REPORTED SPEECH

I. KHÁI NIỆM
Câu tường thuật là câu thuật lại lời nói trực tiếp.

 Lời nói trực tiếp (direct speech): là nói chính xác điều ai đó diễn đạt (còn gọi là trích
dẫn). Lời của người nói sẽ được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép.
Ví dụ: She said “The exam is difficult”. "The exam is difficult" là lời nói trực tiếp hay câu
trực tiếp.

 Lời nói gián tiếp – câu tường thuật (indirect speech/reported speech): Là thuật lại
lời nói của một người khác dưới dạng gián tiếp, không dùng dấu ngoặc kép.
Ví dụ: Hoa said, “I want to go home”
> Hoa said she wanted to go home. (indirect speech/reported speech).

II. CÁCH CHUYỂN CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU GIÁN TIẾP
Cách chuyển từ một lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp khá đơn giản, chúng ta chỉ cần ghép nội
dung tường thuật ở phía sau câu nói và lùi động từ của nó xuống một cấp quá khứ, đại từ
được chuyển đổi cho phù hợp. Tuy nhiên, cần lưu ý một số vấn đề sau:

+ Nếu động từ tường thuật (reporting verb) chia ở các thì hiện tại chúng ta giữ nguyên thì
(tense) của động từ chính, đại từ chỉ định và các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn cũng như trạng từ chỉ
thời gian trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang gián tiếp.

Ví dụ:
- He says: “I’m going to Ha Noi next week.”
⇒ He says he is going to Ha Noi next week.

+ Nếu động từ tường thuật (reporting verb) của câu ở thì quá khứ thì phải lùi động từ chính
về quá khứ một bậc khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp (direct speech) sang lời nói gián tiếp
(indirect / reported speech) theo quy tắc sau:

Biến đổi của các đại từ chỉ định:

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

this the/ that

Đại từ chỉ định
these the/ those
Biến đổi thì của động từ và động từ khuyết thiếu theo bảng sau:

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH

(Câu trực tiếp) (Câu gián tiếp/tường thuật)

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous Past continuous

Present perfect Past perfect

Past simple Past perfect

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

will would

can could

must/ have to had to

may might
Biến đổi trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn theo bảng sau:

Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp

here there

now then/ at that moment

today/ tonight that day/ that night

tomorrow the next day/ the following day/the day after

next week the following week/ the next week/ the week after

the previous day/ the day before

yesterday

last week the previous week/ the week before

ago before

NOTE:
- Khi chuyển động từ các bạn chỉ cần nhớ lấy động từ gần chủ ngữ nhất lùi xuống 1 thì.

- Tuy nhiên, cần chú ý một số trường hợp sau đây không lùi thì động từ:

 Nói về chân lý, sự thật.

 Thì quá khứ hoàn thành.
 Trong câu có năm xác định.
 Các câu có cấu trúc sau: if only, as if, as though, wish, would rather, it’s high time, IF
loại 2, 3 .
III. CÁC LOẠI CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
1. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu kể/câu nói (statements)
S + say(s)/said +(that) + S + V
- says/say to + O > tells/tell + O
- said to + O > told+O
Ex: He said to me “I haven’t finished my work”.
> He told me he hadn’t finished his work.

2. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu hỏi (questions)

a. Yes/No questions:

S+asked (+O) / wanted to know/ wondered + if/whether +S+V...........

Ex: “Are you angry?” he asked
> He asked if/whether I was angry.

b. Wh-questions:

S + asked (+O) /wanted to know/ wondered + Wh-words + S + V......

- says/say to + O > asks/ask + O
- said to + O > asked + O
Ex: “What are you talking about?” said the teacher.
> The teacher asked us what we were talking about.

3. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu mệnh lệnh (commamds/ requests)

*Affirmative (Khẳng định): S + told/asked + O + to-infinitive.

Ex: “Please wait for me here, Mary.” Tom said
> Tom told Mary to wait for him there.

*Negative (Phủ định): : S + told/asked + O + not to-infinitive.

Ex: “Don’t talk in class”, the teacher said to us.
> The teacher told us not to talk in class.
4. Một số dạng câu tường thuật đặc biệt

* SHALL/ WOULD dùng để diễn tả đề nghị, lời mời:

Tom asked: “Shall I bring you some tea?”

> Tom offered to bring me some tea.

Tom asked: “Shall we meet at the theatre?”

> Tom suggested meeting at the theatre.

* WILL/ WOULD/ CAN/ COULD dùng để diễn tả sự yêu cầu:

Tom asked: “Will you help me, please?”

> Tom asked me to help him.

Jane asked Tom: “Can you open the door for me, Tom?”

> Jane asked Tom to open the door for her.

IV. BÀI TẬP

Bài 1:

1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.

→ She asked.............................................
me where was her umbrella. ..............................

2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.

→ Martin asked us................................................
how we were. ...................
3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
→ He asked.............................................
if he had to do it ......................

4. "Why don't you help me?" she asked him.

→ She wanted to know ..................................................
why he didn't help her. .
5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
→ She asked her boyfriend.........................................
which dress he liked best. ..........................

6. "What are they doing?" she asked.

→ She wanted to know..............................................
what they were doing. .....................
7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
→ He wanted to know..............................................
if I was going to the cinema. .....................

8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"

→ The teacher wanted to know..............................................
who spoke English .....................
9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
→ She asked me................................................
how I knew that ...................
10. "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.
→ The teacher wanted to know ..................................................
who knew the answer .
11. "What's the time?" he asked.
→ He wanted to know ..................................................
what the time was .
12. "When will we meet again?" she asked me.
→ She asked me ..................................................
when we would meet again. .
13. "Are you crazy?" she asked him.
→ She asked him ..................................................
if he was crazy .
14. "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.
→ She asked me ..................................................
if I could met her at the station .

15. "Will you be at the party?" he asked her.

→ He asked her ..................................................
if she would be at the party .
16. "Take off your shoes," she told us.
→ She told us ..................................................
to take off our shoes. .
17. "Fill in the form, Sir," the receptionist said.
→ The receptionist asked the guest ..................................................
to fill in form .
18. "Sit down, Caron" he said.
→ He asked Caron ..................................................
to sit down .
19. "Play it again, Sam," she said.
→ She asked Sam ..................................................
to play it again .
20. "Give me the key," he told her.
→ He asked her ..................................................
to give him the key .
21. "Stop talking, Joe," the teacher said.
→ The teacher told Joe ..................................................
Joe to stop talking .
22. "Be patient," she said to him.
→ She told him ..................................................
to be patient. .
23. "Go to your room," her father said to her.
→ Her father told her ..................................................
to go to her room .
24. "Hurry up," she said to us.
→ She told us ..................................................
to hurry up .
25. "Don't forget your bag," she told me.
→ She told me ..................................................
not to forget my bag. .
26. "Don't eat in the lab," the chemistry teacher said.
→ The chemistry teacher told his students ..................................................
not to eat in the lab.

27. "Don't give yourself up," he advised her.

→ He advised her ..................................................
not to give herself up .
28. "Don't hurt yourselves, boys," she said.
→ She told the boys ..................................................
not to hurt themselves .
29. "Don't repair the computer yourself," she warned him.
→ She warned him ..................................................
not to repair the computer himself.

30. "Don't go out without me," he begged her.

→ He begged her ..................................................
not to go out without him .
31. "Don't touch it," she said to him.
→ She told him ..................................................
not to touch it .
32. "Don't do that again," he said to me.
→ He told me ..................................................
not to do it again .
33. "Don't talk to me like that," he said.
→ He told her ..................................................
not to talk to him like that .
34. "Don't let him in," she said.
→ She told me ..................................................
not to let him in. .
Bài 2:
1. She said, "Go upstairs."
→ She told me ..................................................
to go upstairs .
2. "Close the door behind you," he told me.
→ He told me ..................................................
to close the door behind me .
3. "Don't be late," he advised us.
→ He advised us ..................................................
not to be late .
4. "Stop staring at me," she said.
→ She told him ..................................................
to stop staring at her .
5. "Don't be angry with me," he said.
→ He asked her ..................................................
not to be angry at him .
6. "Leave me alone," she said.
→ She told me ..................................................
to leave her alone .
7. "Don't drink and drive," she warned us.
→ She warned us ..................................................
not to drink and drive. .
8. "John, stop smoking," she said.
→ She told John ..................................................
to stop smoking .
9. "Don't worry about us," they said.
→ They told her ..................................................
not to worry about them .
10. "Meet me at the cinema." he said.
→ He asked me ..................................................
to meet him at the cinema .
11. He said, "I like this song."
→ He said ..................................................
he liked that song .
12. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.
→ She asked me ..................................................
where my sister was. .
13. "I don't speak Italian," she said.
→ She said ..................................................
she didn't speak Italian. .
14. "Say hello to Jim," they said.
→ They asked me ..................................................
to say hello to Jim .
15. "Don't make so much noise," he says.
→ He asked ..................................................
not to make too much noise. .
16. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.
→ She told ..................................................
not to play on the grass .
17. He said, "Don't go too far."
→ He advised her ..................................................
not to go too far. .
18. "I never make mistakes," he said.
→ He said ..................................................
he never made mistakes. .
19. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.
→ He wanted ..................................................
to know if she knew Robert. .
20. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience.
→ The stuntman advised ..................................................
the audience not to try that at home .
21. "Peter, do you prefer tea or coffee?" she says.
→ She asked ..................................................
if he prefered coffee or tea .
22. "Be careful, Ben," she said.
→ She told ..................................................
Ben to be careful. .
23. "I will get myself a drink," she said.
→ She said ..................................................
she would get herself a drink .
24. "I cannot drive them home," he said.
→ He said ..................................................
he couldn't drive them home. .