New Solitary Waves For The KleinGordonZakharov Equations

August 24, 2020 22:29 MPLB S0217984920502462 page 1
Modern Physics Letters B

Vol. 34, No. 23 (2020) 2050246 (14 pages)
by UNIVERSIDADE EST.PAULISTA JULIO DE MESQUITA FILHO on 08/03/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.
© World Scientific Publishing Company

DOI: 10.1142/S0217984920502462
New solitary waves for the Klein Gordon Zakharov equations
Savaissou Nestor∗ , Alphonse Houwe∗ , Hadi Rezazadeh† , Ahmet Bekir‡ ,

Gambo Betchewe∗,¶ and Serge Y. Doka§
∗ Department of Physics, Faculty of Science,
Mod. Phys. Lett. B 2020.34. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
University of Maroua, P. O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon

† Faculty of Engineering Technology,
Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran

‡ Neighbourhood of Akcaglan, Imarli Street,
No. 28/4, 26030, Eskisehir, Turkey

§ Department of Physics, Faculty of Science,
University of Ngaoundere, P. O. Box 454, Cameroon

¶ gambobetch@yahoo.fr
Received 10 December 2019

Revised 17 January 2020
Accepted 11 February 2020
Published 22 April 2020
This paper studies new solitary waves for the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations. The
obtained results are diverse and some specific ones emerge as dark, bright and bell-
shape. The two integration schemes lead to obtaining waves which propagate without
deformation as illustrated in graphical representations. Our obtained results are more
specific compared to those obtained by Refs. 8 and 31 [C. H. Zhao and Z. M. Sheng,
Acta Phys. Sin. 53 (2004) 29; S. Yakada, B. Depelair, G. Betchewe and S. Y. Doka,
Optik 197 (2019) 163108].
Keywords: Solitary waves; Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations.
1. Introduction
Investigation of the exact traveling-waves solutions to nonlinear partial differential
equation (PDEs) and conformable fractional differential which describing physics
phenomena has become very important in literature.1–3 Therefore, a plethora of
integration techniques including sine-Gordon expansion method, new extended di-
rect algebraic method, auxiliary equation method, sine-cosine method, general-
ized beta approximation, multiple scales method, sinh-Gordon expansion method,
exp-function method, variational iteration method, auxiliary equation method, ex-
ponential rational function method, improved tan(φ(ξ)/2)-expansion method and
function variable method were involved to investigate specific solitary waves solu-
tions of PDEs nowadays.4–23,25,26
¶ Corresponding author.
2050246-1
S. Nestor et al.
Recently, the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov (KGZ) equations were derived to build

dark soliton solutions by adopting the generalized Kudryashov and Exp-function
methods.16,25 Thus, the KGZ has attracted a lot of attention in various branches
such as biology, plasma physics, optic fibers and so on.
In this paper, we aim to construct new solitary waves solution to the KGZ
equations:8
φtt − φxx + αvφ = 0 , (1)
vtt − vxx = β(|φ|2 )xx , (2)

φ(x, t) stands for a complex function, while v(x, t) is a real function, t represents
the time, x is the distance along the direction of propagation. Therefore α, β are
non zero parameters.

Therefore, the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 will apply the new ex-
tended direct algebraic method to build diverse soliton solutions to (1) and (2) such
dark solitons, trigonometric function solutions and rational solutions. In Sec. 3, the
sine-Gordon expansion method will be used to derive the nonlinear ordinary differ-
ential equations of the KGZ, to investigate the dipole bright solitary waves. How-
ever, in Sec. 4, the graphical illustration of the obtained results is given. Section 4
concludes the work.
To construct the exact traveling-wave solutions to the KGZ equations (1) and
(2), we adopt the transformation in the form of
φ(x, t) = ψ(x, t) exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , ξ = ωx + kt , (3)
where ψ(x, t) = ψ(ξ) is real function, while k, ω are constants to be determined
and θ stands for an arbitrary constant.
Inserting (3) into (1) and (2) gives
ψtt − ψxx + (1 − ω 2 + k 2 )φ + αvψ = 0 , (4)
ωψt − kψx = 0 , (5)
vtt − vxx = β(ψ 2 )xx . (6)

Use (3), it is obtained from (4)
(ω 2 − k 2 ) ψ 00 (ω 2 − k 2 − 1)
v(x, t) = + . (7)
α ψ(ξ) α
Next, to surmise v(x, t) = W (ξ) and insert (7) in (6), after integrating twice with
nonzero constant value, it is recovered
(βω 2 ) 2
W (ξ) = ψ (ξ) + C , (8)
k2 − ω2
where C is an integration constant. Inserting (8) in (4) leads to
(αC + k 2 − ω 2 + 1) αβω 2
ψ 00 + ψ(x) + ψ3 = 0 . (9)
(k 2 − ω 2 (k 2 − ω 2 )2
2050246-2
New solitary waves for the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations

2. On Solving the Klein Gordon Zhakharov Equation by

Using the New Extended Direct Algebraic Method
Assume the solution of (9) as follows:
N
X
ψ(ξ) = h0 + hi (Q(ξ))i , (10)
i=1
where hi (i = ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . ) and Q(ξ) satisfies the following ODE:
Q0 (ξ) = Ln(A)(λ + µQ(ξ) + σQ2 (ξ)) , (11)
where A 6= 0, 1 and λ, µ and σ are constants. Using the balance principle between
ψ 00 and ψ 3 , it is gained N = 1. Considering that the solution of ODE (9) can be
expressed in the following form:30,31

ψ(ξ) = h0 + h1 Q(ξ) . (12)
Substituting (12) and (11) into (9), a system of algebraic equation in term of (Q(ξ))j
is recovered. Then, collecting all the coefficient of the obtained algebraic equation
and set to zero gives the set of results.
Result 1. For µ2 − 4λσ < 0 and σ 6= 0.
q
2 2 2
1 − αβ (k − ω )µLn(A) 2Ln(A)σ(k 2 − ω 2 )
h0 = , h1 = − q , v = v, k = k, ω = ω ,
2 ω −2 1 ωαβ αβ
1 2ω 2 − 2 k 2 + (Ln(A))2 k 2 (µ2 − 4 σ λ) − (Ln(A))2 ω 2 (µ2 − 4 σ λ) − 2

C= .
2 α
" p p !!#
µ −(µ2 − 4λσ) −(µ2 − 4λσ)
φ1 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − + tanA ξ
2σ 2σ 2
× exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)], (13)

p p 2
(βω 2 ) −(µ2 −4λσ) −(µ2 −4λσ)

µ
v1 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h1 − + tan A ξ
k − ω2 2σ 2σ 2
+C , (14)
" p p !!#
µ −(µ2 − 4λσ) −(µ2 − 4λσ)
ψ2 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − + cotA ξ
2σ 2σ 2
× exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (15)

p p 2
(βω 2 ) −(µ2 −4λσ) −(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ
v2 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h1 − + cotA ξ
k − ω2 2σ 2σ 2
+C , (16)
2050246-3
S. Nestor et al.
p
−(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ p
φ3 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − + tanA −(µ2 − 4λσ)ξ
2σ 2σ
p
−pq(µ2 − 4λσ)

p
± secA 2
−(µ − 4λσ)ξ exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] ,
2σ
(17)
p
(βω 2 ) −(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ p
v3 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h 1 − + tan A −(µ2 − 4λσ)ξ
k − ω2 2σ 2σ
2
p
−pq(µ2 − 4λσ)

p
± secA −(µ2 − 4λσ)ξ +C, (18)
2σ
p
−(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ p
φ4 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − − cotA −(µ2 − 4λσ)ξ
2σ 2σ
p
−pq(µ2 − 4λσ)

p
± cscA 2
−(µ − 4λσ)ξ exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] ,
2σ
(19)
p
(βω 2 ) −(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ p
v4 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h 1 − − cotA −(µ2 − 4λσ)ξ
k − ω2 2σ 2σ
2
p
−pq(µ2 − 4λσ)

p
± cscA −(µ2 − 4λσ)ξ +C, (20)
2σ
p p
−(µ2 − 4λσ) −(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ
φ5 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − − tanA ξ
2σ 2σ 4
p p
−(µ2 − 4λσ) −(µ2 − 4λσ)

− cotA ξ exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (21)
2σ 4
p p
(βω 2 ) −(µ2 − 4λσ) −(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ
v5 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h 1 − − tan A ξ
k − ω2 2σ 2σ 4
p p 2
−(µ2 − 4λσ) −(µ2 − 4λσ)

− cotA ξ +C, (22)
2σ 4
Result 2. For µ2 − 4λσ > 0 and σ 6= 0.

p p 2
(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ (µ − 4λσ)
φ6 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − + tanhA ξ
2σ 2σ 2
× exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (23)
p p 2 2
(βω 2 ) (µ2 − 4λσ)

µ (µ − 4λσ)
v6 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h1 − + tanhA ξ
k − ω2 2σ 2σ 2
+C , (24)
2050246-4

p p 2
(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ (µ − 4λσ)
φ7 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − + cothA ξ
2σ 2σ 2
× exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (25)
p p
(βω 2 ) (µ2 − 4λσ) (µ2 − 4λσ)

µ
v7 (x, t) = 2 h 0 + h1 − + coth A ξ ,
k − ω2 2σ 2σ 2
(26)
p
(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ p
φ8 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − + tanhA (µ2 − 4λσ)ξ
2σ 2σ
p
pq(µ2 − 4λσ)

p
±i sechA 2
(µ − 4λσ)ξ exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] ,
2σ
(27)
p
(βω 2 ) (µ2 − 4λσ)

µ p
v8 (x, t) = 2 2
h0 + h1 − + tanhA (µ2 − 4λσ)ξ
k −ω 2σ 2σ
2
p
pq(µ2 − 4λσ)

p
±i sechA 2
(µ − 4λσ)ξ +C, (28)
2σ
p
(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ p
φ9 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − − cothA (µ2 − 4λσ)ξ
2σ 2σ
p
pq(µ2 − 4λσ)

p
± cschA (µ2 − 4λσ)ξ exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (29)
2σ
p
(βω 2 ) (µ2 − 4λσ)

µ p
v9 (x, t) = 2 2
h0 + h1 − − cothA (µ2 − 4λσ)ξ
k −ω 2σ 2σ
2
p
pq(µ2 − 4λσ)

p
± cschA 2
(µ − 4λσ)ξ +C, (30)
2σ
p p 2
−(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ (µ − 4λσ)
φ10 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − − tanhA ξ
2σ 4σ 4
p p 2
(µ2 − 4λσ)

(µ − 4λσ)
− cothA ξ exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (31)
4σ 4
p p 2
(βω 2 ) −(µ2 − 4λσ)

µ (µ − 4λσ)
v10 (x, t) = 2 h 0 + h1 − − tanh A ξ
k − ω2 2σ 4σ 4
p p 2
(µ2 − 4λσ) (µ2 − 4λσ)

− cothA ξ +C, (32)
4σ 4
2050246-5
S. Nestor et al.
2
(k2 −ω2 ) +k2 −ω2 +αβω2 h0 2
Result 3. For λσ > 0 and µ = 0, then h0 = 0 and C = − α(k2 −ω 2 ) ,
it is obtained.
" !#
r
λ √
φ11 (x, t) = h0 + h1 tanA λσξ exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (33)
σ
" !#2
(βω 2 )
r
λ √
v11 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h1 tanA λσξ +C, (34)
k − ω2 σ
" !#
r
λ √
φ12 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − cotA λσξ exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (35)
σ
" !#2
(βω 2 )
r
λ √
v12 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h1 − cotA λσξ +C, (36)
k − ω2 σ
" "r !#
λ √ r
λ √
φ13 (x, t) = h0 + h1 tanA 2λσξ ± pq secA 2λσξ
σ σ
× exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (37)

" "r !#2
βω 2 λ √ r
λ √
v13 (x, t) = 2 2
h0 + h1 tanA 2λσξ ± pq secA 2λσξ
k −ω σ σ
+C , (38)
" !#
r
λ √ r
λ √
φ14 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − cotA 2λσξ ± pq cscA 2λσξ
σ σ
× exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (39)

2
" !#
βω 2
r
λ √ r λ √
v14 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h1 − cotA 2λσξ ± pq cscA 2λσξ
k − ω2 σ σ
+C , (40)
" r √ ! r √ !!!#
1 λ λσ λ λσ
φ15 (ξ) = h0 + h1 tanA ξ − cotA ξ
2 σ 2 σ 2
× exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (41)

" r √ ! r √ !!!#2
βω 2 1 λ λσ λ λσ
v15 (ξ) = 2 h0 + h1 tanA ξ − cotA ξ
k − ω2 2 σ 2 σ 2
+C , (42)
2050246-6

2
(k2 −ω2 ) +k2 −ω 2 +αβω 2 h0 2
Result 4. For λσ < 0 and µ = 0, then h0 = 0 and C = − α(k2 −ω 2 ) .
" r !#
−λ √
φ16 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − tanhA −λσξ exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (43)
σ
" r !#2
βω 2 −λ √
v16 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h1 − tanhA −λσξ +C, (44)
k − ω2 σ
" r !#
−λ √
φ17 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − cothA −λσξ exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (45)
σ
" r !#2
βω 2 −λ √
v17 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h1 − cothA −λσξ +C, (46)
k − ω2 σ
" !#
r
−λ √ r
−pqλ √
φ18 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − tanhA 2λσξ ± i pq sechA 2 −λσξ
σ σ
× exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (47)

"
βω 2
r
−λ √
v18 (x, t) = 2 2
h0 + h1 − tanhA 2λσξ
k −ω σ
r !#2
−pqλ √
±i pq sechA 2 −λσξ +C, (48)
σ
" r r !#
−λ √ λ √
φ19 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − cothA 2 −λσξ ± −pq cschA 2 −λσξ
σ σ
× exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (49)

" r
βω 2 −λ √
v19 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h1 − cothA 2 −λσξ
k − ω2 σ
r !#2
λ √
± −pq cschA 2 −λσξ +C, (50)
σ
" r √ r √ !!#
1 −λ −λσ −λ −λσ
φ20 (x, t) = h0 + h1 − tanhA ξ + cothA ξ
2 σ 2 σ 2
× exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (51)
2050246-7
S. Nestor et al.
" r √
βω 2

1 −λ −λσ
v20 (x, t) = 2 h0 + h1 − tanhA ξ
k − ω2 2 σ 2
r √ !!#2
−λ −λσ
+ cothA ξ +C. (52)
σ 2
−(k2 −ω 2 )(2(Ln(A))2 σ 2 −1)−1
Result 5. For µ = 0 and λ = σ, then h0 = 0 and C = α .
φ21 (x, t) = [h1 tanA (λξ)] exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (53)
βω 2 2
v21 (x, t) = [h1 tanA (λξ)] + C , (54)
k2 − ω2
φ22 (x, t) = −h1 cotA (λξ)) exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (55)

βω 2 2
v22 (x, t) = [−h1 cotA (λξ)] + C , (56)
k2 − ω2
√
φ23 (x, t) = h1 [tanA (2λξ) ± pq secA (2λξ)] exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (57)
βω 2 √ 2
v23 (x, t) = [h1 (tanA (2λξ) ± pq secA (2λξ))] + C , (58)
k2
− ω2
√
φ24 (x, t) = h1 [− cotA (2λξ) ± pq cscA (2λξ)] exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (59)
βω 2 √ 2
v24 (x, t) =
2 2
[h1 (− cotA (2λξ) ± pq cscA (2λξ))] + C , (60)
k −ω

1 λ λ
φ25 (x, t) = h1 tanA ξ − cotA ξ exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (61)
2 2 2
2
βω 2

1 λ λ
v25 (x, t) = 2 h 1 tan A ξ − cot A ξ +C, (62)
k − ω2 2 2 2
−(k2 −ω 2 )(2(Ln(A))2 σ 2 −1)−1

Result 6. For µ = 0 and λ = −σ, then h0 = 0 and C = α .
φ26 (x, t) = −h1 tanhA (λξ)) exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (63)

βω 2 2
v26 (x, t) = [−h1 tanhA (λξ))] + C , (64)
k2 − ω2
φ27 (x, t) = −h1 cothA (λξ)) exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (65)
βω 2 2
v27 (x, t) = [−h1 cothA (λξ))] + C , (66)
k2
− ω2
√
φ28 (x, t) = h1 (− tanhA (2λξ) ± i pq sechA (2λξ)) exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (67)
βω 2 √ 2
v28 = 2 2
[h1 (− tanhA (2λξ) ± i pq sechA (2λξ))] + C , (68)
k −ω
2050246-8

√
φ29 (ξ) = h1 (− cothA (2λξ) ± pq cschA (2λξ)) exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (69)
βω 2 √ 2
v29 (ξ) = [h1 (− cothA (2λξ) ± pq cschA (2λξ))] + C , (70)
k2 − ω2

h1 λ λ
φ30 (x, t) = − tanhA ( ξ) + cothA ξ exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (71)
2 2 2
2
βω 2

h1 λ λ
v30 (x, t) = 2 2
− tanhA ξ + coth A ξ +C, (72)
k −ω 2 2 2
√
2Ln(A) λ σ (k2 −ω 2 ) 2
+1−ω 2
Result 7. µ2 = 4λσ, then h0 = − , and C = − k .
q
−2 α1β ω α β α

2λ(µξLn(A) + 2)
φ31 (ξ) = h0 − h1 exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (73)
µ2 ξLn(A)
2
βω 2

2λ(µξLn(A) + 2)
v31 (ξ) = 2 h0 − h 1 +C, (74)
k − ω2 µ2 ξLn(A)
Result 8. µ = k, λ = mk(m 6= 0), and σ = 0, then h0 = − Ln(A)k(k+ω)(k−ω)

√
−2 α βω
,
√ 2 4 2 2 2 2 2
−2 α βkω Ln(A) 1 (Ln(A)) k −k (Ln(A)) ω −2k −2+2 ω
h1 = (k−ω)(k+ω) , C= 2 α .
φ32 (ξ) = h0 + h1 [Aξk ] exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] − m + C , (75)

βω 2 2
v32 (ξ) = 2 2
h0 + h1 Aξk − m + C , (76)
k −ω
q
1
−2 1
αβ (k2 −ω2 )Ln(A) 2 Ln(A)σ (k2 −ω 2 )
Result 9. µ 6= 0 and λ = 0, then h0 = 2 ω , h1 = q ,
−2 α1β ω α β
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 k µ (Ln(A)) −2 k −µ (Ln(A)) ω +2 ω −2
C= 2 α .

pµ
φ33 (ξ) = h0 + h1 exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (77)
σ(coshA (µξ) − sinhA (µξ) − p)
2
βω 2

pµ
v33 (ξ) = 2 h0 + h1 +C, (78)
k − ω2 σ(coshA (µξ) − sinhA (µξ) − p)

µ(sinhA (µξ) + coshA (µξ))
φ34 (ξ) = h0 − h1 exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (79)
σ(coshA (µξ) − sinhA (µξ) + q)
2
βω 2

µ(sinhA (µξ) + coshA (µξ))
v34 (ξ) = 2 h0 − h1 +C, (80)
k − ω2 σ(coshA (µξ) − sinhA (µξ) + q)
2050246-9
S. Nestor et al.
Ln(A)k(k2 −ω 2 )
Result 10. µ = k and σ = mk(m 6= 0) and λ = 0, then h0 = − √
−2 α βω
,
√ 2 4 2 2 2 2 2
−2 α βkω Ln(A)
h1 = k2 −ω 2 , and C = 12 (Ln(A)) k −k (Ln(A))
α
ω −2k −2+2 ω
.
pAkξ

φ35 (ξ) = h0 − h1 exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (81)
q − mpAkξ
2
βω 2 pAkξ

v35 (ξ) = 2 h0 − h 1 +C, (82)
k − ω2 q − mpAkξ
the details of the generalized hyperbolic and triangular function are given by
Refs. 30 and 31.
3. On Solving the Klein Gordon Zhakharov Equation by

Using the Sine-Gordon Expansion Equation Method
Consider that the solution of (9) can be expressed as follows:15
N
X
ψ(ξ) = tanhj−1 (ξ) [Bj sech(ξ) + Aj tanh(ξ)] + A0 , (83)
j=1
and can be written as

N
X
ψ(s) = cosj−1 (s) [Bj sin(s) + Aj cos(s)] + A0 , (84)
j=1
where sin(s) = sech(ξ), cos(s) = tanh(ξ), and Aj (j = ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . ) and Bj (j =
±1, ±2, ±3, . . . ) are constant to be determined. By using the balance between ψ 00
and ψ 3 , it is obtained N = 1. Then,
ψ(s) = B1 sin(s(ξ)) + A1 cos(s(ξ)) + A0 . (85)
Substituting (86) into (9), the nonlinear algebraic equation is obtained.
3α β ω 2 A0 A1 2
cos(s(ξ))2 : (k2 −ω 2 )2
= 0,
3α β ω 2 A1 2 B1 α β ω 2 B1 3
sin(s(ξ)) cos(s(ξ))2 : (k2 −ω 2 )2
+ 2 B1 − (k2 −ω 2 )2
= 0,
3α β ω 2 A1 B1 2 α β ω 2 A1 3
cos(s(ξ)) sin(s(ξ))2 : −2 A1 + (k2 −ω 2 )2
− (k2 −ω 2 )2
= 0,
6α β ω 2 A0 A1 B1
cos(s(ξ)) sin(s(ξ)): (k2 −ω 2 )2
= 0,
α CA1 k2 A1 3α β ω 2 A0 2 A1 A1 ω 2 A1 α β ω 2 A1 3
cos(s(ξ)): k2 −ω 2 + k2 −ω 2 + (k2 −ω 2 )2
+ k2 −ω 2 − k2 −ω 2 + (k2 −ω 2 )2
= 0,
3α β ω 2 A0 B1 2
sin(s(ξ))2 : (k2 −ω 2 )2
= 0,
α β ω 2 B1 3 B1 ω 2 B1 k 2 B1 α CB1 3α β ω 2 A0 2 B1
sin(s(ξ)): (k2 −ω 2 )2
+ k2 −ω 2 − k2 −ω 2 − B1 + k2 −ω 2 + k2 −ω 2 + (k2 −ω 2 )2
= 0,
2050246-10

α CA0 α β ω 2 A0 3 k 2 A0 ω 2 A0 A0
Const. k2 −ω 2 + (k2 −ω 2 )2
+ k2 −ω 2 − k2 −ω 2 + k2 −ω 2 = 0.
After solving the above system of algebraic equations with the help of MAPLE,
it is obtained.
q
2 2 2
αβ (k −ω )
2
−ω 2 )+1
S1: A0 = 0, A1 = 0, B1 = ω , ω = ω, v = v, C = − 2(k α , k = k.
The bright solitons to (1) and (2) are revealed
r
2 2
φ32 (x, t) = (k − ω 2 )sech [(ωx + kt)] exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (86)
αβ
2(k 2 − ω 2 ) 2(k 2 − ω 2 ) + 1
v32 (x, t) = sech2 [(ωx + kt)] exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] − ,
α α
(87)
q
2
− αβ (k2 −ω 2 ) 2 2
S2: A0 = 0, A1 = ω , B1 = 0 ω = ω, v = v, C = k −ω α
−1
, k = k. Dark
solitons to (1) and (2) are gained,
q
2
− αβ (k 2 − ω 2 )
φ33 (x, t) = tanh[(ωx + kt+)] exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (88)
ω
2(k 2 − ω 2 ) k2 − ω2 − 1
v33 (x, t) = − tanh2 [(ωx + kt)] exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] + ,
α α
(89)
q q
2
− αβ (k2 −ω 2 ) 2 2 2
αβ (k −ω ) 2 2
S3: A0 = 0, A1 = ω , B1 = ω ω = ω, v = v, C = − 21 k −ω α
+2
,
k = k. Bright-dark soliton solutions to (1) and (2) are recovered,
q q
2 2 2 2
αβ (k − ω ) − αβ (k 2 − ω 2 )
φ33 (x, t) = sech [(ωx + kt)] + tanh [(ωx + kt)]
ω ω
× exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (90)
q
2 2 2
βω 2  αβ (k − ω )
v33 (x, t) = 2 sech [(ωx + kt)]
k − ω2 ω
q 2
2
− αβ (k 2 − ω 2 ) 1 k2 − ω2 + 2
+ tanh [(ωx + kt)] − . (91)
ω 2 α
3.1. Graphical representation

Figure 1 plots spatiotemporal evolution of dark solitons |φ6 (x, t)|2 . Figure 2 plots
spatiotemporal evolution of |v6 (x, t)|2 . It is observed that |v6 (x, t)|2 is like the corre-
sponding chirped of |φ6 (x, t)|2 . However, Fig. 3 plots 2D of |v6 (x, t)|2 . It illustrates
the propagation of the bright waves for the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov at t = 0, t = 5,
t = 10, t = 15 and t = 20. The wave propagates without deformation.
2050246-11
S. Nestor et al.
Fig. 1. (Color online) Spatiotemporal plot of the dark solitons |φ6( x, t)|2 for (a) µ = 0, 25,
σ = 0.525, λ = 0.00025, h1 = −10.05, k = 1.5, ω = 4.58. (b) µ = 0, 0125, σ = 3.75, λ = 0.0523,
h1 = −12.05, k = −0.75, ω = 1.58. (c) µ = 0, 125, σ = 3.75, λ = 0.00523, h1 = −12.05, k = −3.15,
ω = 1.58. (d) µ = 0, 25, σ = 3.58, λ = 0.00025, h1 = −10.05, k = 1.5, ω = 4.58, respectively.
Fig. 2. (Color online) Spatiotemporal plot of v6 (x, t). (a) µ = 0, 25, σ = 3.75, λ = 0.00523,
h1 = −12.05, k = −3.155, ω = 4.58, β = 0.5, C = 1; (b) µ = −0, 125, σ = 3.75, λ = 0.0533,
h1 = −12.05, k = −3.155, ω = 2.58, β = 0.005, C = 5; (c) µ = −0, 000125, σ = 3.75, λ = 0.0523,
h1 = −12.05, k = −0.15, ω = 2.56, β = 0.005, C = 5 and (d) µ = −0, 000125, σ = 3.75,
λ = 0.0523, h1 = −12.05, k = −1.15, ω = 2.50, β = 0.005, C = 5, respectively.
2050246-12

Fig. 3. Spatiotemporal plot 2D of v6 (x, t) at µ = −0, 000125, σ = 3.75, λ = 0.0523, h1 = −12.05,

k = −0.15, ω = 2.56, β = 0.0015, C = 5.
4. Conclusion
In this work, abundant exact solutions for the KGZ equations were investigated by
adopting two integration schemes. To reach the goal, the traveling-wave hypothe-
sis was adopted the ordinary differential equation. To solve the obtained ODE, the
new extended direct algebraic scheme and the sine-Gordon expansion equation have
been used successfully. As results dark, dipole bright soliton solutions, trigonomet-
ric function solutions and some rational function solutions emerge. We note that
comparatively with the works,8,30,31 the obtained results are more specific. We hope
that the obtained one-soliton solutions should be useful in solitary waves theory.
References
1. S. Meng and Y. Cui, Complexity (2019) Article ID 8402347.
2. R. Tian, L. Fu, Y. Ren and H. Yang, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. (2019).
3. J.-C. Sun, Z.-G. Zhang, H.-H. Dong and H.-W. Yang, Acta Phys. Sin. 68 (2019)
210201.
4. M. Song, B. S. Ahmed, E. Zerrad and A. Biswas, Chaos vol23(3) (2013) 033115.
5. H. Rezazadeh, S. M. Mirhosseini-Alizamini, M. Eslami, M. Rezazadeh, M. Mirzazadeh
and S. Abbagari, Optik 172 (2018) 545.
6. J. Chen, L. Liu and L. Liu, Adv. Math. Phys. (2014) Article ID 974050.
7. N. Masmoudi and K. Nakanishi, J. Hyperbolic Differ. Equ. 2 (2005) 975.
8. C. H. Zhao and Z. M. Sheng, Acta Phys. Sin. 53 (2004) 29.
2050246-13
S. Nestor et al.
9. M. Veljkovic, D. Milovic, M. Belic, Q. Zhou, S. P. Moshokoa and A. Biswas, Facta

Univ. Ser. Electron. Energ. 30 (2017) 39.
10. A. Houwe, Y. Klaofai, M. Justin, G. Betchewe and S. Y. Doka, J. Part. Differ. Equ.
32 (2019) 293.
11. R. Zhang, L. Yang, Q. Liu and X. Yin, Appl. Math. Comput. 346 (2019) 666.
12. A. Houwe, M. Justin, D. Jérôme, G. Betchewe, S. Y. Doka and K. T. Crepin, Asian-
European J. Math. 13(2) (2020) 2050035.
13. W. X. Ma, Phys. Lett. A 180 (1993) 221.
14. R. Zhang and L. Yang, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans 85 (2019) 16.
15. A. Houwe, J. Sabi’u, Z. Hammouch and S. Y. Doka, Phys. Scripta 95(4) (2019).
16. T. S. Mohyud-Din, M. A. Noor and W. Asif, Z. Naturforschung A 65a (2010) 78.
17. T. S. Mohyud-Din, Y. Khan, N. Faraz and A. Yildirim, Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat
Fluid Flow 22 (2012) 335.
18. T. S. Mohyud-Din, M. A. Noor and K. I. Noor, Math. Probl. Eng. Hindawi 2009
(2009) Article ID 234849.
19. S. Bibi, N. Ahmed, U. Khan and T. S. Mohyud-Din, Phys. Scripta 94(8) (2019).
20. T. S. Mohyud-Din, S. Bibi, N. Ahmed and U. Khan, Some exact solutions of the
nonlinear space-time fractional differential equations, Waves in Random and Complex
Media (Taylor & Francis, 2018), pp. 645–664.
21. S. Bibi, N. Ahmed, U. Khan and T. S. Mohyud-Din, Results Phys. 9 (2018) 648.
22. K. Berat, Optical and Quantum Electronics (Springer, 2018).
23. H. Rezazadeh, J. Vahidi, A. Zafar and A. Bekir, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul.
(2020) doi:10.1515/ijnsns-2019-0064.
24. H. Rezazadeh, K. U. Tariq, J. Sabi’u and A. Bekir, Mod. Phys. Lett. B (2020), doi:10.
1142/S0217984920501183.
25. D. S. Tuluce and H. Bulut, Dark soliton solutions of Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equation
in (1 + 2) dimensions, AIP Conf. Proc., Vol. 1798, Issue 1 (2017) 020032.
26. A. Houwe, M. Justin, S. Y. Doka and K. T. Crepin, Asian-Eur. J. Math. 13 (2020)
2050022.
27. A. Korkmaz, O. E. Hepson, K. Hosseini, H. Rezazadeh and M. Eslami, J. King Saud
University-Sci. 32(1) (2018) 567.
28. T. S. Mohyud-Din, K. I. Noor and M. A. Noor, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul.
10 (2009) 223.
29. P. Li, R. Yang and Z. Xu, Phys. Rev. E 82 (2010) 046603.
30. A. Houwe, Y. Klofai, H. M. Boudoué and S. Y. Doka, Appl. Math. Phys. 5 (2017) 77.
31. S. Yakada, B. Depelair, G. Betchewe and S. Y. Doka, Optik 197 (2019) 163108.
2050246-14

New Solitary Waves For The KleinGordonZakharov Equations

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

New Solitary Waves For The KleinGordonZakharov Equations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

August 24, 2020 22:29 MPLB S0217984920502462 page 1

Modern Physics Letters B

© World Scientific Publishing Company

New solitary waves for the Klein Gordon Zakharov equations

Savaissou Nestor∗ , Alphonse Houwe∗ , Hadi Rezazadeh† , Ahmet Bekir‡ ,

University of Maroua, P. O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon

Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran

No. 28/4, 26030, Eskisehir, Turkey

University of Ngaoundere, P. O. Box 454, Cameroon

Received 10 December 2019

Keywords: Solitary waves; Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations.

Recently, the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov (KGZ) equations were derived to build

vtt − vxx = β(|φ|2 )xx , (2)

non zero parameters.

ωψt − kψx = 0 , (5)

vtt − vxx = β(ψ 2 )xx . (6)

New solitary waves for the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations

2. On Solving the Klein Gordon Zhakharov Equation by

expressed in the following form:30,31

1 2ω 2 − 2 k 2 + (Ln(A))2 k 2 (µ2 − 4 σ λ) − (Ln(A))2 ω 2 (µ2 − 4 σ λ) − 2

× exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)], (13)

× exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (15)

Result 2. For µ2 − 4λσ > 0 and σ 6= 0.

New solitary waves for the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations

× exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (37)

× exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (39)

× exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (41)

New solitary waves for the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations

× exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (47)

× exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (49)

× exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (51)

φ22 (x, t) = −h1 cotA (λξ)) exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (55)

−(k2 −ω 2 )(2(Ln(A))2 σ 2 −1)−1

φ26 (x, t) = −h1 tanhA (λξ)) exp [i(kx + ωt + θ)] , (63)

New solitary waves for the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations

Result 8. µ = k, λ = mk(m 6= 0), and σ = 0, then h0 = − Ln(A)k(k+ω)(k−ω)

φ32 (ξ) = h0 + h1 [Aξk ] exp[i(kx + ωt + θ)] − m + C , (75)

3. On Solving the Klein Gordon Zhakharov Equation by

and can be written as

New solitary waves for the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations

3.1. Graphical representation

New solitary waves for the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations

Fig. 3. Spatiotemporal plot 2D of v6 (x, t) at µ = −0, 000125, σ = 3.75, λ = 0.0523, h1 = −12.05,

9. M. Veljkovic, D. Milovic, M. Belic, Q. Zhou, S. P. Moshokoa and A. Biswas, Facta

You might also like