THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

AND VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

for Science Grade 6
Quarter 4/ Week 1

1
SYNOPSIS
 This Self Learning Kit will
help learners describe the changes
brought by earthquake and
volcanic eruptions on the surface
of the earth. It is expected that
learners will make use of this kit so
that they can relate their learnings
and apply it to real life situations.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Mrs. Mercy G. Dagoy graduated with a degree in
Bachelor of Elementary Education from Villaflores College.
She has also completed her academic requirements and
passed the Comprehensive Examination for Master of Arts in
Educational Management at Negros Oriental State University.
She has been a District Coordinator in Science and one of the
famous advisers in Science Investigatory Projects in Negros
Oriental. She has taught Science in Grade 6 for 12 years. At
present, she is the Master Teacher 2 of Amlan Central Elem.
School, Amlan District.

ILLUSTRATOR, LAY-OUT ARTIST

Aga Virgil R. Granada is a Grade 12 Senior High learner at

Foundation University taking up Arts and Design Track. He is
still 16 yrs. of age and a pride of Tandayag, Amlan, Negros
Oriental. He used to draw and illustrate things seen in the
environment. His skill in arts started when he was still in his
junior years in school.

FOREWORD
 Earthquake and volcanic eruptions are natural calamities that affect
changes on the Earth’s surface. Volcanic activities and earthquakes modify the
landscape in random and remarkable way.
The effects brought about by these changes might not be immediately
visible, but overtime, the effects would become greater, and thus, more
observable.
This Self Learning Kit will serve as a guide in identifying the different
effects of earthquake and volcanic eruptions on the earth’s surface and on how
it can greatly affect the lives of people, animals, and also to other organisms.
This will help you acquire more ideas on why and how certain changes take
place, why they happen, and what we must do to prepare for them.
Have fun and enjoy learning with this lesson.
 OBJECTIVES:
K – Identify the different effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on the
earth’s surface

S – Describe changes on earth’s surface after earthquake and volcanic

eruptions happen

A – Show the value of advertency by designing an emergency plan and

kit when earthquake and volcanic eruptions may happen

LEARNING COMPETENCY
Describe the changes on the Earth’s surface as a result of
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. S6ES-IVa-1

I. WHAT HAPPENED

https://sciencing.com/what-happens-after-volcanoes-erupt-4926308.html

How do natural phenomena like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions affect

the Philippines? Does it bring constant changes on the earth’s surface? Does it
affect the lives of many organisms?
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
 SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, EdD, PhD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Acting CID Chief
NILITA L. RAGAY, EdD
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

MERCY G. DAGOY
Writer
AGA VIRGIL R. GRANADA
Illustrator/Lay-out Artist

JANE C. RIVERA
Lay-out Artist

ALPHA QA TEAM

ELVIE E. SIENES CRISTITA R. TINGUBAN, PhD

BETA QA TEAM

DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY MERCY G. DAGOY MARY JANE E. ELMA MARIA ELVIE E. SIENES
JIMUEL SUN, EdD CRISTITA R. TINGUBAN, PhD

DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning
modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully
researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluators were
clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject
to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division .
 REFERENCES
BOOKS:
Evelyn T. Sarte , Ednaliza R. Garcia, Eliza A. Lopez, Mary Jean G. Dela Cruz,
Harold A. Arradaza, Vibal Group, Inc, Copyright 2016, Science Beyond
Borders 6. G. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines

Evelyn Castante-Padpad, Revised Edition 2015, The

New Science Links 6. Manila Philippines

Juanito M. Cruz, Danilo S. Gutierrez, Victoria S. Ziganay, Helen E. Caintic,

Copyright 2001, Into the Future: Science and Health 6. Manila
Philippines

INTERNET https://sciencing.com/what-happens-after-volcanoes-erupt-
4926308.html

https://science4fun.info/composition-of-the-earth/

https://www.online-sciences.com/earth-and-motion/earthquakes-andsafety-
precautions-must-be-taken-at-the-occurrence-of-earthquakes/

https://www.qsstudy.com/geography/effects-of-earthquake

https://geosynthetic.wordpress.com/2015/10/31/basics-of-soilliquefaction-4-strategy-
for-liquefaction-remediation/

https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-07-
09/International-Tsunami-Workshop-from-today/396574

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-landslide.html

https://www.thousandwonders.net/Taal+Volcano
https://orgnatlife.com/2018/05/30/the-health-hazards-of-volcanic-ashpart-3-skin/
http://www.buzzfeed.com/mbvd/lava-approaches-homes-on-hawaiiresidents-under-
evacuation-a
https://time.com/9717/volcanoes-may-be-slowing-down-climate-change/

PRE-TEST:
I. Multiple Choice: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer and write it in your notebook.

1. This refers to the effects of the earthquake on the destructions of buildings,

infrastructures, crops, as well as the number of casualties __________.
A. Magnitude C. Focus
B. Intensity D. Epicenter

2. When is an area surrounding a volcano NOT considered a danger area?

A. stable and far from the crater B. might experience
landslides
C. might be buried in lava
D. might experience a range of earthquake shocks

3. This refers to the amount of energy released by an earthquake from its

focus _________.
A. Intensity C. Epicenter
B. Magnitude D. Focus

4. How will you keep yourself safe during calamities?

A. Disregard the precautionary measures
B. Follow the precautionary measures
C. Ignore the precautionary measures
D. Both a and c

5. Which of the following event causes an earthquake?

A. changing temperature
B. too much heat from the sun
C. mixture of crustal plates
D. movement of crustal plates

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

The earth consists of different layers. Its surface belongs to the first layer
called the crust. This layer is made up of several large and small plates.
The middle layer is called mantle. It is the thickest layer of the earth and is
mostly made up of magma. The central layer is called the core and is
divided into liquid layer called outer core and a solid layer called inner
core. The movement of plates on the crust is often accompanied by
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
 The Illustration of the Different Layers of the Earth

https://science4fun.info/composition-of-the-earth/

A. EARTHQUAKE

An earthquake is the sudden movement or vibration of the crust. It is

caused when rock masses shift in new position. As the rock masses shift into
new positions, the energy stored in the rock masses is transmitted onto the
surface in the form of seismic (earth vibration) earthquake waves.
Earthquakes usually happen along faults. Faults are cracks in Earth’s crust
between two huge plates. The plate on each side of a fault grinds against each
other with tremendous force. The motion of the ground during an earthquake is
measured by an instrument called a seismograph.

3. Which of the following event causes an earthquake?

A. Mixture of crustal plates
B. Too much heat from the sun
C. Movement of crustal plates
D. Changing temperatures

4. What does PHIVOLCS mean?

E. Philippine Institute of Volcanology
F. Philippine Institute of Volcanologists
 G. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
H. Philippine Institute of Volcanologists and Seismologists

5. At what magnitude can an earthquake cause displacement of

buildings and cracks on the earth’s surface?
I. Magnitude 5 C. Magnitude 7
J. Magnitude 6 D. Magnitude 8

B. Write true if the statement is correct and false if not. Do it in your

notebook.

______1. When lava just flows out of the crater and gaps along
the sides of the volcano, it is an explosive eruption.

______2. Earthquakes may happen when crustal plates move.

______3. When magma flows on the surface, it is already

called lava.
______4. An earthquake may happen after a volcanic eruption.

______5. Volcanic eruptions can destroy properties and kill

people.
What to Do:
1. Wear your protective gear before you start the activity. Make
sure that you do this activity with an adult’s supervision.
2. Cover the bottle with clay. Shape it like a cone or a mountain.
Leave the opening of the bottle open.
3. Put about three (3) tablespoons of baking soda/cornstarch into
the bottle. Add several drops of dishwashing liquid and food
coloring.
4. Add 40 ml vinegar into the bottle.
5. Observe what happens.

Questions:
1. What happened after you poured the vinegar into the crater or
opening of the bottle.
 2. What might have caused the vinegar and baking soda/cornstarch
to burst out of the volcano when they are mixed? Relate this to
explosive eruptions of volcanoes.

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

C. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your notebook.
1. Where does an earthquake originate?
A. Epicenter C. intensity
B. Focus D. Magnitude

2. What kind of volcanic eruption when there are large amount of

pyroclastic are ejected by the volcano into the air?
A. Quiet eruption C. Explosive eruption
Nonexplosive eruption D. None of the above
There are two types of earthquakes. These are the volcanic and tectonic
earthquakes. A volcanic earthquake happens with a strong volcanic eruption
while tectonic earthquake is caused by the movement of the earth’s crust. A
tectonic earthquake may occur on land or beneath the ocean.
The strength of an earthquake is measured in terms of magnitude and
intensity.
Magnitude refers to the amount of energy released by an earthquake
from its focus. Focus or origin within a fault is the weakest part where the
slippage of rocks occurs and where the earthquake originates. The area above
the focus is called the epicenter where strong shaking of the ground is felt.
In measuring an earthquake’s magnitude, we use the Richter scale
which was developed by Charles F. Richter, an American seismologist.
In the Philippines, we use the PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology) Earthquake Intensity Scale in measuring the
earthquake’s intensity.

The Richter Scale

Magnitude
0-1.9 Detected only by seismograph
2-2.9 Hanging objects may swing
 3-3.9 Comparable to vibrations of a passing truck
4-4.9 May break windows, cause small or unstable objects to
fall
5-5.9 Damage to well-built structures, severe damage to poorly
built ones
6-6.9 A roughly cut piece may fall from walls
7-7.9 Building displaced from foundations; cracks on Earth’s
surface; underground pipes are broken
8-8.9 Bridges destroyed, few structures left standing
9 and above Near-total destruction

Intensity measures how much damage earthquakes cause on the surface

or the effects of destruction of buildings, infrastructures, crops, as well as
number of casualties on earth.

Let’s Explore

Safety Precautions in doing the activity

1. Be sure to do the experiment with the supervision of your
parent/guardian or adult.
2. Use all the materials with care for the purpose of which it is
intended.
3. Carefully follow the instructions and answer the questions in your
notebook.

Activity 1 Movements of Rock Layers

Science Skills: Observing, Inferring

You will Need: small table, 5 books,

pencil/stick

What to Do:
 1. Arrange a pile of 5 books on a table.
2. Insert a pencil or stick at the bottom of the piles.
3. Pull one end of the pencil or stick upward 4 times.
4. Observe what happens to the books.
5. Press the books downward.

Questions:
1. Did the books move?
2. What caused the books to move?

Plateau a land area

having relatively level surface
raised above adjoining land
on at least one side formed
5. after volcanic eruptions.

https://jpv206.wordpress.com/2014/07/07/lang
uage -learning -and -the -plateau -metaphor/

Enrichment of the soil the

6. most beneficial effect used
used by people for planting their
planting their crops after volcanic
eruptions.

https://geography-volcanoes-203.blogspot.com/

Let’s Try

Activity 2 Volcanic Eruption

Science Skills: Observing

You will Need:
Baking soda/flour/cornstarch
Vinegar goggles/face shield
Dishwashing liquid face mask
Food coloring (red) apron clay
Small bottle like soft drink or water bottle
Volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust. Molten rocks, ashes, and gaseous
materials are forced out through its opening. The opening of a volcano is called
the crater. In the Philippines there are many volcanoes. Some of the active
volcanoes are Mt. Bulusan in Sorsogon, Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales, Mt.
Canlaon in Negros Oriental, and Hibok-Hibok Volcano in Camiguin.

Volcanoes vary in sizes. Some are just low-lying depressions while others are
tall, like Mt. Mayon. Volcanoes also vary in shape. Some are shaped like a
cone while others are like a dome.

How does a volcanic eruption occur? When tectonic plates collide, massive
rocks underground deform and trigger a build-up of temperature and pressure.
The high temperature and pressure results in melting of rocks, producing
magma.

Inside the volcano is a magma chamber. Molten rock inside this chamber is
forcefully driven out by intense heat and pressure. The release of magma from
the crater is called a volcanic eruption. The magma that flows out on the
surface is called lava. When volcano erupts, it throws out lava together with
gases, rocks, and ashes.

A volcanic eruption can be explosive or nonexplosive. An eruption is

explosive when large amount of pyroclastic materials are ejected by the
volcano into the air. Pyroclastic materials consist of lava, ashes, volcanic glass,
and rocks. It occurs when gases in the magma are trapped, causing a build up of
pressure in the magma chamber which result the gases to expand very quickly
and explode violently that can last for several hours or days.

In a nonexplosive eruption, lava just flows out of the crater and gaps along
the sides of the volcano. This kind of eruption happens when there is a less
pressure in the magma chamber.