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Prokaryotes
Reading Assignment: pg. 1620
Name:___________________________
SEM and TEM microscopes
Electron Microscope Butterfly Wing
Prokaryotes
Transmission Scanning
Electron Microscope Electron Microscope
TEM image of E. coli bacteria
SEM image of a house ant
Transmission
Electron Microscope
Electrons are sent through a thin
slice of the specimen (hence
transmission), creating an image
that appears 'flat' and shows inner TEM image of E. coli bacteria
details.
E. coli bacteria
DNA Plasmid
(from a bacteria)
mitochondria (and other cell parts)
Sinbis Virus
Transmission Scanning
Electron Microscope Electron Microscope
Electrons are bounced off of the
Electrons are sent through a thin surface of a specimen (hence
slice of the specimen (hence scanning) that has been covered
transmission), creating an image in a gold/metal mist. This creates
that appears 'flat' and shows inner an image that appears '3D' and
details. shows surface details.
SEM image of a house ant
TEM image of E. coli bacteria
Common
House Ant
Snowflake
Fish Gills
Eye of a housefly
dust mite
(false color)
spider glands
making silk
(false color)
hydrothermal
worm marine
bluebottle fly
maggot
(false color)
Transmission Scanning
Electron Microscope Electron Microscope
Electrons are bounced off of the
Electrons are sent through a thin surface of a specimen (hence
slice of the specimen (hence scanning) that has been covered
transmission), creating an image in a gold/metal mist. This creates
that appears 'flat' and shows inner an image that appears '3D' and
details. shows surface details.
TEM image of E. coli bacteria
SEM image of a house ant
Transmission Scanning
Electron Microscope Electron Microscope
Electrons are bounced off of the
Electrons are sent through a thin surface of a specimen (hence
slice of the specimen (hence scanning) that has been covered
transmission), creating an image in a gold/metal mist. This creates
that appears 'flat' and shows inner an image that appears '3D' and
Light microscopes use light waves (400700 nm in
details. shows surface details.
size) to produce an image, meaning even the best
light microscopes can only distinguish objects
about 200 nm in size.
Electron microscopes use electrons (much smaller
than wavelength of light) to produce an image,
giving them a much better resolution and much
higher magnification.
TEM image of E. coli bacteria
SEM image of a house ant
Resolution
shortest distance between two points on a specimen that
can still be distinguished by the observer or camera system
Millimeters Micrometers Nanometers
(mm) (um) (nm)
Magnification
the degree to which an object appears enlarged. Shown as
"X", as in "10X", as there is no unit of magnification.
magnification = measured length
actual length
The Invention of the Electron Microscope
Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus electron
microscopes made a greater understanding of cell structure possible.
The second half of the 19th century improved light microscopes, allowing
the discovery of singlecelled organisms and bacteria. Chromosomes,
mitosis, and gamete (sex cell sperm/egg) formation were observed.
Larger organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and the nucleus
were discovered as well. Light microscopes cannot produce images
smaller than 0.2 um, meaning many biological structures remained
elusive.
The electron microscope was developed in Germany during the 1930's
and was used in research in the 40's and 50's, allowing images of
objects as small as 0.001 um (200x smaller). Biologists were surprised by
the unexpected intricacies of the cell, and many previous ideas were
proven to be wrong the true structure of mitochondria is an example.
Thus, the ultrastructure of cells was revealed to scientists, including
ribosomes, lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.
There are two types of cells:
prokaryotes eukaryotes
13 um um = micrometers 10100 um
There are two types of cells:
But actually, taking size into account,
they should look like...
prokaryotes eukaryotes
13 um um = micrometers 10100 um
this.
prokaryotes
13 um
prokaryotes
13 um
um = micrometers
eukaryotes
10100 um
we are going to start
by studying this one
prokaryotes
13 um
um = micrometers
eukaryotes
10100 um
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
'before' 'nucleus'
• they are smaller and simpler than eukaryotes
Prokaryotes • typically 13 um in size
'before' 'nucleus' • have no organelles membranebound internal cell structures
• can only be unicellular (a single cell)
• divide by binary fission (splitting of cell)
• evolved first
• found almost everywhere (soil, water, air, skin, intestines, volcanic
water pools)
TEM
SEM
membrane!!!
prokaryotes
13 um
um = micrometers
eukaryotes
10100 um
no membrane
bound organelles
prokaryotes
13 um
prokaryotes
13 um
eukaryotes
um = micrometers
10100 um
• they are smaller and simpler than eukaryotes
Prokaryotes • typically 13 um in size
'before' 'nucleus'
• have no organelles membranebound internal cell structures
• can only be unicellular (a single cell)
• divide by binary fission (splitting of cell)
• evolved first
• found almost everywhere (soil, water, air, skin, intestines, volcanic
Examples Include: water pools)
This scanning electron TEM
archaea bacteria micrograph (SEM)
shows E. coli, a
common type of
bacteria.
SEM
(pronounced AreKayAh)
(pronounced AreKayAh)
Draw the
ultrastructure of
E.coli as an example
prokaryote
E. coli is the classic 'model' microbe,
used in many kinds of pathogenic and
genetic research
1 um
Draw the
ultrastructure of
E.coli as an example
prokaryote
E. coli is the classic 'model' microbe,
used in many kinds of pathogenic and
genetic research
1 um
The ultrastructure of E. coli
as an example prokaryote flagellum
movement
E. coli is the classic 'model' microbe, flagella plural
used in many kinds of pathogenic and
genetic research 1 um
cytoplasm
liquid that holds all internal cell
parts. contains ribosomes and
other enzymes for metabolism
70s ribosomes
1 um
protein synthesis (creation)
plasmid
small, circular naked DNA segments containing a
small number of useful, but not essential genes
pili
attachment to other surfaces,
DNA transfer
nucleoid region
cell/plasma membrane area containing a single
controls entry and exit circular chromosome of
of substances to cell naked, closedloop DNA
cell wall
protective coating, can be
Grampositive or Gramnegative
Which structures can you identify in this electron micrograph?
(b) A thin section through E. coli (TEM)
Which structures can you identify in this electron micrograph?
pili
nucleoid
cytoplasm
70s ribosomes
(b) A thin section
cell/plasma through E. coli (TEM)
membrane
cell wall
(a) A typical rodshaped
bacterium
"all cells come from other cells"
Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
'two' 'splitting'
'before' 'nucleus'
Bacterial cells divide/clone themselves at
a constant rate, resulting in exponential
population growth. This is much simpler
than mitosis in Eukaryotes.
Eventually resources become limited,
resulting in the stationary phase.
Antibiotics (penicillin) or lack of resources
result in death and population decline.
Can you explain why the line is straight
even though the growth is exponential?
Draw and Annotate a Diagram of
Binary Fission
chromosomes are pulled to
opposite sides of the dividing cell
cell grows and
chromosome replicates
semiconservatively into
bacterium has
two identical copies
single closedloop
naked DNA
chromosome
Division of the cytoplasm follows. Each new
cell, called a daughter cell, contains one
copy of the chromosome.
They are clones because they contain
identical sets of DNA (genetically identical).
This is asexual reproduction.