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AR 363A: Building Utilities 3

Handouts: Finals Period

MODULE 11: BASICS OF LIGHTING (Perception)

1. Perception and the Eyes

the act or power of

sensing with the eyes

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Matter is perceived through 3 steps: reception, extraction, and inference

The human eye does not respond to the quantities of light falling on surfaces; rather, the eye sees color & brightness
contrasts.

Lens - elastic and transparent; focuses one's view onto the fovea in a process called accommodation
A structural defect in the lens can cause objects or scenes to appear out of focus.
If the lens is a bit too round, then the focal length is too short, and objects actually are focused in front
of the retina. This phenomenon is called myopia, or nearsightedness, as only nearer objects can be seen
clearly
If the lens is a bit too flat, then the focal length is too long, and objects are focused behind the retina, in
a condition called hypermetropia or farsightedness.
Another structural difficulty, usually associated with aging, is presbyopia, in which the lens becomes less
elastic, reducing accommodation. Bifocal corrective lenses usually are required for this condition
because the lens cannot focus well on either near or distant objects.

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AR 363A: Building Utilities 3

Handouts: Finals Period

Iris a membrane covering that dilates (opens) to allow more light to enter the eye during darkened
conditions and constricts (closes) to minimize light entry during brightened conditions. This process of
adjustment is known as adaptation.
as the eye views from light areas to darker areas, and vice versa, adaptation occurs; so when one is
designing interior space adjacencies or exterior site lighting, this adaptation should be considered
Retina contains receptors responsible for transmitting an "image" to the brain for analysis
2 basic categories of receptors:

Cones heavily concentrated in the fovea, providing sharp, distinct detail vision
perceives color

Rods respond to very low light levels and occur over the entire retina except in the area of the fovea
do not provide distinct, detailed vision, nor do they provide color stimulus to the brain
peripheral vision is supplied by the rods

2. Perception and the Mind

Optical Illusion - a perception of visual stimuli that represents what is perceived in a way different from the way
it is in reality

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AR 363A: Building Utilities 3

Handouts: Week No. 12
Finals

MODULE 12: BASICS OF LIGHTING (Terms and Concepts)

1. Color and EM Spectrum

Ultraviolet of or pertaining to electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths from about 370

nanometer (one billionth of a meter), immediately beyond the violet in the visible
spectrum, to 10 nm, on the border of the x-ray region

Visible light electromagnetic radiation that the unaided human eye can perceive, having a
wavelength in the range from about 370 to 800 nm and propagating at a speed of
186,281 mi/sec (299.972 km/sec)
violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red

Infrared of or pertaining to electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths from about 800 nm,
contiguous to the red end of the visible spectrum, to 1 mm, on the border of the
microwave region

2. Nature of Light

Reflection when light or sound is reflected from a smooth surface, the angle of incidence is equal
to the angle of reflection
angle of incidence angle of reflection
The angle that a straight The angle that a reflected
Hne.asarayoflightfafing ray makes with a normal to
on a surface. makes with a a reflet ting surface at the
normal to the surface at point of incidence
the point of incidence
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J

Diffusion a scattered reflection of light from an irregular surface or an erratic dispersion

through a translucent material

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Handouts: Week No. 12
Finals

Absorption the radiation absorbed by a surface

Refraction the change of direction of a ray of light as it passes obliquely from one medium into
another in which its velocity is different

Transmittance - the radiation transmitted and emerging from a body

Diffraction the modulation of light or sound waves as they bend around the edges of an obstacle
in their path

diffraction
The modulation of lijht or sound
waves as they bend around the ed^es
of an obstacle in their path.

3. Color Temperature and Color Rendering Index

Color Temperature the temperature at which a blackbody emits light of a specified spectral
distribution, used to specify the color of a light source

Color Rendering Index
a measure of the ability of an electric lamp to render color accurately when
compared with a reference light source of similar color temperature, (e.g. a
tungsten lamp operating at a color temperature of 3200°K, noon sunlight having a
color temperature of 4800°K, and average daylight having a color temperature of
7000°K all have an index of 100 and are considered to render color perfectly)

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AR 363A: Building Utilities 3

Handouts: Week No. 13
Finals

MODULE 13: BASICS OF LIGHTING (Units of Measure)

1. Solid Angle/Steradian

Solid Angle an angle formed by 3 or more planes intersecting at a common point

Steradian a solid angle at the center of a sphere subtending an area on the surface equal to the
square of the radius of the sphere

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2. Luminous Energy unit: lumen-second

constant flow

3. Luminous Flux SI unit: lumen (Im)

the rate of flow of visible light per unit time, expressed in lumens

4. Luminous Intensity SI unit: candela (Cd)

the luminous flux emitted per unit solid angle by a light source, expressed in candelas

5. Illuminance SI unit: lux (lx) equal to one lumen per square meter;
unit: footcandle (FC) equal to one lumen per square foot
the intensity of light falling at any given place on a lighted surface, equal to the luminous
flux incident per unit area and expressed in lumens per unit of area

6. Exitance & Luminance unit: lambert (L); footlambert (fL)

light energy leaving a surface
the quantitative measure of brightness of a light source or an illuminated surface, equal to
the luminous intensity per unit projected area of the source or surface viewed from a given
direction

7. Brightness the sensation by which an observer is able to distinguish between differences in luminance

8. Contrast - relative difference of adjacent luminances

9. Inverse Square Law - the farther away it is, the less energy arrives

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AR 363A Building Utilities 3

Handouts: Week No. 14
Finals

MODULE 14: DAYLIGHTING (Sun and Sky)

1. Definition

Daylighting the science, theory, or method of providing illumination through the use of light of day
Daylight to provide an interior space with daylight from both direct and indirect sources

2. Sky Luminance Distribution

Sunlight the direct light of the sun

Skylight the light from the sky, reflected and diffused by air molecules
Clear Sky a sky having less than 30% cloud cover with the solar disk unobstructed

Cloudy Sky a sky having between 30% and 70% cloud cover, with the solar disk obstructed

Overcast Sky a sky having 100% cloud cover

CIE Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage

an international commission developing definitions, standards, and procedure for the art,
science, and technology of lighting

3. Daylighting Techniques

Sidelighting example; windows and clerestrories

Toplighting example; skylights
Shades and Reflectors
Building Shapes

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AR 363A: Building Utilities 3

Handouts: Week No. 15
Finals

MODULE 15: DAYLIGHTING (Computations)

1. Sun Path Diagrams

• Orient the building according to the cardinal directions

• Identify date (from curved lines running from east to west) & hour (from vertical lines across the date lines) of study
• Identify the solar azimuth angle (from figures along the circumference of the sun path diagram) and the solar altitude
angle (from figures along the center towards the north axis)
• Use the solar azimuth angle to identify where the sun will be located for the given condition
• Use solar altitude angle to identify the effective distance of daylight penetration in a room for a defined window size

2. Sample Computation

For a room or structure studied on June 22, 9 am, with a solar azimuth of 71° and a solar altitude angle of 46°, compute for
the effective distance of daylight penetration if the room section is as follows:
Tan 46° = z/2.1
z = 2.1 Tan 46° = 2.17 meters
y = 0.9 Tan 46° = 0.93 meters
x = z - y = 2.17 - 0.93 = 1.24 meters

SEATWORK

1. Illustrate where the sun will be located on Dec 22, 9 am, if the solar azimuth is 131° and the solar altitude angle is 32”.

2. Given the room below, compute for the effective distance of daylight penetration (x) if the solar altitude angle is 32°.

3. If you want daylight to penetrate half of the room, on center, how high should your sill (a) and window opening (b) be?

SOLUTION

1. Illustrate where the sun will be located on Dec 22, 9 am, if the solar azimuth is 131° and the solar altitude angle is 32°.

2. Given the room below, compute for the effective distance of daylight penetration (x) if the solar altitude angle is 32°.
z = 2.1 Tan 32° = 1.31 meters
y = 0.9 Tan 32° = 0.56 meters
x = z - y = 1.31 - 0.56 = 0.75 meters

3. If you want daylight to penetrate half of the room, on center, how high should your sill (a) and window opening (b) be?
c = 2.25 4- Tan 32° = 3.63 meters
a = 0.75 4- Tan 32° = 1.21 meters
b = c - a = 3.63 -1.21 = 2.42 meters

TIP. 363A Building Utilities 3. Lessons. Finals. Week 15. Module 15. Dec. 20,2012 Page 1 of 1