Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

 Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de
cada texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación
en inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax liability,
and other important considerations. Each form of business organization has
its own advantages and disadvantages, and the entrepreneur has to select
the one that best fulfills the goals of the entrepreneur and the business.
Selection of an appropriate business organization is a task that requires
accounting and legal expertise and should be done with the advice of a
competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships
are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and
requires little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of
the business name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors
need to keep accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss
statement for the business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C,
Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar
year and can use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations

versus other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate

lower than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import
business can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other
sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt
retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought
to protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the
owner may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the
death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.

Vocabulary Significado
Empresario: Un empresario es
Entrepreneur: An entrepreneur is
responsable de conducir y dirigir un
responsible for conducting and managing
negocio, asumiendo la responsabilidad
a business, taking responsibility for
de tomar decisiones más relevantes.
making major decisions.
Un empresario puede ser propietario
An entrepreneur may be a sole proprietor
único o trabajar en una sociedad
or work in a corporation or limited liability
anónima o una sociedad de
company.
responsabilidad limitada
Contabilidad: La contabilidad es el
Accounting: Accounting is the system of
sistema de control y registro de gastos
control and recording of expenses and
e ingresos y demás operaciones
income and other economic operations in
económicas en un negocio, empresa o
a business, company or entity.
entidad.

Debts: Obligation that someone must Deuda: Obligación de que alguien

pay, satisfy or return something to debe pagar, satisfacer o devolver algo
another person, usually money. a otra persona, normalmente dinero

Insurance: Insurance is a contract, Seguro: El seguro es un contrato,

called an insurance policy, the insurance llamado póliza de seguro, la compañía
company is obliged to indemnify you in de seguros está obligada a
case of an accident. indemnizarlo en caso de accidente

Habilidad: Habilidad es la aptitud,

Skills: Ability is the aptitude, talent, skill
talento, destreza o habilidad innata que
or innate ability that a person has to
una persona debe ejercer, y por
exercise, and of course successfully, a
supuesto con éxito, cierta actividad,
certain activity, job or trade.
trabajo u oficio.
 Incapacidad:Son aquellas personas
Disability:Persons with long-lasting
que tienen deficiencias físicas,
physical, intellectual or sensory
intelectuales o sensoriales duraderas
impairments who, when 'interacting with
quienes, cuando 'interactúan con el
the environment
medio ambiente

Capital: Capital es el conjunto de

Capital: Capital is the set of physical and
activos físicos y financieros que una
financial assets that a company acquires
empresa adquiere a través de sus
through its partners for the purpose of
socios con el propósito de obtener una
making a profit.
ganancia.

Structure: The word structure

Estructura: La palabra estructura
designates the arrangement and
designa el arreglo y la distribución de
distribution of the parts of a whole,
los de un todo, incluyendo el orden y
including the order and relationships
las relaciones entre ellos el
between them in the functioning of a
funcionamiento de un sistema dado.
given system.
Abogado: Un abogado es responsable
Lawyer: An attorney is responsible for
de asesoría legal para representar a
providing legal advice to represent clients
sus clientes en la defensa de sus
in the defense of their rights.
derechos

Advantages:superiority or improvement Ventajas:superioridad o mejoría de

of someone or something with respect to alguien o algo respecto de otra
another person or thing persona o cosa

Propietarios: El propietario es la
Owners: The owner is the natural or
persona natural o jurídica que toma la
legal person who takes ownership or
propiedad o el control de una
control of a property.
propiedad.

Judgment:faculty of understanding by Juicio:facultad del entendimiento en

virtue of which man can correct what is virtud de que el hombre puede corregir
wrong and correct what is incorrect lo incorrecto y corregir lo incorrecto
 Prestamos: un préstamo es una
Loan: a loan is a transaction whereby an
operación por la que una entidad pone
entity makes available to us the provision
a nuestra disposición una prestación
of a certain sum of money by means of a
de una determinada suma de dinero
contract.
mediante un contrato

Devoluciones: el acto de devolver

Returns:the act of returning something to
algo a alguien es un proceso que
someone It is a process that supports the
respalda el derecho de posesión de
right of possession of a certain person
cierta persona respecto de cierto bien
with respect to certain property that he or
que ha entregado con algún tipo de
she has given for some specific purpose
finalidad específica.

Legal: Cualquier circunstancia que se

Legal: Any circumstance occurring in
produzca de conformidad con la
accordance with the so-called legal law.
denominada ley legal.

3. El texto sugerido al inicio de esta evidencia cuenta con varios párrafos, y al

interior de cada párrafo se encuentran varias ideas principales. Por favor, lea el
material complementario “Identifying the main idea” para conocer cómo se
puede encontrar la idea principal en un párrafo escrito en inglés.
 In the next section, you will learn about sole proprietorships, a
business owned and operated by a single person.
 The owner has total control over the finances and other assets.
 One of the advantages is that it is easy to manage to organize,
because the registration procedures are inexpensive and require
virtually no government approval.
 Compared to other forms, it is poorly regulated by the government.
 Due to unlimited liability, it is recommended to choose a good
insurance to avoid financial ruin.


6. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas

principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga
transcripción literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a
presente progresivo, también en inglés.
 Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense
Because of the unlimitedBecause of the unlimited liability it
liability it isrecommended tois being recommended to choose a
choose a goodinsurance to avoid good insurance to avoid personal
personal financial ruin financial ruin
One advantage is, that it is easy One advantage is, that it is easy
tomaintain and organize because tomaintain and organize because
theregistration procedures aretheregistration procedures are
cheap andrequire almost nobeingcheap and require almost
governmentalapproval at all nogovernmental approval at all
As a sole proprietor you pay lesstaxes. As a sole proprietor you are
payingless taxes
In the following section you read about In the following section you are
reading
sole proprietorships: a company about sole proprietorships: a company
that isowned and operated by one that is owned and operated by one
person person

7. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten

coherentemente, en 15 líneas.
In the next section, you will learn about sole proprietorships: companies
owned and operated by a single person. For which we must take these
observations into account:
 Due to unlimited liability, it is recommended to choose good insurance
to avoid personal financial ruin.
 One of the advantages is that it is easy to manage to organize,
because registration procedures are inexpensive and hardly require
government approval.
 As a sole proprietor, you pay less tax

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato
.doc o .pdf.
Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades
propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.