CH16 2 Biology Ws

Classroom worksheet
Chapter 16 Stimuli, receptors and responses
Name: ( ) Class: Date:
16.1 Irritability
 Irritability (感應性) refers to the ability of organisms to detect (1) (刺激)
and produce appropriate (2) (反應) accordingly.
 Changes in the internal or external environment are detected by (3)

(感受器), which are grouped with other tissues to form a (4) .
Type of receptor Stimulus detected Sense organ(s)
(5) Light Eye
Mechanoreceptor Sound (6)
Touch Skin
Chemoreceptor Chemicals in the air (7)
Chemicals in food Tongue
(8) Changes in temperature Skin
 Process of irritability:
Receptors: nerve impulses travel

detected by
along a nerve
Stimuli Convert the stimuli into
(9)
(神經脈衝)
Responses
produce
Nervous system:
(11) send nerve impulses to The brain interprets nerve impulses and
(效應器) produces (10) (感覺)
HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

© 2020 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 16-1
Classroom worksheet 16 Stimuli, receptors and responses
16.2 Human eyes as the sense organs for detecting light
A. Structure of the human eye
1. Structures surrounding the eye
 The eye is situated in an (12) in the skull. The eyeball is attached to the wall
of the orbit by three pairs of (13) which allow the eyeball
to rotate.
Front view Side view

tear glands eye muscles
eyebrow
eyelash upper eyelids
lower eyelids optic nerve
orbit
eyeball
Key:
flow of tears
Structure Functions
Eyebrows  Prevent (14) from entering the eye
Eyelashes  Trap (15)
(16)  Can close to protect the eye from foreign objects and strong light
(17)  Secrete tears to keep the eye surface moist and clean; tears contain
(18) to kill bacteria

2. Internal structures of the eye
posterior chamber eye muscle

(19)
(22)
anterior chamber
(23)
cornea
(24)
pupil yellow spot
(20) (25)
(21)
blood vessels
ciliary muscle optic nerve

ciliary body
Structure Features and functions
Sclera (鞏膜)  The tough coat of the eye which gives (26) to
the eyeball
 Protects the structures inside the eyeball
 Provides surface for the eye muscles to attach to the eyeball
(27)  Located in the front part of the eye

(角膜)  (28) to allow light to enter the eye
 Its curved surface (29) light
Choroid (脈絡膜)  Contains many (30) to supply

nutrients and oxygen to cells and remove wastes
 Contains a black pigment which absorbs light to reduce the

(31) of light in the eye

(32)  Connected to the lens by suspensory ligaments (懸韌帶)
(睫狀體)
Ciliary muscles  Contract or relax to change the tension of suspensory ligaments,

(睫狀肌) and hence the shape of the (33) to focus light
from objects at different distances
Lens (晶體)  A transparent, elastic and biconvex structure which consists of

living cells
 Helps refract and focus light onto the (34)
Iris (虹膜)  Contains the (35) which gives the eye its colour
 Consists of (36) (環肌) and

(37) (放射肌)
 Iris muscles control the size of the pupil and hence the amount of
light entering the eye
(38)  A hole in the centre of the iris that allows light to enter the eye
(瞳孔)
Retina (視網膜)  Contains two types of photoreceptors to detect light:

(39) (視桿細胞) and
(40) (視錐細胞)
(41)  The central region of the retina
 Contains (42) cells only

(黃點)
Blind spot (盲點)  The region where the optic nerve leaves the eye
 Contains no (43)

(44)  Transmits nerve impulses to the brain
(視神經)
(45)  The space between the cornea and the lens
(46)  A clear, watery solution that fills the anterior chamber
 Supplies (47) and (48) to the

(水狀液) cornea and the lens
 Maintains the shape of the eyeball
 Helps refract and focus light onto the retina
(49)  The space between the lens and the retina
(50)  A clear jelly-like fluid that fills the posterior chamber
 Maintains the shape of the eyeball

(玻璃狀液)
 Helps refract and focus light onto the retina
Practical 16.1 Examination of a human eye model

Refer to Coursebook p.16-9 and SBA Practical Workbook p.16-1.
Practical 16.2 Dissection and examination of an ox eye


B. How we see
 Light rays that enter the eye are refracted by the (51) , the aqueous humour,
the (52) and the vitreous humour, and focused on the retina. The image
formed on the retina is (53) .
 Photoreceptors on the retina are stimulated by light and send nerve impulses along the optic
nerve to the (54) of the brain.
 The brain interprets the nerve impulses and produces an (55) image of the
object.
 The image formed on the (56) is not visible as there is no

photoreceptors to detect light, thus no nerve impulses are generated to send to the brain.
Practise…
 Checkpoint (Coursebook p.16-13)
C. Rod cells and cone cells
Rod cells Cone cells
Shape (57) -shaped (58) -shaped
Number (59) More / Fewer (60) More / Fewer
Distribution Distributed throughout the retina except Concentrated at the yellow spot and
at the yellow spot and the blind spot none at the blind spot
Type One type; contains the photosensitive Three types; each contains a different
pigment (61) photosensitive pigment which absorbs
(視紫) red, green or blue light
Sensitivity More sensitive; stimulated by Less sensitive; stimulated by

(62) low / high light intensities (work (64) low / high light intensities (work
well in (63) light) well in (65) light)
Function (66) Black and white / Colour vision (67) Black and white / Colour vision

D. Control of the amount of light entering the eye
 The circular muscles and radial muscles of the iris contract or relax to change the size of the
pupil and thus regulate the amount of light entering the eye.
In dim light In bright light
Side view Front view Side view Front view

radial muscles radial muscles
iris
iris
pupil
pupil
circular muscles circular muscles
Radial (68) Contract / Relax (72) Contract / Relax

muscles
Circular (69) Contract / Relax (73) Contract / Relax

muscles
Pupil (70) Dilates / Constricts (74) Dilates / Constricts
Amount of (71) Increases / Decreases (75) Increases / Decreases

light
entering
the eye
Practise…

E. Eye accommodation
 The (76) of the lens can be changed to adjust the amount of refraction of
light, so that light rays from near and distant objects can be focused on the retina. This is called
(77) (視覺調節).
Focusing on a near object Focusing on a distant object
suspensory lens suspensory lens

ligaments ligaments
circular ciliary circular ciliary
Circular ciliary (78) Contract / Relax (82) Contract / Relax

muscles
Tension in suspensory (79) Increases / Decreases (83) Increases / Decreases

ligaments
Lens Becomes (80) Becomes (84)

(more convex) (less convex)
Degree of light (81) Greater / Lesser (85) Greater / Lesser

refraction
Practise…

F. Eye defects and their correction
1. Short sight (近視)
Condition  A person sees near objects more clearly than distant objects.
Causes  The eyeball is too (86) short / long.
 The lens is too (87) thin / thick.
Problem  Light rays from distant objects are focused (88) in front of / behind the retina.
light rays from a distant object
Correction  Wearing glasses containing (89) lenses
light rays from a distant

object diverged by a
concave lens
light rays
focused on
the retina
concave lens

2. Long sight (遠視)
Condition  A person sees distant objects more clearly than near objects.
Causes  The eyeball is too (90) short / long.
 The lens is too (91) thin / thick.
Problem  Light rays from near objects are focused (92) in front of / behind the retina.
light rays from a near object
Correction  Wearing glasses containing (93) lenses
light rays from a near

object converged by
a convex lens
light rays focused on

the retina
convex lens
3. Colour blindness (色盲)
Condition  A person cannot distinguish some or all colours.
Causes  An inherited eye defect due to poor functioning or a deficiency of one or

more types of (94) cells
Example  Red-green colour blindness (紅綠色盲)
Correction  No cure

Challenge yourself
(a) When a man walked out of a cinema into the bright daylight, he saw nothing for a few seconds.
Explain why.
(b) Describe how his eyes would adapt to the bright daylight.
Practise…
 5-minute quiz: Ch 16, Quiz 1
16.3 Human ears as the sense organs for detecting sound
A. Structure of the human ear
 The human ear can be divided into three parts: the (95) ear (外耳), the
(96) ear (中耳) and the (97) ear (內耳).
Practical 16.3 Examination of a human ear model


auditory canal ear bones semicircular canals
auditory nerve
pinna
to brain
cochlea
oval window
round window
eardrum Eustachian tube
to pharynx
outer ear middle inner ear

ear
1. Outer ear
Pinna (耳殼)  A flap of elastic (98) covered with skin
 Funnel shape; facilitates the collection of

(99) into the auditory canal
(100)  A passageway for sound from the pinna to the eardrum
(聽道)
(101)  A thin, (102) membrane that separates the outer

ear from the middle ear
(耳膜)  Converts sound waves to mechanical (103)

2. Middle ear
Ear bones (聽小骨)  (104) the vibrations from the eardrum and
transmit the vibrations to the oval window
(105)  A flexible membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner
ear
(卵圓窗)  Transmits the vibrations to the cochlea
Round window (圓窗)  Releases the (106) built up in the cochlea by

bulging out into the middle ear
(107)  Connects the middle ear to the pharynx
 Helps maintain equal pressure on either side of the eardrum

(耳咽管)
3. Inner ear
(108)  Responsible for hearing

(耳蝸)  The lumen is divided into three liquid-filled canals by membranes:
 the upper and lower canals are filled with (109)

(外淋巴)
 the central canal is filled with (110) (內淋

巴) and contains (111)
(感覺毛細胞)
(112)  Detect head movements
 Help us have a sense of balance

(半規管)

(113)  Transmits nerve impulses to the auditory centre of the brain
(聽神經)
B. How we hear



  
Key:
transmission of vibrations
transmission of nerve impulses
 The (114) collects sound waves into the auditory canal.
 The sound waves cause the eardrum to (115) .
 The (116) amplify and transmit the vibrations from the

eardrum to the oval window.
 The oval window vibrates and causes wave movements of the perilymph in the upper canal of
the (117) .
 The wave movements are transmitted to the endolymph in the (118) canal.
 Sensory hair cells are stimulated to generate and send nerve impulses.
 Nerve impulses travel along the auditory nerve to the (119)

of the brain to produce the sensation of hearing.

Challenge yourself
Why prolonged exposure to a noisy environment would lead to hearing impairment?
Practise…
16.4 Phototropic responses in plants

 Plants show irritability by growing certain parts of their body towards or away from the
stimuli.
 (120) (向性) is described as (121) positive / negative when the plant part
grows towards the stimulus and (122) positive / negative when it grows away from the
stimulus.
A. Responses of shoots and roots to light
 (123) (向光性) refers to the directional growth movement of a plant part in

response to unilateral light.
Practical 16.4 Investigation of the phototropic responses of shoots and roots

Results and discussion

 In set-up A, the seedlings are subjected to unilateral light. The (124) grow towards
the light source, and the (125) grow away from it.
 In set-up B, the effect of unilateral light is cancelled out by the rotation of the clinostat, and so the
seedlings are equally illuminated on all sides. The shoots grow vertically
(126) upwards / downwards, and the roots grow vertically (127) upwards / downwards.

 Shoots are (128) positively / negatively phototropic as they grow (129) towards / away from
the unilateral light. This allows the leaves to obtain the maximum amount of light for
photosynthesis.
 Roots are (130) positively / negatively phototropic as they grow (131) towards / away from
the unilateral light. This ensures the roots grow downwards into the soil for anchorage.
B. Discovery of auxin
 A (132) is a protective sheath that covers the first leaf of a

monocotyledonous seedling.
 Coleoptiles are suitable for experiments because:
 they are fast-growing.
 they are easy to handle.
 they have a simple structure for easy observation.
 Experiments that led to the discovery of auxin (生長素):
Charles Darwin’s experiment (1880)
Experiment
coleoptile with bending growth in the
tip removed opaque coverings region below the tip
light
start results
Conclusions  Unilateral light is detected by the tip of the coleoptile.
 Bending growth occurs in the region below the tip.

Boysen-Jensen’s experiments (1913)
Experiment 1
tip placed back mica plate inserted
on agar block below the tip
light light
agar block mica plate
start result start result
Conclusion  The mica plate, which is impermeable to chemicals, blocked the transmission
of the signal from the tip to the lower part of the coleoptile. The signal is
proved to be (133) in nature.
Experiment 2
mica plate inserted mica plate inserted
on illuminated side on shaded side
light light
Conclusion  The chemical produced by the tip passes down the (134)
side of the coleoptile.

Frits Went’s experiments (1926)
Experiment 1
In darkness tip removed
tip allowed to stand on agar block
for several hours
agar block
agar block agar block

placed on placed on
decapitated one side of
coleoptile decapitated
coleoptile
Conclusions  The agar black contains the chemical produced by the tip of the coleoptile.
 This chemical stimulated growth as it passed down the decapitated coleoptile.
 The decapitated coleoptile bent to one side because of a higher concentration

of the growth-promoting chemical on the other side.
Experiment 2
In darkness
coleoptile tip removed and

allowed to stand on agar X X Y Y
block for several hours
mica plate agar block
light
X Y
Conclusion  Unilateral light causes an (135) distribution of the

chemical (auxin) and the shaded side has a higher concentration of the
chemical.

C. Effects of auxins on shoots and roots
 Auxins are a group of plant hormones. They are produced in the (136)
at the tip of shoots and roots, and are transported to the regions of
(137) . They stimulate the cells to elongate and hence promote growth.
 The effects of auxins on growth vary with their concentrations and the parts of the plant
concerned:
200
shoot
Percentage 150
stimulation of
growth (%)
100
root
50
0
Percentage
inhibition of 50
growth (%)
100
10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 102 103 104
Concentration of auxins (parts per million, ppm)
Auxin concentrations Effects
From 10-6 to 10-4 ppm  (138) Promote / Inhibit root growth
 Insufficient to promote shoot growth
From 10-4 to 10-2 ppm  (139) Promote / Inhibit both shoot and root growth
From 10-2 to 102 ppm  Promote (140) growth
 Inhibit (141) growth.
Above 102 ppm  (142) Promote / Inhibit both shoot and root growth

D. Mechanism of phototropic responses in shoots and roots
 Responses of the shoot and the root when illuminated by unilateral light:
A high auxin concentration stimulates

shoot growth; the (143)
side grows faster and the shoot bends

towards the light.
auxins unilateral light
shoot
Auxins move
away from the
illuminated side
to the shaded
root
side.
auxins
A high auxin concentration inhibits

root growth; the (144)
side grows faster and the root bends
away from the light.
Practise…
 5-minute quiz: Ch 16, Quiz 2

Answers for Classroom worksheet
16 Stimuli, receptors and responses

(1) stimuli (39) rod cells (76) shape / curvature
(2) responses (40) cone cells (77) eye accommodation
(3) receptors (41) Yellow spot (78) Contract
(4) sense organ (42) cone (79) decreases
(5) Photoreceptor (43) photoreceptors / (80) thicker
(6) Ear light-sensitive cells (81) Greater
(7) Nose (44) Optic nerve (82) Relax
(8) Thermoreceptor (45) Anterior chamber (83) increases
(9) nerve impulses (46) Aqueous humour (84) thinner
(10) sensations (47) nutrients / oxygen (85) Lesser
(11) Effectors (48) oxygen / nutrients (86) long
(12) orbit (49) Posterior chamber (87) thick
(13) eye muscles (50) Vitreous humour (88) in front of
(14) sweat (51) cornea (89) concave
(15) dirt (52) lens (90) short
(16) Eyelids (53) inverted (91) thin
(17) Tear glands (54) visual centre (92) behind
(18) lysozyme (55) upright (93) convex
(19) lens (56) blind spot (94) cone
(20) iris (57) Rod (95) outer
(21) suspensory ligament (58) Cone (96) middle
(22) sclera (59) More (97) inner
(23) choroid (60) Fewer (98) cartilage
(24) retina (61) visual purple (99) sound waves
(25) blind spot (62) low (100) Auditory canal
(26) shape (63) dim (101) Eardrum
(27) Cornea (64) high (102) elastic
(28) Transparent (65) bright (103) vibrations
(29) refracts (66) Black and white (104) Amplify
(30) blood vessels (67) Colour (105) Oval window
(31) reflection (68) Contract (106) pressure
(32) Ciliary body (69) Relax (107) Eustachian tube
(33) lens (70) Dilates (108) Cochlea
(34) retina (71) Increases (109) perilymph
(35) pigment (72) Relax (110) endolymph
(36) circular muscles (73) Contract (111) sensory hair cells
(37) radial muscles (74) Constricts (112) Semicircular canals
(38) Pupil (75) Decreases (113) Auditory nerve
© 2020 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. A1
Answers for Classroom worksheet 16 Stimuli, receptors and responses
(114) pinna (125) roots (136) apical meristem

(115) vibrate (126) upwards (137) elongation
(116) ear bones (127) downwards (138) Promote
(117) cochlea (128) positively (139) Promote
(118) central (129) towards (140) shoot
(119) auditory centre (130) negatively (141) root
(120) Tropism (131) away (142) Inhibit
(121) positive (132) coleoptile (143) shaded
(122) negative (133) chemical (144) illuminated
(123) Phototropism (134) shaded
(124) shoots (135) uneven
Challenge yourself (p.16-11)

(a) The pupil of his eyes dilated in the dark environment of the cinema.
When he walked into the bright daylight, the photoreceptors in the retina become overstimulated by the
large amount of light entering his eyes.
Therefore, he saw nothing.
(b) The circular muscles of the iris contract and the radial muscles of the iris relax.
The pupil constricts.
Therefore, the amount of light entering the eyes is reduced.
Challenge yourself (p.16-15)

The sensory hair cells in the cochlea are over-stimulated by the frequent loud noise and became damaged.

© 2020 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. A2

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Classroom worksheet

Chapter 16 Stimuli, receptors and responses

Name: ( ) Class: Date:

 Changes in the internal or external environment are detected by (3)

Type of receptor Stimulus detected Sense organ(s)

(5) Light Eye

Mechanoreceptor Sound (6)

Chemoreceptor Chemicals in the air (7)

Chemicals in food Tongue

(8) Changes in temperature Skin

Receptors: nerve impulses travel

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

16.2 Human eyes as the sense organs for detecting light

A. Structure of the human eye

1. Structures surrounding the eye

Front view Side view

lower eyelids optic nerve

Eyebrows  Prevent (14) from entering the eye

Eyelashes  Trap (15)

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

2. Internal structures of the eye

posterior chamber eye muscle

ciliary muscle optic nerve

Structure Features and functions

 Protects the structures inside the eyeball

 Provides surface for the eye muscles to attach to the eyeball

(27)  Located in the front part of the eye

 Its curved surface (29) light

Choroid (脈絡膜)  Contains many (30) to supply

 Contains a black pigment which absorbs light to reduce the

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

Structure Features and functions

(32)  Connected to the lens by suspensory ligaments (懸韌帶)

Ciliary muscles  Contract or relax to change the tension of suspensory ligaments,

Lens (晶體)  A transparent, elastic and biconvex structure which consists of

 Helps refract and focus light onto the (34)

 Consists of (36) (環肌) and

Retina (視網膜)  Contains two types of photoreceptors to detect light:

(41)  The central region of the retina

 Contains (42) cells only

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

Structure Features and functions

(44)  Transmits nerve impulses to the brain

(45)  The space between the cornea and the lens

(46)  A clear, watery solution that fills the anterior chamber

 Supplies (47) and (48) to the

 Maintains the shape of the eyeball

 Helps refract and focus light onto the retina

(49)  The space between the lens and the retina

(50)  A clear jelly-like fluid that fills the posterior chamber

 Maintains the shape of the eyeball

Practical 16.1 Examination of a human eye model

Practical 16.2 Dissection and examination of an ox eye

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

 The image formed on the (56) is not visible as there is no

C. Rod cells and cone cells

Rod cells Cone cells

Shape (57) -shaped (58) -shaped

Number (59) More / Fewer (60) More / Fewer

Sensitivity More sensitive; stimulated by Less sensitive; stimulated by

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

D. Control of the amount of light entering the eye

In dim light In bright light