CH18 2 Biology Ws

Classroom worksheet
Chapter 18 Movement in humans
Name: ( ) Class: Date:
(1) (運動) is one of the seven characteristics of organisms.
The human musculo-skeletal system (肌骨系統) is a body system that gives humans the
ability to move. It consists of (2) (骨骼肌) and the
(3) (骨骼).
18.1 The human skeleton
A. Components of the human skeleton
The human skeleton is composed of (4) (骨) and (5)

(軟骨).
1. Bones
Bones have both organic and inorganic content:
Components Functions
Organic content Living cells Provide flexibility and
(6) (e.g. collagen) certain degree of

elasticity to the bones
Inorganic content (7) , mainly calcium Make the bones hard

phosphate (磷酸鈣) and some calcium
carbonate (碳酸鈣)
HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

© 2019 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 18-1
Classroom worksheet 18 Movement in humans
Structure of a long bone:
cartilage compact bone yellow bone marrow cartilage
spongy bone blood vessels and nerves
There are two types of bone tissue:
Bone tissue Occurrence Function
(8) The outer part of all bones Provides strength for weight
Most of the shaft of long bones bearing because of its high

(密質骨) density
(9) The ends of long bones Adds strength to the bone with
the minimum of weight
(鬆質骨)
Two kinds of bone marrow (骨髓) can be found in the cavities of bone:
(10) (紅骨髓) fills the cavities

of spongy bone. It is the site of formation of blood cells.
(11) (黃骨髓) fills the central

cavity in the shaft of long bones. It contains stored fat.
Bones contain (12) which supply nutrients and oxygen

to the bone cells and remove waste from them, and contain (13) which
allow the detection of pain.

2. Cartilage
Cartilage is made up of living cells. It is softer and less rigid than bones because it contains
(14) more / fewer minerals. It is more elastic than bones due to a (15) higher / lower content
of collagen.
Cartilage covers the end surfaces of bones. It serves the following functions:
to act as a (16)
to reduce (17) between the bones during movement
to prevent (18) of bones at the joints
Cartilage is also found in various structures, such as the pinna, trachea and epiglottis, to
maintain shape and provide support.
B. General plan of the human skeleton
The human skeleton consists of the (19) skeleton (中軸骨骼) and the
(20) skeleton (附肢骨骼).
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
(21)
collar bone
(24)
sternum
(22)
shoulder bone
ribs
humerus
(23)
upper limb (arm)
ulna
radius
(25)
femur
knee cap
lower limb (leg)
tibia
fibula

1. Axial skeleton
The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body.
顱骨)
顱骨
(a) Skull (顱骨
The skull consists of the (26) (顱) and facial bones, e.g. cheekbones and
(27) (顎).
The cranium encloses and protects the brain, the eyeballs, and the middle and inner ears
(28) (縫)
cranium
upper jaw
lower jaw
脊柱)
脊柱
(b) Vertebral column (脊柱
The vertebral column consists of 33 (29) (椎骨).
spinal cord
spinal nerve
vertebra
intervertebral disc
Ventral Dorsal
Side view
Part of the vertebral column

The vertebral column serves the following functions:
to support the weight of the upper part of the body
to provide surfaces for muscle (30) to maintain posture and allow

movement
to enclose and protect the (31)
(32) (椎間盤) between adjacent vertebrae are

compressible. They allow the vertebral column to bend. They also help absorb
(33) and prevent (34) of the vertebrae during
movement.
肋骨籃)
肋骨籃
(c) Rib cage (肋骨籃
Twelve pairs of (35) (肋), the (36) (胸骨) and part of the
vertebral column form the rib cage.
sternum ribs
cartilage
vertebral column
The rib cage protects the (37) and the lungs and is involved in
(38) .

2. Appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is the part of the skeleton that lies on either side of the body. It
consists of limb bones and limb girdles. Its main function is to allow movement of the
body.
Limb bones are bones of the two arms and the two legs.
Limb girdles provide a connection between the limbs and the (39)
skeleton.
The (40) girdle (肩帶) forms the shoulders.
The (41) girdle (腰帶) forms the hips.
C. Functions of the skeleton
The human skeleton serves the following functions:
It provides a rigid (42) to support the body weight and gives definite
shapes to different parts of the body.
It provides surfaces for the attachment of skeletal muscles. Bones and skeletal
muscles work together to allow (43) of the body.
It protects internal (44) .
Bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphate. Yellow bone marrow stores fat.
Bones contain red bone marrow that produces blood cells, including red blood cells,
white blood cells and (45) .
Practise…
Checkpoint (Coursebook p.18-10)

18.2 Joints and ligaments

A (46) (關節) is the junction where two or more bones meet. Some joints
are movable and some are immovable.
活動關節)
活動關節
A. Structure of a movable joint (活動關節
bone
fibrous capsule made up of ligaments

cartilage synovial membrane
synovial cavity
(contains synovial fluid)
bone
Structure Functions
(47) Form the (48) , which holds the

(韌帶) bones in position and prevents (49)
(脫臼) of the joint during movement
Cartilage Reduces (50) between the bones
Prevents wearing during movement
Acts as a shock absorber due to its elasticity
(51) Secretes (52) (滑液) into the

synovial cavity
(滑液膜)
Synovial fluid Serves as a (53) to reduce friction
Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage

B. Two types of movable joints
(54) joint (56) joint

(鉸鏈關節) (球窩關節)
Degree of Allow movement in one plane only Allow movement in many planes
movement
hinge
socket
ball
Examples (55) joint Shoulder joint
Knee joint Hip joint
Some joints in the finger and toes
Challenge yourself
The diagram below shows a movable joint in the human body.
Cont’d

(a) State the type of movable joint shown in the diagram.
(b) Name structure S.
(c) In a joint with arthritis (關節炎), structure S becomes thinner than normal. Explain how
movement would be affected.
Practise…
18.3 Skeletal muscles

A skeletal muscle is made up of bundles of (57)
(肌纖維) surrounded by connective tissues.
Each muscle fibre is a single, elongated muscle cell that contains a number of
(58) .
Skeletal muscles are called (59) because they appear to

have striations of light bands and dark bands when viewed with a microscope.
Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles because their contractions can be consciously
controlled by the (60) . However, they can also contract involuntarily
through reflex actions.
Contractions of skeletal muscles produce (61) , which helps maintain a

stable body temperature.
Practise…
5-minute quiz: Ch 18, Quiz 1

18.4 How movement occurs
A. Transmission of pulling force
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by (62) , which are tough and
inelastic. They effectively transmit the pulling force from muscles to bones.
B. Action of opposing muscles
Skeletal muscles usually work in pairs as (63)

(拮抗肌) to move bones in opposite directions.
Movement of the arm as an example:
When the biceps (二頭肌) contracts, the triceps

(三頭肌) is relaxed to bend the arm at the elbow.
biceps
triceps The biceps is a (64)
(屈肌).
When the triceps contracts, the biceps is relaxed

to straighten the arm.
biceps The triceps is a (65)

triceps
(伸肌).
Practical 18.1 Examination of a human arm model

Refer to Coursebook p.18-17 and SBA Practical Workbook p.18-1.

Challenge yourself
Diagram I shows a football player who is going to kick a ball with her left leg. Diagram II shows
some of the muscles of her left leg.
muscle A muscle B
muscle D
muscle C
Diagram I Diagram II
(a) Which muscles of the left leg of the football player are contracting when she maintains the
posture shown in Diagram I?
(b) Which muscles of the left leg are extensors?
Practise…
18.5 Initiation of muscle contraction by nerve impulses
Recall from…
Do you remember how nerve impulses are transmitted across a synapse? (See Chapter 17)
A nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic knob at the ending of the (a) of a
neurone.
The nerve impulse stimulates the synaptic vesicles to release (b) .
The neurotransmitters diffuse across the (c) and bind to
receptor sites on the (d) of the next neurone.
The dendron is stimulated to generate a nerve impulse.

Contraction of skeletal muscles is stimulated by nerve impulses from motor neurones.
The synapse between a motor neurone and a skeletal muscle is called a (66)
(神經肌肉接點).
Initiation of muscle contraction by nerve impulses:
ending of an axon
mitochondrion
vesicle
cleft
muscle fibre
A nerve impulse arrives at the ending of an (67) of a motor neurone.
The nerve impulse triggers the release of (68) from vesicles.
The neurotransmitters diffuse across the (69) .
The neurotransmitters bind to the (70) sites on the membrane of

the muscle fibre to initiate muscle contraction.
Practical 18.2 Observation of the contraction of teased muscle from the leg of a pithed
frog
Results and discussion

The length of muscle fibres (71) increases / decreases when ATP solution is added, but does not
change when distilled water is added. This shows that (72) is required for muscle
to contract.

Practical 18.3 Electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve of a pithed frog

Results and discussion

When a voltage is applied to the sciatic nerve, the calf muscle twitches. The strength of the twitch
(73) increases / decreases when a higher voltage is applied to the nerve.
Practise…
5-minute quiz: Ch 18, Quiz 2

Answers for Classroom worksheet
18 Movement in humans
(1) Movement (26) cranium (51) Synovial membrane
(2) skeletal muscles (27) jaws (52) synovial fluid
(3) skeleton (28) suture (53) lubricant
(4) bones (29) vertebrae (54) Hinge
(5) cartilage (30) attachment (55) Elbow
(6) Proteins (31) spinal cord (56) Ball-and-socket
(7) Minerals (32) Intervertebral discs (57) muscle fibres
(8) Compact bone (33) shock (58) nuclei
(9) Spongy bone (34) wearing (59) striated muscles
(10) Red bone marrow (35) ribs (60) cerebrum
(11) Yellow bone marrow (36) sternum (61) heat
(12) blood vessels (37) heart (62) tendons
(13) nerves (38) breathing (63) opposing / antagonistic
(14) fewer (39) axial muscles
(15) higher (40) pectoral (64) flexor
(16) shock absorber (41) pelvic (65) extensor
(17) friction (42) framework (66) neuromuscular junction
(18) wearing (43) movement (67) axon
(19) axial (44) organs (68) neurotransmitters
(20) appendicular (45) blood platelets (69) cleft
(21) skull (46) joint (70) receptor
(22) rib cage (47) Ligaments (71) decreases
(23) vertebral column (48) fibrous capsule (72) ATP
(24) pectoral girdle (49) dislocation (73) increases
(25) pelvic girdle (50) friction
Recall from… (p.18-11)

(a) axon
(b) neurotransitters
(c) synaptic cleft
(d) dendron

© 2019 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. A1
Answers for Classroom worksheet 18 Movement in humans
Challenge yourself (p.18-8)

(a) Hinge joint
(b) Cartilage
(c) The thinner cartilage would increase rubbing of the bones / have more friction between bones.
Pain / swelling / stiffness may happen.
The person would have difficulties in the joint movement. / The flexibility of the joint is reduced.
Challenge yourself (p.18-11)

(a) Muscle B and D
(b) Muscle A and D

© 2019 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. A2

CH18 2 Biology Ws

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH18 2 Biology Ws

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Classroom worksheet

Chapter 18 Movement in humans

Name: ( ) Class: Date:

(1) (運動) is one of the seven characteristics of organisms.

18.1 The human skeleton

A. Components of the human skeleton

The human skeleton is composed of (4) (骨) and (5)

Bones have both organic and inorganic content:

Organic content Living cells Provide flexibility and

(6) (e.g. collagen) certain degree of

Inorganic content (7) , mainly calcium Make the bones hard

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

Structure of a long bone:

cartilage compact bone yellow bone marrow cartilage

spongy bone blood vessels and nerves

There are two types of bone tissue:

Bone tissue Occurrence Function

Most of the shaft of long bones bearing because of its high

(10) (紅骨髓) fills the cavities

(11) (黃骨髓) fills the central

Bones contain (12) which supply nutrients and oxygen

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

to reduce (17) between the bones during movement

to prevent (18) of bones at the joints

B. General plan of the human skeleton

Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body.

The vertebral column consists of 33 (29) (椎骨).

Part of the vertebral column

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

The vertebral column serves the following functions:

to support the weight of the upper part of the body

to provide surfaces for muscle (30) to maintain posture and allow

to enclose and protect the (31)

(32) (椎間盤) between adjacent vertebrae are

vertebral column form the rib cage.

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

The (40) girdle (肩帶) forms the shoulders.

The (41) girdle (腰帶) forms the hips.

C. Functions of the skeleton

The human skeleton serves the following functions:

It protects internal (44) .

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

18.2 Joints and ligaments

fibrous capsule made up of ligaments

(47) Form the (48) , which holds the

Cartilage Reduces (50) between the bones

Prevents wearing during movement

Acts as a shock absorber due to its elasticity

(51) Secretes (52) (滑液) into the

Synovial fluid Serves as a (53) to reduce friction

Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

B. Two types of movable joints

(54) joint (56) joint

Examples (55) joint Shoulder joint

Knee joint Hip joint

Some joints in the finger and toes

The diagram below shows a movable joint in the human body.

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

(a) State the type of movable joint shown in the diagram.

(b) Name structure S.