Anaphysio Skeletal System

Laboratory

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 SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEM

GIO: To learn the different bones and cartilages comprising the skeletal
system, their functions and articulations.

SIO:
1. Describe the different functions of the bones.

Bones are more than just a structure that holds the body together. Bones come in many shapes and sizes
and work for many objects. Bone is a living, active tissue that the body is constantly remodeling.

Their functions include supporting body structures, protecting vital organs, and moving the body. They
also provide an environment for the bone marrow, where the body makes blood cells, and serve as a
reservoir for minerals, especially calcium.

Bone is a modified form of connective tissue composed of extracellular matrix, cells, and fibers. High
concentrations of calcium- and phosphate-based minerals throughout connective tissue are responsible
for its hard, calcified nature. Histological structure, mode of ossification, cross-sectional appearance, and
maturity contribute to the classification of bone tissue.
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The parathyroid hormone plays a role in stimulating an enzyme that converts vitamin D, which
is produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight, to calcitriol while Calcitonin lowers calcium
levels by blocking the breakdown of bone calcium and preventing the kidneys from absorbing
calcium.

Compact bone:
This hard outer layer, also called the cortex, is strong and dense while the cancellous bone, this
inner layer of the cancellous spongy network is lighter and less dense than cortical bone.

There are five shapes and development of bones: First, LONG A long bone is cylindrical, being
longer than it is wide. Second is SHORT, A short bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being
approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. The third is FLAT, the term flat bone is
somewhat of a misnomer because, although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved.
Fourth is IRREGULAR, the bones like irregular tend to have more complex shapes, like the
vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces, and the last is
SESAMOID bone is a small, round bone that forms in tendons.

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 Name the different bones composing the axial skeleton and
theircommon names.
Axial Skeleton
Cranial Bones Facial Bones Auditory Ossicles Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage

Parietal (2) Maxilla (2) Malleus (2) Cervical vertebrae (7) Sternum (1)
Temporal (2) Zygomatic (2) Incus (2) Thoracic vertebrae Ribs (24)
(12)
Frontal (1) Mandible (1) Stapes (2) Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Occipital (1) Nasal (2) Sacrum (1)
Ethmoid (1) Platine (2) Coccyx (1)
Sphenoid (1) Inferior nasal concha
(2)
Lacrimal (2)
Vomer (1)

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Draw and label the important features of the following:
(a) Frontal and lateral view of skull

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 (b) Vertebrae
- Cervical (atlas, axis, C3 to C6 & C7)

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Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacrum

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Name the bones composing the appendicular
skeleton with their common names.

Pectoral girdles Upper Extremity Pelvic Girdle Lower Extremity

Clavicle (2) Humerus (2) Coxal, innominate, or Femur (2)
hip bones (2)
Scapula (2) Radius (2) Tibia (2)
Ulna (2) Fibula (2)
Carpals (16) Patella (2)
Metacarpals (10) Tarsals (14)
Phalanges (28) Metatarsals (10)
Phalanges (28)

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Draw and label the following:
(c) Upper extremities (shoulder girdle)

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arm & forearm bones

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(d) Lower extremities
- pelvic girdle

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thigh and leg bones

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Identify different types of joints according to mobility and examples for each.

Pivot Joint It allows one bone to rotate around another. An example of a pivot joint is the joint
between the first two vertebrae in the spine. This joint allows the head to rotate
from left to right and back again.
Hinge Joint It allows back-and-forth movement like the hinge of a door. An example of a hinge
joint is the elbow. This joint allows the arm to bend back and forth.
Saddle Joint It allows two different types of movement. An example of a saddle joint is the joint
between the first metacarpal bone in the hand and one of the carpal bones in the
wrist.
Plane Joint It allows two bones to glide over one another. The joints between the tarsals in the
ankles and between the carpals in the wrists are mainly gliding joints. In the wrist,
this type of joint allows the hand to bend upward at the wrist and to wave from
side to side while the lower arm is held steady.
Condyloid It allows movement in all directions except rotation around an axis. The joint
Joint between the radius in the lower arm and the carpal bone of the wrist is a condyloid
joint as is the joint at the base of the index finger.
Ball-and- It allows the greatest range of movement of any movable joint. It allows forward and
backward as well as upward and downward motions. It also allows rotation in a circle.
Socket Joint The hip and shoulder are the only two ball-and-socket joints in the human body.
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Draw a typical synovial joint and label the parts.

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Enumerate the different types of synovial joints and give typical examples for each

Planar Joints Joints allow for gliding movements, and so the joints are sometimes referred to as
gliding joints. The range of motion is limited in these joints and does not involve
rotation.
Hinge Joints The slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other
bone. In this way, one bone moves while the other remains stationary, like the hinge
of a door. The elbow is an example of a hinge joint.
Pivot Joints This structure allows rotational movement, as the rounded bone moves around its
own axis. An example of a pivot joint is the joint of the first and second vertebrae of
the neck that allows the head to move back and forth. The joint of the wrist that
allows the palm of the hand to be turned up and down is also a pivot joint.
Condyloid Joints This type of joint allows angular movement along two axes, as seen in the joints of
the wrist and fingers, which can move both sides to side and up and down.
Saddle Joints Saddle joints allow angular movements like condyloid joints but with a greater range
of motion. An example of a saddle joint is the thumb joint, which can move back and
forth and up and down, but more freely than the wrist or fingers
Ball-and-Socket This organization allows the greatest range of motion, as all movement types are
possible in all directions. Examples of ball-and-socket joints are the shoulder and hip
Joints joints 15
 Identify the parts pointed by the arrows

1. FRONTAL
2. NASAL
3. ZYGOMATIC
4. MAXILLARY
5. LACRIMAL
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 Identify the parts pointed by the arrows

1. FRONTAL
2. PARIETAL
3. SAGITTAL SUTURE
4. BREGMA
5. CORONAL SUTURE

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 Identify the parts pointed by the arrows

1. MEDIAN PALATINE
SUTURE
2. VOMER
3. PRETROTYMPANIC
FISSURE
4. CONDYLAR
CANAL
5. FORAMEN
MAGNUM

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 Identify the whole bone. Identify the
parts pointed by the arrows
1. CONDYLAR PROCESS
2. CORONOID PROCESS
3. MANDIBULAR FORAMEN
4. SUBMANDIBULAR FOSSA
5. SUBLINGUAL FOSSA
6. MENTAL PROTUBERANCE
(CHIN)

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Identify the whole bone.

Identify the parts pointed by the arrows

1. MANUBRIUM

2. TRANSVERSE RIDGE

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Identify the whole bone.

HUMAN CHEST RIB

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Identify the whole bone.

ATLAS BONE

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 Identify the whole bone.

Identify the parts pointed by the arrows

1. ODONTOID PROCESS
2. TRANSVERSE FORAMEN
3. VERTEBRAL FORAMEN

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 Identify the whole bone.

Identify the parts pointed by the arrows

1. SPINOUS PROCESS
2. LAMINA
3. TRANSVERSE PROCESS
4. PEDICLE
5. VERTEBRAL FORAMEN
6. BODY

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 Identify the whole bone.

Identify the parts pointed by the arrows

1. SPINE
2. LAMINA
3. SUPERIOR ARTICULAR
4. TRANSVERSE PROCESS
5. PEDICLE
6. VERTEBRAL FORAMEN

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 Identify the whole bone.
Anterior surface Posterior surface

SACRUM
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 Identify the whole bone.
Identify parts pointed by arrows.
Anterior surface Posterior surface

2. CORACOID PROCESS

1. ACROMION

3. GLENOID CAVITY

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Identify the whole bone.

CLAVICLE BONE

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 Anterior Posterior

1 Identify the whole bone.

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2 Identify parts pointed by arrows.
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HUMERUS BONE
1.
2. 1. GREATER TUBERCLE
2. HUMERUS
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3. DELTOID TUBEROSITY

4. CAPITULUM

5. MEDIAL EPICONDYLE

6. HUMERUS

7. ANATOMICAL NECK
8. OLECRANON FOSSA

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 Identify the whole bone.
Identify parts pointed by arrows.

RADIUS AND ULNA BONES

1. OLECRANON PROCESS
2. CORONOID PROCESS
3. TROCHLEAR NOTCH
4. HEAD
5. STYLOID PROCESS
6. HEAD OF RADIUS
7. RADIAL TUBEROSITY
8. CARPAL ARTICULAR SURFACE
9. STYLOID PROCESS OF RADIUS

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 3 6
1
2 7

4 8
5 9

A B
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Identify the different bones of the hand.

HUMAN HAND BONE

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 Identify the whole bone.
Identify parts pointed by arrows.

Inferior Pubic Ramus

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1. ILIUM
2. ACETABULUM
3. BODY
4. OBTURATOR FORAMEN
5. ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY

3
5

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 Identify the whole bone.
2 Identify parts pointed by arrows.
1
3
1. INTERTROCHANTERIC
2. HEAD
3. NECK
4. LESSER TROCHANTER
5. LATERAL EPICONDYLE
6. ADDUCTOR TUBERCLE

5
6

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 Identify the whole bone.
Identify parts pointed by arrows.

FIBULA AND TIBIA

1. MEDIAL CONDYLE
2. MEDIAL MALLEOLUS
3. HEAD
4. LATERAL MALLEOLUS

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 3
1

2 4

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Identify the different bones of the foot.
HUMAN FOOT BONES

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 1

Identify the whole bone.

PATELLA BONE

1. BASE
2. LATERAL ARTICULAR FACET
3. MEDIAL ARTICULAR FACET

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End

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