Learning Area Pre-Calculus Grade Level 11

W6 Quarter Fourth Quarter Date

I. LESSON TITLE
II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING
COMPETENCIES (MELCs)
III. CONTENT/CORE CONTENT
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
I. Introduction (Time Frame: 10 minutes)
Fundamental Trigonometric identities
Determine whether an equation is an identity or conditional equation.
Apply trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric values.
Solve situational problems involving circular functions.
Trigonometric identities

In previous lessons, we have defined trigonometric functions using the unit circle and investigated the graphs of the six
trigonometric functions. This lesson builds on the understanding of the different trigonometric functions by discovery, deriving,
and working with trigonometric identities.

Learning Task 1: Let’s Soar and Explore!

Let us have a recall on finding the trigonometric function values and answer the proceeding questions below.
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃 0 𝜋 2𝜋
4 2 4 4 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃

1. Based on the table, what is 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃?

2. Based on the table, describe the obtained values of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 and 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃.
3. Using Desmos graphing calculator, graph 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃. Describe the graphs.

D. Development (Time Frame: 30 minutes)

Identity and Conditional Equations

Consider the following two groups of equations:

Group A Group B
(A1) 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 (B1) 𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
(A2) (𝑥 + 7)2 = 𝑥 2 + 49 (B2) (𝑥 + 7)2 = 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 49
𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 2 −4
(A3) = 2𝑥 − 1 (B3) =𝑥+2
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
6 6𝑥 2 −6𝑥
(A4) =𝑥−1 (B4) ) = 6(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 𝑥

In each equation in Group A, some values of the variable that are in the domain of the equation do not satisfy the equation
(that is, do not make the equation true). On the other hand, in each equation in Group B, every element in the domain of the
equation satisfies the given equation. The equations in Group A are called conditional equations, while those in Group B are
called identities.

An identity is an equation that is true for all values of the variable in the
domain of the equation. An equation that is not an identity is called a
conditional equation. (In other words, if some values of the variable in
the domain of the equation do not satisfy the equation, then the
equation is a conditional equation.)
The Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
Recall that if 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is the terminal point on the unit circle corresponding to 𝜃, then we
have

1 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥
1 𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑥

From the definitions, the following reciprocal and quotient identities immediately follow. Note that these identities hold if 𝜃 is
taken either as a real number or as an angle.

Reciprocal Identities
Quotient Identities
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒔𝒄𝜽 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽

If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is the terminal point on the unit circle corresponding to 𝜃, then 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏. Since 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒚 and 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒙, we get,
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏. By dividing both sides of this identity by 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 and 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽, respectively, we obtain 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟏 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 and
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽.

Pythagorean Identities Even-Odd Identities

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏(−𝜽) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟏 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔(−𝜽) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏(−𝜽) = −𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽

The reciprocal, quotient, Pythagorean, and even-odd identities constitute what we call the fundamental trigonometric
identities. We can then use these identities to solve for the other trigonometric function values.

4
Example #1. Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − 5, use the fundamental identities to find the exact values of the other five trigonometric
functions of 𝑥 if 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 > 0.

Solution. Because 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 < 0 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 > 0, 𝜃 is in the 4th quadrant. Using the fundamental identity 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 with
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 > 0, we have

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 From the fundamental identities,

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 1
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
4 3
− 1 1
5 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 3 = 4 = 3 = 4
− −
5 5 5 5
4 2 4 3 5 5
= √1 − (− 5) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = − 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − 4
16
= √1 − ( )
25
9
=√
25
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 5
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES

√34
Example #2. Given that 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝛽 = − 3
, and cos 𝛽 < 0, use the identities to find the values of the remaining trigonometric
functions of 𝛽.
Solution. Because 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝛽 < 0 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 < 0, 𝛽 is in the 3rd quadrant. Using the fundamental identity 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜷 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜷 with
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 < 0, we have

𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜷 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜷 From the fundamental identities,

1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝛽 − 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛽 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽 = √𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝛽 − 1 = 5 = √34
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = 5√34
3 − −
3 34
2
√34 3 3 5 3√34 √34
= √(− ) −1 = =− = ∙− 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛽 = −
3 5 √34 3 34 5
34 3 3√34 5√34
= √9 −1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = − 34
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = − 34
25
=√ * Other fundamental trigonometric identities may be used to find these values.
9
5
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽 = 3

Solving Situational Problems Involving Circular Functions – Simple Harmonic Motion

Periodic motions are usually modeled by either sine or cosine function and are called simple harmonic motions. Unimpeded
movements of objects like oscillation, vibration, rotation, and motion due to water waves are real-life occurrences that behave
in simple motion.
Equations of Simple Harmonic Motion

The displacement y (directed height or length) of an object behaving in a simple harmonic motion with respect to time t is
given by one of the following equations:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑐) + 𝑑 or 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑐) + 𝑑.

In both equations, we have the following information:

1
▪ Amplitude = |𝑎| = (𝑀 − 𝑚) – the maximum displacement above and below the rest position or central position or
2
equilibrium, where 𝑀 is the maximum height and 𝑚 is the minimum height.
2𝜋
▪ Period = |𝑏| – the time required to compete one cycle (from one highest or lowest point to the next);
|𝑏|
▪ Frequency = 2𝜋 – the number of cycles per unit of time;
▪ c = responsible for the horizontal shift in time; and
▪ d = responsible for the vertical shift in displacement

Example. A weight is suspended from a spring and is moving up and down in a simple harmonic motion. At start, the weight is
pulled down 5 cm below the resting position, and then released. After 8 seconds, the weight reaches its highest location for
the first time. Find the equation of the motion.

Solution: We are given that the weight is located at its lowest position at 𝑡 = 0; that is, 𝑦 = −5 when 𝑡 = 0. Therefore, the equation
is 𝑦 = −5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
Because it took the weight 8 seconds from the lowest point to its immediate highest point, half the period is 8 seconds.

1 2𝜋
∙ =8
2 𝑏

2𝜋 = 16𝑏

𝜋
𝑏=
8

Substituting the 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏 to the equation, 𝑦 = −5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡

𝜋𝑡
𝑦 = −5𝑐𝑜𝑠
8
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
E. Engagement (Time Frame: 15 minutes)

Learning Task 2: It’s Your Turn!

Given some initial values, use the identities to find the exact values of the remaining trigonometric functions.
2
1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝛼 < 0
5
3
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 < 0
8
3
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽 > 0
4
4. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛾 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 < 0
7
5. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 > 0
4
Learning Task 3: Write the expression in terms of either 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ, in a simplified form.

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃
1.
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
2. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 4. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

A. Assimilation (Time Frame: 15 minutes)

Let’s ponder the following questions:
1. How do we identify whether the given equation is an identity or conditional equation?
2. What are the fundamental trigonometric identities?
3. In what real-life applications we can apply the concept of circular functions?

V. ASSESSMENT (Time Frame: 30 minutes)

(Learning Activity Sheets for Enrichment, Remediation, or Assessment to be given on Weeks 3 and 6)

Learning Task 4: Identity or Conditional Equation?

Identify whether the given equation is an identity or a conditional equation. For each conditional equation,
provide a value of the variable in the domain that do not satisfy the equation.

3 3 3
1. 𝑥 3 − 2 = (𝑥 − √2)(𝑥 2 + √2𝑥 + √4)
2. 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 1
1−√𝑥 1−2√𝑥+𝑥
4. =
1+√𝑥 1−𝑥
Learning Task 5:
Given some initial values, use the identities to find the exact values of the remaining trigonometric functions.
8
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = − 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 > 0
2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 < 0
2
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 < 0
1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = − 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 > 0
3
5. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 < 0
VI. REFLECTION (Time Frame: 5 minutes)
• Communicate your personal assessment as indicated in the Learner’s Assessment Card.
Personal Assessment on Learner’s Level of Performance
Using the symbols below, choose one which best describes your experience in working on each given task. Draw it in the column
for Level of Performance (LP). Be guided by the descriptions below:
 - I was able to do/perform the task without any difficulty. The task helped me in understanding the target content/ lesson.
✓ - I was able to do/perform the task. It was quite challenging, but it still helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.
? – I was not able to do/perform the task. It was extremely difficult. I need additional enrichment activities to be able to do/perform this
task.
Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP
Number 1 Number 3 Number 5 Number 7
Number 2 Number 4 Number 6 Number 8
VII. REFERENCES Bacani, J. B., Estrada, G. R., & Vidalo, M. A. (2016). Fundamental Trigonometric Identities. In
J. B. Bacani, G. R. Estrada, & M. A. Vidalo, Precalculus(Teacher's Guide) (pp. 177-184). Quezon
City: Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House Inc. (DepEd)
Prepared by: Joralie J. Mendoza Checked by: Severa C. Salamat
Jasmin S. Velasco