ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (IUT)

THE ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION (OIC)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

COURSE: EEE 4766

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
EXPERIMENT NAME: PWM Speed Control of Permanent Magnet DC Motor Using
555 Timers IC

OBJECTIVE:
To observe the output of 555 timer IC and use that output pulse to control the speed of a DC motor.

Theory:

A DC motor consists basically of two parts, the stationary body of the motor called the “Stator”
and the inner part which rotates producing the movement called the “Rotor”. For D.C. machines
the rotor is commonly termed the “Armature”.

The current flowing within the armature winding produces the necessary electromagnetic field.
The circular magnetic field produced by the armatures windings generates both north and south
poles around the armature which are repelled or attracted by the stator’s permanent magnets
producing a rotational movement around the motors central axis. The circuit diagram of a simple
DC motor is shown below.

The rotational speed of a DC motor (N) is proportional to the back emf (Vb) of the motor
divided by the magnetic flux (which for a permanent magnet is a constant) times an
electromechanical constant depending upon the nature of the armatures windings (Ke) giving us
the equation of:

N = V- Ia Ra /KeΦ.
There are various methods to control the speed of a DC motor. One way to control the speed of a
motor is to regulate the amount of voltage across its terminals and this can be achieved using
“Pulse Width Modulation” or PWM. As the name suggests, pulse signals are used to control
the amount of power applied to the DC motor. By varying the width of the pulse signal, the
average DC voltage applied to the motor can be varied, i.e., the longer the pulse is “ON”, the
faster the motor will rotate and likewise, the shorter the pulse is “ON” the slower the motor will
rotate.

555 Timer IC

A 555 timer IC could be used to generate the required pulse signals. The schematic of the IC 555
along with the three external components and the internal circuit of the IC 555 are shown below.

Figure 1. Internal circuit of 555 IC.

Operation of 555 timer IC

Initially, when the capacitor is not charged up to 2/3 VCC, the flip-flop is RESET (and hence the
output of the timer is low). As a result, the discharge transistor is driven to saturation (as it is
connected to Q’). The capacitor C of the timing circuit is connected at Pin 7 of the IC 555 and
will discharge through the transistor. The output of the timer at this point is low. The voltage
across the capacitor is nothing but the trigger voltage. So, while discharging, if the capacitor
voltage becomes less than 1/3 VCC, which is the reference voltage to trigger comparator 2, the
output of the comparator 2 will become high. This will SET the flip-flop and hence the output of
the timer at pin 3 goes to HIGH. This high output will turn OFF the transistor. As a result, the
capacitor C starts charging through the resistors R1 and R2. Now, the capacitor voltage is same as
the threshold voltage (as pin 6 is connected to the capacitor resistor junction). While charging,
the capacitor voltage increases exponentially towards VCC and the moment it crosses 2/3 VCC,
which is the reference voltage to threshold comparator 1, its output becomes high. Consequently,
the flip-flop is RESET. The output of the timer falls to LOW. This low output will once again
turn on the transistor which provides a discharge path to the capacitor. Hence the capacitor C
will discharge through the resistor R2. And hence the cycle continues. The waveforms of
capacitor voltage and the output in the astable mode are shown below in Fig 2.

Fig 2. Charging and discharging of capacitor and corresponding output voltage

Implementation of PWM technique using proteus software

Components:

DC motor

Resistors

Capacitors

555 timer IC

Power Mosfet (N-channel)

Battery

Diodes

POT

Oscilloscope

The diagram of speed control of a DC motor using PWM technique is shown in Fig 3. There are
two pots, the port RV1 adjust system frequency while the port RV2 controls the speed of the
motor.

Fig 3. Speed control circuit of a DC motor using PWM technique

Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the change in speed when the pulse on time of the output of 555 timer
IC is varied by varying the resistance.
Fig 4. Change in speed when resistance is increased

Fig 5. Change in speed when resistance is decreased

The frequency can also be varied by changing the resistance of potentiometer RV1 as shown in
figures 6 and 7.

Fig 6. Variation in frequency when resistance is decreased

 Fig 7. Variation in frequency when resistance is increased

Home Tasks:

• Simulate internal circuit of 555 timer IC shown in Figure 1.

• Use 555 timer IC to control the output voltage of buck converter.
• Use 555 timer IC to control the output voltage of boost converter