Chapter-2 of B.

Sklar Book

** Chapter-6 of B. P. Lathi Book **

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Baseband Communication
(Ref: Ch-2 B. Sklar Book)
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Several signals can be simultaneously transmitted with
pulse-modulation on a time-shared basis: time-
division multiplexing (TDM)

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1. Sampling

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Find minimum sampling rate of g(t) = sin 2𝝅B(t - to) for error-
free reconstruction, if you start sampling at t = to.
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Ideal Reconstruction from Uniform Samples

Interpolation formula
Impulse response of ideal LPF

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 Practical Issues in Signal
Sampling and Reconstruction

• Ideal LPF is unrealizable in practice

• sample the signal at a rate higher than the Nyquist rate (fs > 2B).
• This yields repetitions of G(f) with a finite band gap between successive cycles.
• We can now recover G(f) using a low-pass filter with a gradual cutoff characteristic
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Problem: All practical signals are time-limited; not band-limited in a
strict sense

 Aliasing Effect
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(d) Sampling scheme using antialiasing filter.
(e) Sampled signal spectrum (dotted) and the reconstructed signal
spectrum (solid) when antialiasing filter is used
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Two types of Uniform Quantizers (equal step size)

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 2𝑛

𝑛
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 =

2𝑛

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2𝑛

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𝑛

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Signaling Rate (r) of PCM
𝑛
𝑛
𝑛
𝑛

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Transmission Bandwidth (BW) of PCM
 Consider channel BW = B Hz.
 What is the max. rate of information transfer in bits per sec for
a noise-free channel of BW B Hz?

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• We require a minimum channel of bandwidth

SNR increases
exponentially with the
transmission bandwidth

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 Every 1 bit increase of n6dB improvement in SNR
 In PCM, SNR is controlled by transmission bandwidth

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Uniform versus non-uniform quantizer

 Uniform quantizing
 Step size is uniform

 No assumption about amplitude statistics and correlation properties of

the input.
 It results low SNR for weak signal since quant. noise power is same for

all input range and signal power is low.

 Application: Signal processing, graphic and display applications

 Non-uniform quantizing
 Non-uniform step size: Fine quantization of the weak signal and coarse

quantization of the strong signals

 Nearly constant SNR for all signals within the input range.

 Application: For speech signal processing (where very low speech

volume predominates)
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 m(t) vs t Compressor i/p - o/p characteristics

Basic Idea:
• The compressor maps input signal increments ∆m into larger increments ∆y
for small input signals, and vice versa for large input signals.
• Hence, a given interval ∆m contains a larger number of steps (or smaller step
size) when ∆m is small.
• The quantization noise is lower for smaller input signal power.

Goal: Nearly constant SNR for all signals within the input range
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  It is done by uniformly quantizing the “compressed” signal.
 At the receiver, an inverse compression characteristic, called
“expansion” is employed to avoid signal distortion.

compression+expansion companding

y  C (x) x̂
x(t ) y (t ) yˆ (t ) xˆ (t )

x ŷ
Compress Uniform Quantization Expand
Transmitter Channel Receiver
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  -Law for Compression
(North America Standard)

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 A-Law for Compression
(Europe)

The compression parameter µ, (or A) determines the

degree of compression

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SNR Comparison with and without compression

Nearly constant SNR over an

input signal power dynamic
range of 40 dB

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Sampling theory

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