Emilio Aguinaldo College

School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology

Congressional East Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite
(+63) 046-4164324 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite

MACHINE SHOP THEORY FOR (TMPB 322)

Report # 02

TECHNICAL REPORT IN MACHINE SHOP THEORY

Submitted by:

Carpena, Alexis Jay

BSME TMEC 3-1
May, 2022

Submitted to:

Engr. Kyle Andrew Acosta

Instructor

Item 1: New Technologies and Trends in Machine Shop Operation.

 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Congressional East Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite
(+63) 046-4164324 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite

Provide at least five types.

Include the pictures and/or diagram, if applicable.
1. Computer-aided Manufacturing
Computer-aided
manufacturing
(CAM) is a type
of
manufacturing
method that
uses computer
software and
automatable
machinery to
create products
with a high degree of accuracy and precision. Modern machines and software
technologies have enabled us to create better parts with increasingly more control
over the entire process.
A CAM tool uses a product model created in CAD software. The former converts
the computer models into a language understood by the machining tool and
undertakes the production.

CAM can also help manufacturers with product planning, development,

management, storage and logistics. The foremost objective of CAM is to either
create new or improve upon existing manufacturing setups to boost efficiency and
reduce wastage. It does so by expediting the manufacturing process and tooling,
and reducing energy requirements. The final results have a high degree of
consistency, quality, and accuracy.

2. More Axes To Reduce Machining Cost

Beyond software and CAD/CAM
integrations, there have also been
improvements to machining hardware and
equipment, making them more capable and
more affordable than ever before. Multi-
axis machining centers such as 4- or 5-axis
have entered competitive marketplaces, enabling ownership or use of high-quality
machines at a lower price. These machines can be dedicated, with pre-installed
rotary axes, or upgraded using interchangeable rotary tables or trunnions. For
 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Congressional East Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite
(+63) 046-4164324 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite

example, a 3-axis machining center can be upgraded with 5-axis capabilities by

adding a trunnion that adds tilt and rotation of the workpiece. Automated tool
changers can also come as a stock item or upgrade, with increases in the count of
tool holders allowing for more operations with fewer setups due to tool capacity.

The benefit of adding axes to a machining center is a reduction in setups. For each
setup, custom fixturing may require additional operations and materials. With the
reduction of setups, the labor per part is decreased. This reduces both cost and risk
as measured by the number of steps per operation which could have operator error
and, therefore, increased scrap. Improvements in machining CAM software have
further empowered 5th axis machining centers by optimizing guiding curves for
tool pathing, improving material removal using live contouring. Utilizing
additional axes is also becoming common on other platforms beyond mills, such
as wire EDM and laser, plasma, and waterjet cutting to create more features in
fewer operations.

3. Advances in workforce training

Equipment manufacturers are increasingly installing 3D CAD viewers into their
standard machine platforms. This screen acts as the primary visual guide for
operation setup and progression, and can even be configured to include
troubleshooting videos.
The integration of this software in CNC machining equipment will help
manufacturers not only improve workforce training but also increase the
effectiveness and efficiency of existing employees. What’s more, though this
technology comes at a high upfront cost, it is likely to increase cost-savings in the
long run by reducing operator error.

4. Universal solutions
for tooling
Vacuum fixtures or
vacuum plates, which
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School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Congressional East Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite
(+63) 046-4164324 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite

are used to hold projects in place that are difficult to secure or might easily
deform, have traditionally been custom-made for each project. As a result, they
have been quite costly, and most manufacturing teams tend to avoid using them
unless strictly necessary.

However, the introduction of universal bases like the Pierson SmartVac and the
Blue Photon UV workholding system have made it possible to custom-configure a
single part for multiple operations. As a turnkey alternative to custom fixtures,
these tools make it possible to create certain parts at a fraction of what it would
have previously cost.
Matrix Innovations created a similar solution in the form of universal soft jaws,
which can also be customized and used for repeated operations. Together, vacuum
tables and reusable soft jaws make it far more affordable to complete complex
CNC machining projects.

5. CNC Lathe machines CNC Lathes are normally used for machining parts, where the
material / part is clamped and rotated whereas the cutting tool is stationery mounted for
OD (Outer Diameter) and ID (Inner Diameter) operations, e.g. shafts and pipes. They are
ideal for parts that have same symmetry around an axis that could be chucked up (i.e.
radially clamped) in the spindle.
A simple CNC Lathe operates on 2-axis and the tool is located in a fixed position at 8 to
24 station turret. The rotating action of the part is called “turning”, hence certain types of
CNC Lathes are called CNC Turning Machines.

Milling (cutting tool moves around stationery workpiece), boring and tapping (a tool that cuts
threads inside hole) tools are normally driven by a separate drive system inside the turret.
Depending on the application, the life tools (i.e. active tool) are mounted for axial or radial
 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Congressional East Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite
(+63) 046-4164324 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite

operational directions. These could be found in 3-axis CNC Lathes or CNC Turning
Machines.
Lathe machines with additional options such as Y-axis, sub-spindles, or specific selected
options for automation are commonly called Turning Centres. These sophisticated machine
tools are capable of machining complex parts – these go beyond standard OD & ID turning
operations and may incorporate milling, drilling and tapping operations to complete the part
in one setting. Taking a piece from raw part to finished product, such all-in-one machine tools
significantly improves productivity.

Item 2: Application Specify at least two (2) activities in the machine shop, and
compare the effects of the new technologies versus the traditional way
1. 3-Axis to 12-Axis: CNC Milling Machine Capabilities Compared\
3-Axis CNC Machining
The Traditional way which is the 3-axis machining evolved from rotary filing. Here, the
workpiece occupies a stationary position while the cutting tool moves across the X-, Y-, and Z-
axes. The X-axis is along with the lathe table, the Y-axis is towards the front/back of the table,
and the spindle that drops from the top marks the Z-axis.
It is ideal for simple tasks that do not require intricate detailing or depth. As such, it is one of the
most preferred techniques for creating mechanical parts for automation. Additionally, you can
also use it for cutting sharp edges, boring, milling slots, tapping, and drilling holes. 
 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Congressional East Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite
(+63) 046-4164324 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite

Limitations:
3-axis machining possesses the following limitations:
 It functions in a complex programming environment.
 The initial capital investment and the installation costs are high.
 It requires highly skilled professionals for operating and maintaining the machine.

12-Axis CNC Machining

If 9-axis CNC machining is the whole package, then its 12-axis counterpart is an absolute beast!
The 12-axis CNC machines typically contain two heads that allow movement along the X, Y, Z,
A, B, and C-axes. This configuration doubles the productivity and accuracy while cutting down
manufacturing time by half!
 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Congressional East Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite
(+63) 046-4164324 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite

CNC machining continues to stay relevant and effective to this day. It serves various
manufacturing-intensive sectors and maintains product quality, precision, and standardization. As
machines acquire more axes of movement, they are only bound to get better with each iteration.
So while they may be a significant investment, they also promise long-lasting service in return!

2. Artificial Intelligence vs. Machine Learning

Machine Learning
Machine learning models generate findings based on stored data sets and queries for the purpose
of learning a specific pattern,” McCourt says. “If the answer is not previously stored, machine
learning analyzes the environment to present its best guess as to what the correct response might
be.
The reason for confusion is understandable: ML can be considered as the current ‘state of the art’
of AI,” Wilde says. Spell-check aside, he adds, machine learning is one of the oldest and best-
established AI disciplines. It’s also the one bearing the most current fruit in terms of enterprise
use cases.
Understanding the difference between AI and ML isn’t just a matter of clarifying terms or
relieving annoyance with non-technical folks who just don’t get it. Rather, it’s table-stakes
for success with AI projects.