
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50.00
(20 A/m2, muestra 3)
 40.00
30.00
 20.00 (56.7 A/m2, muestra
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 30000
 25000

 20000
DBO5 mg/L

(20 A/ m2 , muestra 2)
 15000
(56.7 A/m2, muestra 2)
 10000 (20 A/m2, muestra 3)
 5000 (56.7 A/m2, muestra 3)

 0
0 20 40 60
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80

70

60
(20 A/m2, muestra 2)
% REMOCION DBO5

50
(56.7 A/ m2, muestra 2)
40
(20 A/m2, muestra 3)
30
(56.7 A/m2, muestra 3)

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TIEMPO (min.) 

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Concentracion TSS VS Tiempo (M1 Y M2).

9000
 8000 (20 A/m2, muestra 1)
7000

6000
TSS mg/L

(56.7 A/m2, muestra


5000
 1)
4000
3000 (20 A/m2, muestra 2)

2000
 1000
(56.7 A/m2, muestra
0 2)
 0 10 20 30 40 50

 TIEMPO (min.)

1RWD)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

(QODJUiILFD&RPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVLQLFLDOHVGHORV766YDUtDQHQ
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60

% REMOCION TSS mg/L.
50 (20 A/m2, muestra 1)

40
(56.7 A/m2, muestra 1)

30
 (20 A/m2, muestra 2)
20
 10 (56.7 A/m2, mjuestra 2)
 0
0 10 20 30 40 50

TIEMPO (min.)

1RWD)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

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GH  ‫ܣ‬Τ݉ଶ SDUD HO SURFHVR GH HOHFWURFRDJXODFLyQ &RPSDUDQGR FRQ &KDYDOSDULW 
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Concentracion AyG VS Tiempo (M2 y M3).

1200

1000

800
AyG mg/L

 (20 A/m2,muestra 2)
600
(56.7 A/m2,muestra 2)

400 (20 A/m2, muestra 3)
 200 (56.7 A/m2, muestra 3)

 0
0 20 40 60

TIEMPO( min.)

1RWD)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
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Porcentaje de Remocion AyG -MUESTRA 2 Y 3
80 
70

% REMOCION DE AyG

60

50 
(MUESTRA 2, 20 A/m2)
40
(MUESTRA 2, 56.7 A/m2) 
30
(MUESTRA 3, 20 A/m2)
20
( MUESTRA 3, 56.7 A/m2)

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TIEMPO (min.) 

1RWD)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
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% REMOCION DQO -DENSIDAD DE CORRIENTE

100
 90
80
% REMOCION DQO

 70
60

50
(56.7 A/m2)
 40
30 (20A/m2)
 20
10
 0
6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4

pH

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SRUFHQWDMHGHUHPRFLyQGH'42VHREWLHQHDXQDGHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHGHԏଶ 

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/RVUHVXOWDGRVGHHVWHHVWXGLRPXHVWUDQTXHFRQHODXPHQWRGHODGHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHOD
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Cinetica de reaccion DQO (2DO ORDEN)


0.002

0.0018 y = 3E-05x + 0.0003 20 A/m2,


R² = 0.9928 muestra 1
0.0016
56.7 A/m2,
0.0014 muestra 1

20 A/m2,
1/DQO(mol/L)

0.0012
muestra 2
R² = 0.9457
0.001 56.7 A/m2,
muestra 2
0.0008
20 A/m2,
0.0006 R² = 0.9423 muestra 3
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1.5

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1

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