I: MỘT SỐ QUY TẮC

Khi chuyển từ một lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp khá đơn giản, chúng ta chỉ
cần ghép nội dung tường thuật ở phía sau câu nói và hạ động từ của nó xuống một
cấp quá khứ, đại từ được chuyển đổi cho phù hợp. Tuy nhiên, cần lưu ý một số
vấn đề sau:
+ Nếu động từ tường thuật (reporting verb) chia ở các thì hiện tại chúng ta giữ
nguyên thì (tense) của động từ chính, đại từ chỉ định và các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn
cũng như trạng từ chỉ thời gian trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang gián tiếp.
Ví dụ: 
   -  He says: “I’m going to Ha Noi next week.”
   ⇒ He says he is going to Ha Noi next week.
+ Nếu động từ tường thuật (reporting verb) của câu ở thì quá khứ thì phải lùi động
từ chính về quá khứ một bậc khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp (direct speech) sang lời
nói gián tiếp (indirect / reported speech) theo quy tắc sau:
 Biến đổi thì của động từ và động từ khuyết thiếu theo bảng sau:

Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous Past continuous

Present perfect Past perfect

Past simple Past perfect

Present perfect Past perfect

continuous continuous

Past continuous Past perfect

continuous

will would
can could

must/ have to had to

may might

 Biến đổi đại từ và các từ hạn định theo bảng sau:

  Câu trực Câu gián
tiếp tiếp

Chủ ngữ I he/ she

You I/ We/ They

We We/ They

Tân ngữ me him/ her

you me/ us/ them

us us/ them

Đại từ sở my his/ her

hữu
your my/ our/ their

our our/ their

Đại từ sở mine his/ hers

hữu
yours mine/ ours/
theirs

ours ours/ theirs

Đại từ chỉ this the/ that

 định these the/ those

 Biến đổi trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn theo bảng sau:

Câu trực Câu gián tiếp 

tiếp

here there

now then/ at that

moment

today/ that day/ that

tonight night

tomorrow the next day

next week the following

week

yesterday the previous day

the day before

last week the week before

ago before

NOTE: Khi chuyển động từ các bạn chỉ cần nhớ lấy động từ gần chủ
ngữ nhất giảm xuống 1 cột tức là:
 Động từ ở cột 1 thì giảm xuống cột 2, ( nhớ  thêm ed khi không phải là
đông từ bất quy tắc)
 Động từ cột 2 thì giảm thành cột 3
 Động từ cột 3 thêm had phía trước
Tuy nhiên, cần chú ý một số trường hợp sau đây không giảm thì động từ:
  Nói về chân lý, sự thật.
 Thì quá khứ hoàn thành.
 Trong câu có năm xác định.
 Các câu có cấu trúc sau: if only, as if, as though, wish, would rather, it’s
high time, IF loại 2, 3 .

II. CÁC LOẠI CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT

1. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu kể

S + say(s)/said + (that) + S + V

 says/say to + O -> tells/tell + O
 said to + O ->told+O
Eg: He said to me”I haven’t finished my work” -> He told me he hadn’t finished
his work.
2. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu hỏi
a.Yes/No questions:

S+asked/wanted to know/wondered+if/wether+S+V

Ex: ”Are you angry?”he asked -> He asked if/whether I was angry.
b.Wh-questions:

S + asked(+O)/wanted to know/wondered + Wh-words + S + V.

* says/say to + O  -> asks/ask + O
* said to + O  -> asked + O.
Ex: ”What are you talking about?”said the teacher. -> The teacher asked us what
we were talking about.
3. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu mệnh lệnh
*Khẳng định: S + told + O + to-infinitive.
Ex: ”Please wait for me here, Mary.”Tom said -> Tom told Mary to wait for him
there.
*Phủ định: : S + told + O + not to-infinitive.
Ex: ”Don’t talk in class”,the teacher said to us. –>The teacher told us not to talk in
class.
4. Một số dạng câu tường thuật đặc biệt
-> SHALL/ WOULD dùng để diễn tả đề nghị, lời mời:
Tom asked: 'Shall I bring you some tea?'
 -> Tom offered to bring me some tea.
Tom asked: 'Shall we meet at the theatre?'
 -> Tom suggested meeting at the theatre.
-> WILL/ WOULD/ CAN/ COULD dùng để diễn tả sự yêu cầu:
Tom asked: 'Will you help me, please?'
 -> Tom asked me to help him.
Jane asked Tom: 'Can you open the door for me, Tom?'
 -> Jane asked Tom to open the door for her.

IV. BÀI TẬP

Bài 1: Hoàn thành các câu sau.
1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.
She asked...................................................................
2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.
Martin asked us...................................................................
3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
He asked...................................................................
4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
The mother asked her daughter...........................................
5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
She asked her boyfriend...................................................................
6. "What are they doing?" she asked.
She wanted to know...................................................................
7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
He wanted to know...................................................................
8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
The teacher wanted to know....................................................
9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
She asked me...................................................................
10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
My friend asked me...................................................................
11. "What's the time?" he asked.
→ He wanted to know .................................................. .
12. "When will we meet again?" she asked me.
→ She asked me .................................................. .
13. "Are you crazy?" she asked him.
→ She asked him .................................................. .
14. "Where did they live?" he asked.
→ He wanted to know .................................................. .
15. "Will you be at the party?" he asked her.
→ He asked her .................................................. .
16. "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.
→ She asked me .................................................. .
17. "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.
→ The teacher wanted to know .................................................. .
18. "Why don't you help me?" she asked him.
→ She wanted to know .................................................. .
19. "Did you see that car?" he asked me.
→ He asked me .................................................. .
20. "Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins.
→ The mother asked the twins .................................................. 
21. "Stop talking, Joe," the teacher said.
→ The teacher told Joe .................................................. .
22. "Be patient," she said to him.
→ She told him .................................................. .
23. "Go to your room," her father said to her.
→ Her father told her .................................................. .
24. "Hurry up," she said to us.
→ She told us .................................................. .
25. "Give me the key," he told her.
→ He asked her .................................................. .
26. "Play it again, Sam," she said.
→ She asked Sam .................................................. .
27. "Sit down, Caron" he said.
→ He asked Caron .................................................. .
28. "Fill in the form, Sir," the receptionist said.
→ The receptionist asked the guest ............................ .
29. "Take off your shoes," she told us.
→ She told us .................................................. .
30. "Mind your own business," she told him.
→ She told him .................................................. .
31. "Don't touch it," she said to him.
→ She told him .................................................. .
32. "Don't do that again," he said to me.
→ He told me .................................................. .
33. "Don't talk to me like that," he said.
→ He told her .................................................. .
34. "Don't repair the computer yourself," she warned him.
→ She warned him .................................................. .
35. "Don't let him in," she said.
→ She told me .................................................. .
36. "Don't go out without me," he begged her.
→ He begged her .................................................. .
37. "Don't forget your bag," she told me.
→ She told me .................................................. .
38. "Don't eat in the lab," the chemistry teacher said.
→ The chemistry teacher told his students ........................... .
39. "Don't give yourself up," he advised her.
→ He advised her .................................................. .
40. "Don't hurt yourselves, boys," she said.
→ She told the boys .................................................. .
Bài 2: Bài tập câu tường thuật pha trộn negative và positive
1. She said, "Go upstairs."
→ She told me .................................................. .
2. "Close the door behind you," he told me.
→ He told me .................................................. .
3. "Don't be late," he advised us.
→ He advised us .................................................. .
4. "Stop staring at me," she said.
→ She told him .................................................. .
5. "Don't be angry with me," he said.
→ He asked her .................................................. .
6. "Leave me alone," she said.
→ She told me .................................................. .
7. "Don't drink and drive," she warned us.
→ She warned us .................................................. .
8. "John, stop smoking," she said.
→ She told John .................................................. .
9. "Don't worry about us," they said.
→ They told her .................................................. .
10. "Meet me at the cinema." he said.
→ He asked me .................................................. .
11. He said, "I like this song."
→ He said .................................................. .
12. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.
→ She asked me .................................................. .
13. "I don't speak Italian," she said.
→ She said .................................................. .
14. "Say hello to Jim," they said.
→ They asked me .................................................. .
15. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said.
→ He said that .................................................. .
16. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.
→ She told .................................................. .
17. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.
→ She asked him .................................................. .
18. "I never make mistakes," he said.
→ He said .................................................. .
19. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.
→ He wanted .................................................. .
20. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience.
→ The stuntman advised .................................................. .
21. "I was very tired," she said.
→ She said .................................................. .
22. "Be careful, Ben," she said.
→ She told .................................................. .
23. "I will get myself a drink," she says.
→ She said .................................................. .
24. "Why haven't you phoned me?" he asked me.
→ He wondered .................................................. .
25. "I cannot drive them home," he said.
→ He said .................................................. .
26. "Peter, do you prefer tea or coffee?" she says.
→ She asked .................................................. .
27. "Where did you spend your holidays last year?" she asked me.
→ She asked .................................................. .
28. He said, "Don't go too far."
→ He advised her .................................................. .
29. "Have you been shopping?" he asked us.
→ He wanted .................................................. .
30. "Don't make so much noise," he says.
→ He asked .................................................. .