GENERAL TYPE OF Name of Specific General features and Sources of exposure to Clinical Manifestation Treatment Prevention and control

PARASITE AND Micro- classification infection or infestation

INFECTIONS Organisms / mode of transmission

Protozoa Giardia lamblia o Ear-drop shape o Contaminated o Incubation o Quinacrine HCl, o Adequate water purification
and measures food or water Period: 1-2 Flagyland o Boiling of drinking water
10-15 µm in o Flies and food weeks Furoxone o Treating vegetables and fruits
length handlers. o Onset is gradual with strong detergent soap
o It is an o Faeco-oral o Symptoms: and then soaking in acetic
intestinal nausea, vomiting, acid for 5-10 min
single-celled diarrhea, o Proper waste disposal
parasite. dehydration, o Immunization
o Reproduce by malaise,
binary fission. flatulence,
o Have a bloating,
trophozoite and cramping, low
cyst phases. grade fever and
o Direct life steatorrhea
cycle. o Sequelae are
o It has two malabsorption,
nuclei and lactase
eight flagella deficiency,
weight loss,
fatigue,
depression and
rarely reactive
arthritis

Cestodes Hymenolepis nana o Classified in o Ingesting eggs o Symptoms are o Praziquantel o Practicing personal hygiene
the in food or drink very rarely o Nitazoxanide especially the washing of
(dwarf tapeworm) Platyhelminthe or from serious except in o Niclosamide hands before eating
s phylum contaminated children may o Providing latrines and
o 10-44mm in hands. cause abdominal encouraging their use
length o Internal pain and diarrhea. especially by children
o 100-200 short autoinfection. o Patients with o Avoiding eating uncooked
 wide segments more than 15,000 food which may be
o Long neck and eggs per gram of contaminated with human
scolex which stool may feaces
has suckers & experience
hooks cramps, diarrhea,
irritability,
anorexia.
o Enteritis caused
by cystercoids
o itchy anus
o Poor appetite
o Weakness
o allergic reaction
due to toxins
released from the
worms
o Severe and
sometimes
disseminated
infections can
occur in
malnourished or
immunosuppress
ed persons

Trematode Schistosoma o Presence of o Definitive host: o Skin penetration o Praziquantel o Avoid swimming in
two suckers humans o Anaphylactic or (40mg/kg for 1 freshwater in countries
haematobium o Has no body o Intermediate toxic symptoms – day) known to have parasite.
cavity, host: fever, malaise o Metriphone o Drink safe water
circulatory and freshwater and uricaria o Prophylaxis o safe bathing
respiratory snails o Oviposition o create better sanitary
organs o Infective from: o Tissue conditions
o Alimentary Cercaria larva proliferation o using chemical to kill snails
system-
mounth
surrounded by
an oral sucker,
muscular
pharynx,
oesophagus
 which
bifurcates into
2 blind caeca
o Rudimentary
nervous system
– pared
ganglion cells.
Nematodes Wuchereria o 244-296 um by o Mode of o Lymphedema – o Diethylcarbama o Insect repellants
7.5-10um infection – abnormal zine o Use of mosquito nets
bancrofti o Nuclei not inoculative accumulation of o Ivermectin o Public education
reachingtail method lymph in tissues o Oralbendazole
end (mosquito bite) causing swelling o General
o no terminal o Transmitting of arms, breasts, Measures: rest,
nuclei agent: female & genitals. antibiotics,
o short head mosquitoes o Elephantiasis – antifungal,
space (as long o Infective form the swelling and physiotherapy,
as broad) – 3rd stage the decreased bandaging
o sheath larvae function of the
unstained with o Portal of entry: lymph system
Giemsa Skin make it difficult
o Bluntly for the body to
rounded fight germs and
anteriorly and infections.
pointed o Lymphangitis – it
caudally is an
o Habitat: Blood inflammation or
an infection of
the lymphatic
channels that
occurs as a result
of infection at a
site distal to the
channel.
o Eosinophilia – it
is a condition in
which eosinophil
count in the
peripheral blood
exceeds
4.5x108/L. Most
common form or
 allergic reaction.
o Hepato-
splenomegaly –
enlargement of
both the liver

Skin Infection Tinea versicolor o A common, o Certain o Changes in Skin o The treatment ot o Prevention:
superficial biological and color ( arms, Tinea Versicolor - Creams and lotions
cutaneous environmental chest, back, neck) depends on the containing pyrithione zinc or
fungal infection factors can o Loss of skin color factors such as ketoconazole can kill rapid
characterized cause in people with severity of the growth of fungus on the skin.
by overgrowth of dark skin. infection, - Using anti-fungal soap to
hypopigmented fungi on the o hyperpigmentatio climate, clean.
or skin. n thickness and - Avoid prolonged exposure
hyperpigmente o Living in hot o Dry skin area of to uv rays.
d macules and and humid o Itchy skin infection. It - Avoid going out in hot and
patches. weather o Formation of red, includes humid temp.
o excessive white or brown lifestyle changes - Bath daily.
sweating color patches and medicines.
o genetic history o Permanent tanned - Selenium
skin. (sulfide)
- Ketoconazole
(cream, gel,
shampoo)
- Itraconazole
(tablets,
capsules or oral
solution)
o - Fluconazole
(tablets or oral
solution)

Respiratory Tract Enterovirus o Most common o Transmission : o Often NO o There is no o Avoid touching, eyes, nose,
human Saliva, Blister symptoms. specific and mouth with unwashed
Infections pathogens. fluid, stool, o Rash, Fever, treatment for hands.
o Distribution nasal mucus, Muscle aches, non-polio o Avoid kissing, hugging, and
world wild. and anything Common cold, enterovirus sharing cups or eating
o Usually cause contaminated flu-like. infection. People utensils with people who are
mild fever. with the virus. with mild illness sick.
o Rarely progress caused by non- o Disinfect frequently touched
polio
 to severe and enterovirus surfaces, such as toys and
fatal disease. infection doorknobs, especially if
typically only someone is sick.
need to treat
their symptoms.
This includes
drinking enough
water to stay
hydrated and
taking over-the-
counter cold
medications as
needed.
Gastrointestinal Candida albicans o Candida o Source of o Many people o Treatment is o Good oral hygiene.
albicans is part infection: with a Candida only o Chlorhexidine (CHX)
Infections of our natural Candida UTI don’t have recommended mouthwash can help to
microflora — normally lives symptoms. If for symptomatic prevent oral candidiasis in
or the on the skin and symptoms are individuals. The people undergoing
microorganism inside the body, present, they can antifungal drug treatments.
s that in places such include: fluconazole can o Wearing cotton underwear.
commonly live as the mouth, - an increased be used in many o Avoid tight fitting.
in or on our throat, gut, and need to urinate cases.
bodies. It can vagina, without - a painful or
be found in the causing any burning sensation If a catheter is in
GI tract, the problems. when urinating place, it should
mouth, and the o Mode of - abdominal or be removed.
vagina. transmission: pelvic pain
o Most of the Candida - blood in your
time it causes albicans is urine
no issues, but usually
it’s possible for transmitted
overgrowths from mother to
and infections infant through
to happen. childbirth, and
o Candida remains as part
albicans is the of a normal
most prevalent human's
cause of fungal microflora. The
infections in overgrowth of
people. Its C. albicans
species name, leads to
 albicans, comes symptoms of
from the Latin disease, and it
word for occurs when
“white.” The there are
yeast appears imbalances –
white when for example,
cultured on a changes in the
plate. And in normal acidity
the case of of the vagina.
certain
infections, like
thrush, it can
create white
patches.
Sexually Zika virus o Zika virus o Zika virus o Symptoms are o There is no o Protection against mosquito
disease is disease is generally mild treatment bites during the day and early
Transmitted caused by a caused by a and include fever, available for evening.
Infections virus virus rash, Zika virus o Special attention should be
transmitted transmitted conjunctivitis, infection or its given to prevention of
primarily by primarily by muscle and joint associated mosquito bites among
Aedes Aedes pain, malaise or diseases. pregnant women, women of
mosquitoes, mosquitoes, headache. o Symptoms of reproductive age, and young
which bite which bite Symptoms Zika virus children.
during the day. during the day. typically last for infection are o Personal protection measures
o Zika virus can o Zika virus is 2–7 days. Most usually mild. include wearing clothing
be transmitted also transmitted people with Zika People with (preferably light-coloured)
through sexual from mother to virus infection do symptoms such that covers as much of the
intercourse. fetus during not develop as fever, rash, or body as possible; using
This is of pregnancy, symptoms. arthralgia should physical barriers such as
concern due to through sexual o The incubation get plenty of window screens and closed
an association contact, period (the time rest, drink doors and windows; and
between Zika transfusion of from exposure to fluids, and treat applying insect repellent to
virus infection blood and symptoms) of pain and fever skin or clothing that contains
and adverse blood products, Zika virus with common DEET, IR3535 or icaridin
pregnancy and and organ disease is medicines. If according to the product label
fetal outcomes. transplantation. estimated to be symptoms instructions.
3–14 days. The worsen, they o WHO recommends that
majority of should seek sexually active men and
people infected medical care and women be correctly
with Zika virus advice. counselled and offered a full
do not develop o Pregnant women range of contraceptive
 symptoms. living in areas methods to be able to make
Symptoms are with Zika an informed choice about
generally mild transmission or whether and when to become
including fever, who develop pregnant in order to prevent
rash, symptoms of possible adverse pregnancy
conjunctivitis, Zika virus and fetal outcomes.
muscle and joint infection should
pain, malaise, seek medical
and headache, attention for
and usually last laboratory
for 2–7 days. testing and other
clinical care.
Urinary Tract Escherichia coli o E. coli bacteria o The types of E. o Symptoms of o The best way to o Wash your hands properly
found in the coli that can Shiga toxin- treat E. coli with soap, rinse carefully and
Infections environment, cause illness producing E. coli infection is to dry using disposable kitchen
foods, and can be (STEC) infection drink plenty of towel or a textile towel (to be
intestines of transmitted vary for each fluids to avoid washed regularly at 60°C)
people and through person, but often dehydration and o Proper food handling.
animals. E. coli contaminated include severe to get as much
are a large and water or food, stomach cramps, rest as possible.
diverse group or through diarrhea (often Antibiotics are
of bacteria. contact with bloody), and usually not
Although most animals or vomiting. Some given for an E.
strains of E. people. people may have coli infection, as
coli are a fever, which they may
harmless, usually is not worsen the
others can very high (less disease process.
make you sick. than In addition, you
101˚F/38.5˚C). should not take
Most people get any medicine
better within 5 to that might stop
7 days. Some the diarrhea
infections are (such as Pepto-
very mild, but Bismol),
others are severe because it could
or even life- keep the E. coli
threatening. bacteria in your
o Most people with system.
a STEC infection
start feeling sick
3 to 4 days after
 eating or drinking
something that
contains the
bacteria.
However,
illnesses can start
anywhere from 1
to 10 days after
exposure.
Contact your
healthcare
provider if you
have diarrhea that
lasts for more
than 3 days or
diarrhea that is
accompanied by
a fever higher
than 102˚F, blood
in the stool, or so
much vomiting
that you cannot
keep liquids
down and you
pass very little
urine.
Infections of The Streptococcus o Gram-positive o Streptococcus o Can include: o Penicillin, one o Wash your hands often.
bacterium that pneumoniae -fever million units o If soap and water aren’t
Eyes pneumoniae is responsible occurs as a -cough intravenously available, clean hands with
for the majority result of direct -shortness of every 4 hours hand sanitizer (containing at
of community- person-to- breath o Ampicillin, 1g least 60% alcohol).
acquired person contact -chest pain every 6 hours, or o Don’t touch your eyes, nose,
pneumonia. It via respiratory -stiff neck ceftriaxone, 1g or mouth. If you need to
is a commensal droplets and by -confusion every 24 hours touch your face, make sure
organism in the autoinoculation -disorientation your hands are clean.
human in persons -sensitivity to o Cover your mouth and nose
respiratory carrying the light, joint pain, with a tissue or your sleeve
tract, meaning bacteria in their chills, ear pain, (not your hands) when
that it benefits upper sleeplessness, coughing or sneezing.
from the respiratory - Irritability. o Try to avoid close contact,
human body, tract. such as kissing, hugging, or
 without sharing eating utensils or
harming it. cups, with people who are
However, sick.
infection by
pneumococcus
may be
dangerous,
causing not
only
pneumonia, but
also bronchitis,
otitis media,
septicemia, and
meningitis.
Nervous System Rabies o Rabies is a o People are o The incubation o Post-exposure o Eliminating rabies in dogs.
vaccine- usually infected period for rabies prophylaxis o Awareness on rabies and
Infections preventable following a is typically 2–3 (PEP) preventing dog bites
viral disease. deep bite or months but may o Extensive o Preventive immunization in
scratch from an vary from 1 week wound washing people
animal with to 1 year, o Vaccine
rabies, and dependent upon
transmission to factors such as
humans by the location of
rabid dogs. virus entry and
o Transmission viral load.
can also occur o Initial symptoms
when infectious of rabies include
material – a fever with pain
usually saliva – and unusual or
comes into unexplained
direct contact tingling, pricking,
with human or burning
mucosa or sensation
fresh skin (paraesthesia) at
wounds. the wound site.
Human-to- As the virus
human spreads to the
transmission central nervous
through bites is system,
theoretically progressive and
possible but fatal
 has never been inflammation of
confirmed. the brain and
spinal cord
develops.
Other Systemic Chikungunya o Chikungunya o Chikungunya o Symptoms o There is no o The most effective way to
virus is spread virus is usually begin 3–7 vaccine to prevent infection from
Infections to people by transmitted to days after being prevent or chikungunya virus is to
the bite of an people through bitten by an medicine to treat prevent mosquito bites.
infected mosquito bites. infected chikungunya Mosquitoes bite during the
mosquito. Mosquitoes mosquito. virus. day and night.
become o The most o Get plenty of o Use insect repellent, wear
infected when common rest. long-sleeved shirts and pants,
they feed on a symptoms are o Drink fluids to treat clothing and gear, and
person already fever and joint prevent take steps to control
infected with pain. dehydration. mosquitoes indoors and
the virus. o Other symptoms o Take medicine outdoors.
Infected may include such as o Use Insect Repellent
mosquitoes can headache, muscle acetaminophen o Take steps to control
then spread the pain, joint (Tylenol®) or mosquitoes indoors and
virus to other swelling, or rash. paracetamol to outdoors
people through o People at risk for reduce fever and o Prevent mosquito bites when
bites. more severe pain. traveling overseas.
o Chikungunya disease include o If you have
virus is most newborns chikungunya,
often spread to infected around prevent
people by the time of birth, mosquito bites
Aedes aegypti older adults (≥65 for the first
and Aedes years), and week of your
albopictus people with illness.
mosquitoes. medical o During the first
These are the conditions such week of
same as high blood infection,
mosquitoes that pressure, chikungunya
transmit diabetes, or heart virus can be
dengue virus. disease. found in the
They bite blood and
during the day passed from an
and at night. infected person
to a mosquito
through
 mosquito bites.
o An infected
mosquito can
then spread the
virus to other
people.