Machine Translated by Google

3.

3.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɨɰɟɧ
ɤɨɣɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɜɨɣɫɬɜȺɋɊ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶȺɋɊɫɜɹɡɚɧɚɫɯɚɪɚɤ ɬɟɪɨɦ ɟɺ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɗɬɨ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɞɢɮɮɟɥɨ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɾɥɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (2.137) ɫɜɨ
ɛɨɞɧɚɹɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ
n
apap 0 1
n 1
... ayn . (3.1)
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɷɬɨɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬ
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜɵɜɟɞ
ɲɟɝɨɟɺɢɡɷɬɨɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɛɨɣɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɨɞɧɨɪɨ
ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɩɪɢɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯɭɭɭ
n
apap 0 1
n 1
... ayn 0 ɩɪɢ t of . (3.2)
ɿɫɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɨɛɛ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ
ɧɭɥɸ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ. ɾɪɭɝɢɦɢɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɭɫ
ɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɷɬɨɟɫɬɶɡɚɪɒɪɪ
ȿɫɥɢɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹɤɨɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɭɡɧɚɱ
ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ
ɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɱɰɱɱɱɥ

ȼɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɜɨɡ
ɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɢɥɢɢɦɟɟɬɜɢɞɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣɫɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣɚɦ ɩɥɢɬɭɞɨɣ,
ɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ.
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɪɹɞɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢɭɫ ɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯɨɰɟɧɢɬɶɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɧɚ
ɟɺɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ

Ⱥɥɝɟɛɪɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ (Ʉɨɪ

ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ, ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɋɬɨɞɨɥɵ, ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ƚɭɪɜɢɰɚ, ɤɪɢɬɟɚ
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɚɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢ ɜɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ƚɭɪɜɢɰɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɚɥɝɟɛɪɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɪɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɞɥɹɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɒɒ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦɛɟɡɡɚɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ.
59
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ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɝɪɚɮɨ
Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ, ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ). ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɦɪɪɚ
ɂɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

3.2. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚɤɨɛɳɟɣɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

B (p)
m
bpbpbp m 1 m 2 ... b
W (p) 0 1 2 m
, (3.3)
A (p) apapap 1
n n 1 n 2 ... a
0 2 n
m m-1 m-2
ɝɞɟ B(p) = b0 p + b1 p + b2 p + … + bm – ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ,
n n-1 n-2
?(p) = a0 p + a1 p + a2 p + … + an – ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɹ.
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵ
ɜɚɸɳɟɣɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɣɩɨɥɢɧɨɦ,
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹɜɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɭɬɟɦɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɹ Ⱥ(p) ɤɧɭɥɸɦɨɠɧɨɩɨɥɭɶ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɤɨɪɧɹɦɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɦɨɠ ɧɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ:

n n-1
a0 p + a1 p + a2 pn-2 + … + an = 0. (3.4)

ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ pi ɦɨ

ɛɵɬɶɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵɜɜɢɞɟɬɨɱɟɤɧɚɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ

pi = D r j? = Re(pi) r jIm(pi). (3.5)

Im
5
4
3
6
1
0 Re
2

5
4

Ɋɢɫ. 3.1. Ʉɨɪɧɢɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ

ɧɚɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ

60
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ȼɢɞɵɤɨɪɧɟɣɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ:
x ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (1);
x ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (2);
x ɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ (3);
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ:

x ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ (4);
x ɱɢɫɬɨɦɧɢɦɵɟ (5);
ɉɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɢɤɨɪɧɢɛɵɜɚɸɬ:
x ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ (1, 2, 3);
x ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ (4, 5): pi = x ɤɪɚɬɧɵɟD r jȕ;
(6) pi = pi +1 = ….

3.3. Ʉɨɪɧɟɜɨɣɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

Ʉɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢ ɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɭ

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɺ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ ɱɟɫɤɨɦɭɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ (3.4).

Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɝɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ
ɾɥɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛ
ɤɨɪɧɢɟɺɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɥɟɠɚɥɢɜɥɟɜɨɣɩɨ _ _
D ȼɞɚɧɧɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɢɦɟɟɬɡɚɬɭɯɚɸɳɢɟɤɨ ɫɬɢ, ɬ. ?.
ɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.

ȿɫɥɢɯɨɬɹɛɵɨɞɢɧɤɨɪɟɧɶɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɧɚɦɧɢɦɨɣɨɫɢ ( D = 0), ɬɨ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɒɪ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɛɭɞɟɬɧɟɡɚɬɭɯɚɸɳɢɦɫɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɨɣ.
ɿɫɥɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɪɥ
( D> 0), ɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɝɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɢɦɟɟɬɜɢɞ
3p 4
W (p) . (3.6)
32
pp 2 2,25 p 1,25
3 2
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ: p + 2p + 2,25p + 1,25 = 0.
Ʉɨɪɧɢɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ: p1 = – 1; p2 = - 0,5 + j; p3 = - 0,5 - j.
ȼɫɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɱɚɫɬɢɤɨɪɧɟɣɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɵɶ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ.

61
Machine Translated by Google

Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣɋɬɨɞɨɥɵ
ɄɪɢɬɟɪɢɣȺ. ɋɬɨɞɨɥɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦɢɡɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɝɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɋɬɨɞɨɥɵ
Ⱦɥɹɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɨ
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɛɵɥɢɩɨɥɨɒɶ
Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ (3.6) ɩɨ

3.4. ɄɪɢɬɟɪɢɣɊɚɭɫɚ

ɗ Ⱦ. Ɋɚɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɪɤ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɜɜɢɞɟɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ, ɩɨɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɚɛ
ɥɢɰɚɫɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɨɥɢɧɨ
ɦɚɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:

1) ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɢɧ

ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɤɨɷɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ

Ck,1 = a0, a2, a4, ... (3.7)

2) ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɢɧ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹɫɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɩɪɢɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ
Ck,2 = a1, a3, a5, ... (3.8)
3)
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (3.4) ɩɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Ck,i = Ck+1,i-2 - ri ·Ck+1,i-1, (3.9)
ɝɞɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ

ri = C1,i-2/ (3.10)
C1,i-1, i 3 - ɧɨɦɟɪɫɬɪɨɤɢ, k - ɧɨɦɟɪɫɬɨɥɛɰɚ.
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ Ɋɚɭɫɚ (ɬɚɛɥ. 3.1) ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ
ɪɹɞɤɚɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɨɥɢɢɧɨɦɚ n.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.1
ɌɚɛɥɢɰɚɊɚɭɫɚ

ri i\k 1 2 3 4
-
1 C11 = a0 C21 = a2 C31 = a4 ...
-
2 C12 = a1 C22 = a3 C32 = a5 ...

r3 = C11/C12 3 C13 = C21 - r3C22 C23 = C31 - r3C32 C33 = C41 - r3C42 ...

r4 = C12/C13 4 C14 = C22 – r4C23 C24 = C32 – r4C33 C34 = C42 – r4C43 ...
... ... ... ... ... ...

62
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ɎɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɊɚɭɫɚ
Ⱦɥɹɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɢɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵɤɨ
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵɩɟɪɜɨɝɨɫɬɨɥɛɰɚɬɚɛɥɢɰɵɊɚɭɫɚ C11, C12, C13,... ɛɵɥɢ ɨɞ
ɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢɷɬɨɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ, ɚɤɨɥɢ
ɱɟɫɬɜɨɩɪɚɜɵɯɤɨɪɧɟɣɪɚɜɧɨɱɢɫɥɭɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɡɧɚɤɚɜɩɟɪɜɨɦɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɜɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɧɟɡɚɜɢɨ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɧ ɭɞɨɛɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɧɚɗȼɆ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ – ɦɚɥɚɹɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɭɞɢɬɶ
ɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɨɨ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.

3.5. ɄɪɢɬɟɪɢɣȽɭɪɜɢɰɚ

ɄɪɢɬɟɪɢɣȺ. Ƚɭɪɜɢɰɚɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦɞɥɹɨɩɪɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ ɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬɫɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢɯɚɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɨɥɢɪɫ
Ʉɚɤɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɦɥ
ɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣɜɢɞ (ɫɦ. ɩ. 2.10)
B (p)
()
W p ɊȺɁ . (3.11)
A (p)
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣɫɜɹɡɶɸ, (ɫɦ. ɩ. 2.12) ɢɦɟɟɬɜɢɞ
B (p)
p ()
WɊȺɁ A (p) B (p)
WɁȺɆp ( ) . (3.12)
1 1 WɊȺɁp () 1 B (p) A (p) B p ( )
A (p)
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɦɤ
ɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɦɨɠɧɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɤɚɤɫɭɦɦɭɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɨɜɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɢ
ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɹɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɦɁ _
n n-1
A(p) + B(p) = d0 p + d1 p + …. + dn-1 p + dn. (3.13)
ɾɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ Ƚɭɪɜɢɰɭ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹɚɚ
Ƚɭɪɜɢɰɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹɢɡɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɨɥɢɧɨ
ɦɚɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (3.13).
ɉɨɝɥɚɜɧɨɣɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɢɦɚɬɪɢɰɵɨɬɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨɥɟɜɨɝɨɭɝɥɚɡɚɩɢɫɵ
ɜɚɸɬɫɹɩɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɫɟɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹɫ d1ɢɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɹ dn.

63
Machine Translated by Google

Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ

ɱɬɨɛɵɜɧɢɡɨɬɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɢɧɨɦɪɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ dɭɦɫɫ

·
ɚ ɜɜɟɪɯ – ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 0 ɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ nɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹɧɭɥɹɦɢ.
§ddd ! 0

'
¸

ddd 0
¨

1 3 5 !
¨ ¸

¨
00 dd
2 4 ! 0 ¸

¨ ¸
. (3.14)
""""
1 3

¹
¨ ¸

©
000 ! d ¸

ɎɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹȽɭɪɜɢɰɚ
ɾɥɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ
ɱɬɨɛɵɜɫɟ n ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɦɢɧɨɪɨɜɦɚɬɪɢɰɰɵ ɛɵɥɢɨ
ɬɟɥɶɧɵ:

dd
1 3
'1 d1 ! ; '2 0 ! 0 ɢɬ ɞ. (3.15)
dd
0 2

ɿɫɥɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵɨɞɢɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɛɭɞɟɬɪɚɜɟɧɧɭɥɸɸ, ɬɨɫɢ

ɛɭɞɟɬɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ȿɫɥɢɯɨɬɹɛɵɨɞɢɧɨɩɪɟɞɟ ɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɟɧ, ɬɨ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ɱɢɫɥɚɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɢɥɢɧɭɥɟɜɵɯɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹȽɭɪɜɢɰɚ
Ⱦɚɧɚɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
3 2
B (p) 2 9 6 ppp 1
WɊȺɁ p ( ) . (3.16)
42 3
A (p) 2 ppp
3

ɾɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɧ

ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣɫɜɹɡɶɸ, ɩɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸȽɭɪɜɢɰɚɧɟ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ
ɦɵ:
4 3 2 3 2
A(p) + B(p) = 2p + 3p + p + 2p + 9p + 6p + 1 =
4 3 2
= 2p + 5p + 10p + 6p + 1. (3.17)
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ n ɪɚɜɧɚ 4, ɬɨ ɦɚɚ
Ƚɭɪɜɢɰɚɛɭɞɟɬɢɦɟɬɶɪɚɡɦɟɪ 4ɯ4. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
?______
d3 = 6; d4 = 1.

64
Machine Translated by Google

ɆɚɬɪɢɰɚȽɭɪɜɢɰɚɢɦɟɟɬɜɢɞ

§5 6 0 0 ·
'
. (3.18)
2 10 1 0
¨ ¸

¨ ¸

¨
0560 ¸

¹
¨ ¸

©
0 2 10 1
ȾɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɦɢɧɨɪɵɦɚɬɪɢɰɵȽɭɪɜɢɰɚ:
¨ ¸

?1 = 5 > 0;
56
'2 2 10
5 10 2 6 38 0 !;

560
'3 2 10 1 (5 10 6 6 1 0 2 5 0) (0 10 0 5 5 1 2 6 6) 209 0 !;
056

?4 = 1?3 = 1Â209 > 0 .

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟ
ɱɢɜɚ.

3.6. ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɆɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ

Ⱥɥɝɟɛɪɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɢɦɟɟɬɡɚɩɚɡɞɜɚɧɢɟɪ
ɜɜɢɞɟ

B (p) e Wp
WɊȺɁ
p () , (3.19)
A (p)
ɝɞɟ W– ɜɪɟɦɹɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ
ɦɵɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɨɦɧɟɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɢɟɝɨɤɨɪɧɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɜɞɚɧɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɪɒ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢȺ. ȼ. ɆɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚɢȽ. ɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ.
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ, ɩɨɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸɫɚɥɝɟɛɪɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɹɛɨɥɟɟɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɦɜɫɢɥɭɫɜɨɟɣɩɪɨɫɬɨɣɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟ ɬɚɰɢɢɬ ɤ.
ɨɧɢɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ⱥ. ȼ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɞɨ ɝɪɚɮɭ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɢɡɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (3.19), ɨɯ-
65
Machine Translated by Google

ɜɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ

ɫɨɛɨɣɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɟɧɬɧɨɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɫɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɱɢɫɥɨɦɥ
- Wp
A(p) + B(p Âe . (3.20)
Z
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮ DɁ(j ) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹɩɭɬɟɦɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ
ɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɜɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɭɸɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɞɥɹɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɦɟ ɫɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ p
ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɦ ɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ j
Z :
n n 1
D Ɂj ( Z ) ( aj
0
Z ) ( 1aj Z ) ... an
m m 1
, (3.21)
( 0bj )Z e
W j Z
( 1bj Z ) e
W j Z
... ru
m
W j Z

ɝɞɟ j 1 – ɦɧɢɦɚɹɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ.
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɹ
ɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɮɨɪɦɭɥɵɗɣɥɟɪɚ
r WZ
e j cos WZ r jsin WZ . (3.22)
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ j Z ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ,
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (3.21)
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨɜɜɢɞɟ
D jɁU( ) Z Z
D ( ) j Z
VD () ; (3.23)
ɝɞɟ UD( Z) – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɱɚɫɬɶɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹɢɡ ɫɥɚɝɚɟ
ɦɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ j; VD( ) – ɦɧɢɦɚɹ
Z ɱɚɫɬɶ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹɢɡɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɦɧɢɦɨɫɒ
Ⱦɥɹɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɥɭɱɚɹ, ɩɪɢɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɨɜ n = 3, m =
2 2
UD Z a 1Z ab 3 0 Z cos WZ b2 cos WZ b 1Z sin WZ ; (3.24)
3 2
VD Z a0Z ab 2 1 Z cos WZ b 0Z sin WZ b2 sin WZ . (3.25)
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɚ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɪɫ j] ɩɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ DɁ(j ) (3.23) ɉɪɢɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢɱɚɫ
ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ fɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ UD( ) ɢ VD( ) – ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫɚɢɨɪ Z ɞɢɧɚɬɚɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.2).
ɬɵ Z Z Z

ɎɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɆɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ
Ⱦɥɹɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɢɞɨɫɬɚɨ
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɢɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ [+1; j] ɢ ɨɝɢɛɚɥɩɪɨɬɢɜɱɚ
ɫɨɜɨɣɫɬɪɟɥɤɢɧɚɱɚɥɨɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ nɤɜɚɞɪɚɧ ɬɨɜ, ɝɞɟ
n – ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢ
ɧɨɦɚɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

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ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɤɨɦ ɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ

ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɬɨ ɝɨɜɨ ɪɹɬ,
ɱɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.

jVD( Z )
ɧɨɦɟɪɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɚ
II I
Ȧ
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
4-ɝɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ

0 ɚ0
UD( )Z

III IV

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ

Ɋɢɫ. 3.2. ȽɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɆɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ

ɗɬɨɬ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɭɞɨɛɟɧ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɍɚɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ

ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɜɛɥɢɡɢɧɚɱɚɥɚɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɬɨɋȺɍɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɜɛɥɢɡɢɝɪɚɧɢ ɰɵ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ɗɬɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ,
ɟɫɥɢɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

3.7. ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ

Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ƚ. ɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɧɨ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɬɨɬɧɨɣ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ. ȺɎɑɏɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɢɥɢɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ.
ȺɎɑɏɦɨɠɧɨɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɧɚɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ [+1; j] ɢɥɢɜ
ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ Z

ɷɬɨɦɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɢɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɜɟɤɬɨɪɞɥɢɧɨɣ Ⱥ( ). ɋɨɟɞɢɧɢɜɤɨɧɰɵ
Z

ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜɩɨɥɭɱɢɦɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɧɨ ɮɚɡɨɜɭɸɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ.
Ⱥɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɺɺ _ Z

ɪɚɜɧɚ ɚɐ _ Z )–

AɊȺɁ Z( ) A1 (Z ) A2 (Z) A3 (Z) A4 (Z) ; (3.26)

MɊȺɁ ( Z) M1 ( Z) M2 ( Z) M3 ( Z) M4 ( Z) . (3.27)

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ɇɚɣɬɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɭ Ⱥ( Z ) ɢ ɮɚɡɭ ij( ) ɦɨɠɧɨ

Z ɩɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
U(Ȧ) ɢɦɧɢɦɨɣ V(Ȧ )
W(M?) ɡɜɟɧɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹɚɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɡɜɟɧɚɜɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɭɸɮɭɭ
ɜɦɟɫɬɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ pɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ MȦ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵɜɵɞɟ ɥɢɬɶɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ U( Ȧ )
ɢɦɧɢɦɭɸ
ɨɬɦɧɢɦɨɫɬɢɜɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟ, ɭɦɧɨɠɢɜɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɢɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɮɭɧɤ
ɰɢɢɧɚɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ:
K K jT Z ) K j KTZ
W (j Z )
1 Tj Z Z ) (1 jT
(1 (1 jT Z ) 1 Z 2 T2

K Z KT
22 j 22 U (jZ)V ( Z) . (3.28)
1 Z T 1 Z T
Ⱥɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ Ⱥ( ) Zɢɮɚɡɚ ij( ) ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ
Z ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ
W(M?):

A (Z ) U 2 (Z) V 2 (Z) ; (3.29)

V ( Z) .
M(Z) arctg (3.30)
U ( Z)

ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ UɊȺɁ(Ȧ) ɢ ɦɧɢɦɭɸ VɊȺɁ(Ȧ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɱɚɫ

ɬɨɬɧɨɣɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ WɊȺɁ(MȦ) ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɩɨɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɟ ȺɊȺɁ( ) ɢɮɚɡɟ
Z ijɊȺɁ( ): Z

UɊȺɁ Z( ) AɊȺɁ Z( ) cos M ɊȺɁ Z ; (3.31)

VɊȺɁ Z( ) AɊȺɁ Z( )sin M ɊȺɁ Z . (3.32)

Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ
ɿɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ȺɎɑɏɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ [+1; j] (ɪɢɫ).
3.3 . ȿɫɥɢ ȺɎɑɏ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ

(-1; j0),
ɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.

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ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
jV( Z )
ɇɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

0
-1
U( Z )
Ȧ

ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

Ɋɢɫ. 3.3. Ƚɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ

ɿɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ

ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ W(MȦ) ɩɪɢɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢɱɚɫ ɬɨɬɵɨɬ 0 ɞɨ
fɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥɛɵ m/2 ɪɚɡɜɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɬɨɱɤɭɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ (-1; j0), ɥɢɛɨɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɥ m/2 ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜɱ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ +1
3.4). ɉɪɢɷɬɨɦɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɫɢ +1
ɚɫɧɢɡɭɜɜɟɪɯ – ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ȿɫɥɢɩɪɢ Ȧ = 0 ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣɝɨɞɨɝɪɚɮ
ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ W(MȦ) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚ ɱɟɧɢɣ +1
ɥɟɜɟɟɬɨɱɤɢɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ (-1; j0), ɬɨɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɫɢɫɬɟ ɦɚɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ 1/2
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɫɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɡɧɚɤɨɦ. ɑɢɫɥɨ mɨɩɪɟ

ɩɪɢɪɟɲɟɧɢɢɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɫ

ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɩɪɢ m = 0
jV( )Z

Z =0 -1 Z =0
0
(-1) (+1) U( Z)
(+1/2)
Ȧ

ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɩɪɢ m = 1

Ɋɢɫ. 3.4. Ƚɨɞɨɝɪɚɮɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ

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ɇɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟ

ɧɢɢȺɎɑɏɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɱɟɪɟɡɬɨɱɤɭɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ (-1; j0)
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɬ ɤ. ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ Ȧ, ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
B (j Z ) 1,
W (j ) Z (3.33)
A (j Z )

ɩɪɢɷɬɨɦ DɁ(p) = A(p) + B(p) = 0

ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɤɨɪɧɟɣ (0 ± MȦ), ɱɬɨɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɤɪɧɟɜɨɦɭɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɪɬ
ɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɭɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɟɧ. Ɉɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ ɥɢ ɋȺɍ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɥɚ
ɧɚɦɟɬɢɬɶɦɟɪɵɩɨɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.

3.8. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ

Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟɤɚɤ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɇɚɣɤɜɢ

ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɫɭɞɢɬɶɨɛɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɩɨɐ
ɢɅɎɏɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ
ɿɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɜ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɅȺɏ
ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɶɨɫɶɚɛɫɰɢɫɫɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦɅɎɏ, ɫɩɚɞɚɹɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɟɪɟɣ ɞɺɬɱɟɪɟɡɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ – ʌ
(ɪɢɫ. 3.5). Ɍɨɟɫɬɶ, ɧɚɱɚɫɬɨɬɟɫɪɟɡɚ Ȧɫɪɜɟɥɢɱɢ ɧɚɮɚɡɵ - ʌ |.

ɿɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɟ

ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɜɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɪɛ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɅȺɏ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ – ʌɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯɞɨɥɠɧɨɛɵɬɶɧɚ m/2 ɪɚɡɛɨɥɶɲɟɱɢɫɥɚɩɟɪɟɫɟ ɱɟɧɢɣɭɪɨɜɧɹ –
ʌɜɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɑɢɫɥɨ mɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɤɨ ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɫ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɱɚɫɬɶɸɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟ ɧɢɢɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

ɁɚɩɚɫɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɩɨɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɟǻL – ɷɬɨɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɞɨɩɭɫɬɢ
ɦɨɝɨɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹɨɛɳɟɝɨɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɩɪɢɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɭɫɬɨɨ
Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɮɚɡɟ ǻij – ɷɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɢɚɚ ɞɨɩɭɪ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɮɚɡɟ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ
ɫɪɟɡɚ Ȧɫɪ, ɩɪɢɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹɧɚɝɪɒ
ɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.

70
Machine Translated by Google

L, ɞȻ

lg Ȧ
0
Ȧ0
Ȧɫ ǻL

ij, ɪɚɞ

0
lg Ȧ

ǻij
–ʌ

Ɋɢɫ. 3.5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɡɚɩɚɫɨɜɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɩɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɦɯɚɪɚɤɤ

– ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ,
– ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɾɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɅȺɏ ɢ ɅɎɏ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɡɜɟ ɧɶɹ,
ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ Ⱥ( ) ɢɮɚɡɵ Z ij( ) ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵɜɩɭɧɤɬɟ
Z 2.11.
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɫɢɦɩɬɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɅȺɏ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɨɛɨɣɥɨɦɚɧɵɟɩɪɹɦɵɟɥɢɧɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 3.2).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.2

Ⱥɫɢɦɩɬɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟɯɚɪɚɤɬɥɪɒ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ

1 k
W ( p) (Tp 1) W (p) W (p)
( Tp 1) ( Tp 1)

71
Machine Translated by Google

Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɅȺɏ ɢ ɅɎɏ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɥ

ɡɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢ
ɪɭɸɳɢɟɅȺɏɢɅɎɏɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 3.6):
LɊȺɁ ( Z) ( ) L1 ( Z) L2 Z L3 ;( Z) (3.34)

MɊȺɁ (Z) M1 (Z) M2 (Z) M3 (Z) . (3.35)

Ɂɚɩɚɫɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɩɨɮɚɡɟɢɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɟɨɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɨ
ɅɎɏ, ɚɬɚɤɠɟɩɨȺɎɑɏ, ɤɨɝɞɚɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣɇɚɣɤɜɚ
ɇɚ ɺɎɑɏ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɟ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɎɑɏ ɫ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ U(Ȧ) ɞɨɬɨɱɤɢɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ (-1; j0) (ɪɢɫ. 3.7).
Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɮɚɡɟ ɻij
ɨɫɶɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ U(Ȧ) ɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ
ɧɵɦɱɟɪɟɡɬɨɱɤɭɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹȺɎɑɏɢɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɶɸɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɦ 1.

Ɋɢɫ. 3.6. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ

ɨɛɳɢɯɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ

72
Machine Translated by Google

jV( Z )
ǻȺ

-1 0

ǻij U( Z )

Ɋɢɫ. 3.7. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɡɚɩɚɫɨɜɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ

ɩɨɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɧɨ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɣɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ

Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ȺɋɊ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ
ɫɬɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ȺɋɊ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ

ɳɢɟɡɚɩɚɫɵɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ: 'L t 6 ɞȻ ɢ ' Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ 30q .
M tɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ȺɋɊ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɦɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɩɪɢɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸ ɳɢɯ ɢɥɢ
ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɞɥɹȺɋɊɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨ
ɪɨɟɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.

3.9. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦ

ɉɪɢɚɧɚɥɢɡɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɞɧɢɦɢɡɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɧɚ ɪɹɞɭ ɫ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜ ɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɢ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢɢɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢɜɚɠɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨ ɝɞɚ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɨɲɢɛɤɢɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ. ɩ. 1.2), ɚɜɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɩɟɪɯ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɩ. 2.5):

73
Machine Translated by Google

T
xx 1 , x 2 ... x n . (3.36)
Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɢɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɫɜɨ
ɧɟɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɢɥɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ), ɚɟɝɨɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɞ
ɜɜɢɞɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (2.32 ɢɥɢ 2.33).
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɫ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɨɞɧɢɦɢɡɜɚɠɧɵɯɚɝɨɜɜɫɢɧɬɟɡɥɥɥ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢɫɭɳɟɫ

ɬɚɤɨɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ u(t), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɥ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ x(t0) ɜ ɨɞɧɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ x(tK) ɡɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (t0 – tK). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ , ɱɬɨ

ɩɪɹɦɨɢɥɢɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɜɥɢɹɬɶɧɚɜɫɟɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ xi(t).
Ⱦɥɹɨɰɟɧɤɢɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢɢɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢɥɢɢɧɟɣɧɵɯɫɢɫɪ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯɜɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨ ɬɚɧɧɵɟɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɨɦɊ.
Ʉɚɥɦɚɧɨɦ.
ɉɭɫɬɶɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ n ɝɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (ɫ nɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢɜɟɤ ɬɨɪɚɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ),
mɜɯɨɞɚɦɢɢ kɜɵɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɨɩɢɫɚɧɚɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ ɧɵɦɢɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɜɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨɦɜɢɞɟ

x Ax Bu ;
®
(3.37)
¯ y Cx Du .

ɎɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢɄɚɥɦɚɧɚ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ Kɍ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɵɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬ. ?. ɪɚɧɝ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢɪɚɜɟɧ n.
Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ Kɍɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɢɡɦɚɬɪɢɰɵɫɨɫɬɨ
ɺɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɯɩɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵɭɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȼ _ _ _
KBɍ AB ABAB
, ,
2
,...,
n 1 . (3.38)

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɭɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȼ = 0, ɫɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɫ

ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɧɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤɤɚɤɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ u(t) ɧɟɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɧɢ
ɤɚɤɨɝɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɧɚɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɭɸɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ y(t). ȼɛɨɥɟɟɨɛɳɟɦɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɨɠɟɬɛɵɬɶɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚɜɜɢɞɟɞɜɭɯɩɨɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ,
ɧɚɨɞɧɭɢɡɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɧɟɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶ
ɫɬɜɭɟɬɨɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

74
Machine Translated by Google

ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɪɢ

ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɟɩɨɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɨ ɰɟɫɫɚɯ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɜɧɭɬɪɢɧɟɺ. ȼɜɢɞɭɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɢɝɪɚɸɬɜɚɠɧɭɸɪɨɥɶɜɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɜɚɠ ɧɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵɨɧɢɛɵɥɢɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢɩɨɜɵɭ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ y(tK) ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ( t0 – tK)
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ u(t) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ x(t0), ɬ. ?. ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ xi( t )

ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɦɢɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ xi(t) ɹ

ɥɹɸɬɫɹɬɟɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵɜɟɤɬɨɪɚɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ x, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɦɨɠɧɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨ ɜɢɬɶɩɨɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɦɜɵɲɟ.
ɎɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢɄɚɥɦɚɧɚ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɧɚ
ɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ Kɇ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɵɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬ. ?. ɪɚɧɝ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɧɚ
ɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢɪɚɜɟɧ n.
Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ Kɇɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɢɡɦɚɬɪɢɰɵɫɨɫɬɨ
Ⱥ_____

2
ɇ
. (3.39)

n 1

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɋ= 0, ɫ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɪ

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɧɟɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ, ɬɚɤɤɚɤɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚ
ɸɬɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɧɚɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɭɸɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ y(t).ȼɛɨɥɟɟɨɛɳɟɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɫɢɫ
ɬɟɦɚɦɨɠɟɬɛɵɬɶɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚɜɜɢɞɟɞɜɭɯɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɞɧɚɢɡɤɨɬɨ ɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ
ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɧɟɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɚɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɜɰɟɥɥɨ
ɥɢɲɶɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ (ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ.
ɾɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹɫɯɟɦɚɦɨɞɟɥɢɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚɧɚɪɢɫ. 3.8.

75
Machine Translated by Google

u 1 T1 p 1 ɭ
1 T2 p 1 T p3

Ɋɢɫ. 3.8. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹɫɯɟɦɚɦɨɞɟɥɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɟɪɥ

2
TT
23 py T py T
2 pyy Tp3uu 1 . (3.40)
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɜɢɞ

1 1
x 1xu 1 ;
TT
°

°
22

1
12x xu ; . (3.41)
°°

2
TT
®

°
33

TT TT
2.
2131
yx x 1
TT
23TT
32
°°°¯

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦ (3.41) ɪ 3.9.

1 ɯ1
TT
2 1

TT
TTp
2 12 2 3
+
u ɭ

+
1 ɯ2
TT 1
3

TT
TTp
3 13 3 2

Ɋɢɫ. 3.9. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹɫɯɟɦɚɦɨɞɟɥɢɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ T3 ɢ T1 ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɯ2 ɧ

ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ y(t), ɬ. ?. ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɬɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɒɒ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ T3ɢ T1ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ.
76
Machine Translated by Google

ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ.

3.10. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɨɠɟɬɛɵɬɶɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣɩɨɞɜɭɦɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ: ɧɟɩɨɞɯɨ
ɞɹɳɢɣɫɨɫɬɚɜɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜɢɧɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɩɚɪɚ
ɦɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɧɵɯɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɨ ɬɨɪɵɟ,
ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢɩɪɢɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯɫɜɨɢɯɩɚɪɚ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ,
ɦɨɠɧɨɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢɜ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɢɡɦɟ ɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɭɫɢ
ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ).
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɷɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬɛɵɬɶɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣɪɢɥɸɛɨɦɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣɩɚɪɪ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɚɹɦɨɞɟɥɶɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚɜɜɢɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣɫɯɟɦɵɧɚɪɢɫ.
3.10.

u K1 K2 K3 ɭ

- T1 p 1 T2 p T3 p

Ɋɢɫ. 3.10. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹɫɯɟɦɚɦɨɞɟɥɢɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɉɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ. ɩ. 2.12)

KKK .
()
W p ɊȺɁ
123
(3.42)
( T 1p 1) T 2p T p3
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɨɣɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣɨɬɪɢɰɚ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣɫɜɹɡɶɸ,
KKK
()
W p ɁȺɆ
123 . (3.43)
T1p T p T p
(1) 2 KKK
3 123

77
Machine Translated by Google

ɂɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ (3.43) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ

ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ. ɩ. 3.5)
2
T1T2T3 p TT pp KKK2 3
3
0 123 0. (3.44)

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɦɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɷɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɩɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɭ

·
23123
.

'
(3.45)
§ TTKKK
123 0
TT T
¸

203 1 2 3 0
¨

¹
¨ ¸

©
0 TTKKK
ȾɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɦɢɧɨɪɵɦɚɬɪɢɰɵȽɭɪɜɢɰɚ:
¨ ¸

'1 T2T3 ; (3.46)

' 2
TTKKK
23123

TT
1 2T
3 0
TT
; 1 TKKK
23123 (3.47)

' '
TTKKK
23 123 0
3
TT
1 2T3 0 0 KKK 1 2 3 2 ( KKK
) 1 2 3TT T2 123 . (3.48)
0 TTKKK
23123

ɉɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸȽɭɪɜɢɰɚɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨɩɪɢɥɸɛɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟ

ɧɢɹɯɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ Tɢɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ Kɬɪɟɬɢɣɞɢɚ ɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɦɢɧɨɪ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɧɨɧɟɱ

Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚ

ɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɦɨɞɟɥɶɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚɜɜɢɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣɫɯɟɦɵɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 3.11.

K1 K2 K3
u ɭ
T1 p 1 T2 p 1 T3 p 1
-

Ɋɢɫ. 3.11. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹɫɯɟɦɚɦɨɞɟɥɢɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

78
Machine Translated by Google

ɉɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ. ɩ. 2.12)

KKK
123
WɊȺɁ p( ) . (3.49)
(T p
1)(
1 T
1)( p T p
2 3 1)

ɉɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɨɣɟɞɢɧɢɱ
ɧɨɣɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣɫɜɹɡɶɸ,
KKK
123
W p ɁȺɆ( ) , (3.50)
(T1p
1)( 1)(T1)p T2 p KKK 3 123

ɂɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ (3.50) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ

ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ. ɩ. 3.5)
3
( 1 TT
T1T2T3 p TT 2 TT 1 3p) KKK (
2 3p TTT
2
1 2 3 ) 123
10 . (3.51)
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɦɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɷɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɩɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɭ

·
'
§TT
1 2TT TT
2 3KKK
13123 1 0
TTT 0
¸

TT T3
¨

12 1 . (3.52)
¹
¨ 23 ¸

©
0 TT
1 2TT TT
2 3KKK
13123 1 ¸

ȾɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɦɢɧɨɪɵɦɚɬɪɢɰɵȽɭɪɜɢɰɚ:
'1 T1T2 T2T3 T1T3 ; (3.53)

TT
12
TT TT
23
KKK1 3 123
1
'2
TT
12T3 TTT
1 23 (3.54)
( TT
12
TT TT
23
TT TT TKKK
13) ( 1 2 1 2 331) 2 3 ( 1);

'
TT
1 2TT TT
2 3KKK
13123 1 0
3
TT
12T3 TTT
1 23
0
(3.55)

'
0 TT
1 2TT TT
2 3KKK1 3 1 2 3 1
(KKK
123 1) 2.

ɉɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸȽɭɪɜɢɰɚɦɨɠɧɨɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨɩɪɢɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɡɧɚ ɱɟɧɢɹɯ

ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ Tɢɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ Kɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ
ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɦɢɧɨɪɚɦɨɝɭɬɛɵɬɶɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɢɢɢ, ɫɥɟɞ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɹɜ

79
Machine Translated by Google

3.11. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ

1. 2. ɑɬɨ? ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɞɜɚ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯɬɢɩɚɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ. 3.
Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɪɟ Ɍɢɩɵ
ɤɨɪɧɟɣɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ.
4. Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ.
5. ȼɱɟɦɫɭɬɶɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɊɚɭɫɚ? ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟɟɝɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɭ. 6.
ȼɱɟɦɫɭɬɶɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹȽɭɪɜɢɰɚ? ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟɟɝɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɭ. 7. ? 8.
ɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɩɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸɆɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ. Ɏɨɪɦɭ
ɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɆɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ. 9. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɩɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭ ɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.

10. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɞɥɹɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɭɯ

ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɦɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.
11. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɅȺɏ ɢ ɅɎɏ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ 12.

ɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ?
13. 14. ɑɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ????????

80
Machine Translated by Google

4.
ɅɂɇȿɃɇɕɏɋɂɋɌȿɆ

4.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ȿɫɥɢɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɚɹɺɋɊɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ, ɬɨɦɨɠɟɬɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶɜɨɩ
ɨɬɨɦ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɜɷɬɨɣɫɢɫ
ɬɟɦɟɢɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɥɢɨɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɞɚɸɳɢɟɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɼɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɐɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ

ɉɪɢɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɪɚɫ
ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɬɢɩɨɜɵɯɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣɧɚȺɋɊ:
x ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɟɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɟ 1(t);
x ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɟ x G (t);
ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ x(t).
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.

ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ. ȼ

ɫɜɨɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɨɧɢɦɨɝɭɬɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣɩɪɪ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢɣɫɹɪɟɠɢɦ.

4.2. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɢɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɫɢɫɬɟɦ

ɾɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɜ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɪɟɠɢɦɚɯɪɚɛɨɬɵɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵɨɲɢɛɨɨ
ɜɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɢɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ W(0) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɦɨ ɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ
ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɣɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɬ. ?. p = d/dt = 0.
ɾɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ȺɋɊɧɚɪɢɫ. 2.23, (2.133) = p / dt = 0

81