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04 Medical Entomology PARASITOLOGY

MARGARITA V. EDUARDO, MPH, DMM, FPASMP | APRIL 22, 2019 LE 3 TRANS 04

OUTLINE  Kingdom Animalia

I. Arthropods of Medical III. Major Medical Important  Phylum Arthopoda
importance Arthropods  Subphylum Trilobita (extinct)
A. Introduction A. Flies  Subphylum Uniramia
B. Basic Characteristics of B. Lice  Class Chilopoda: centipedes
Arthropods C. Bugs  Class Diplopoda: millipedes
C. Classification D. Fleas  Class Insecta
II. Roles in Human Health E. Ticks o Order Orthoptera: grasshoppers, cockroaches
A. As Agent Causing Direct F. Mites o Order Diptera: flies, mosquitoes
Injury G. Mosquitos o Order Lepidoptera: butterflies, moths
B. As Vectors of Disease IV. Vector Control Measures o Order Hymenoptera: bees, wasps, ants
C. As Definitive and/or Infective A. Environmental o Order Coleoptera: beetles
Host Management o Order Anoplura: lice
D. As Domestic Pest B. Biological o Order Hemiptera: bugs
C. Chemical o Order Siphonaptera: fleas
D. Genetic Technique o Order Mallophaga: bird lice, chewing lice
V. References  Subphylum Chelicerata
VI. Review Questions  Class Xiphosura: horseshoe crabs
VII. Appendix  Class Arachnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks
 Subphylum Crustacea: crabs, crayfish, pillbugs,waterfleas,
LEGEND copepods
Remember Lecturer Book Previous Presentation
Trans *Those in bold were discussed.

II. ROLES IN HUMAN HEALTH

A. As Agent Causing Direct Injury
OBJECTIVES: No objectives given.
1. Envenomization
 Through the venom of the insect through bite or sting
I. ARTHROPODS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
 Bite (Centipede, Spider, Ticks)
A. Introduction
 Centipede
 Arthropod from the Greek words:
 The venom released by the organism causes injury
 Arthron - “jointed” + poda - “pods” = Feet are joined together
 Sometimes can cause paralysis or death
 Entomology
 Black Widow Spider
 Entomo – “segmented”  kills and eats partner after mating (making it a widow);
 Medical Entomology characteristic of red mark (hourglass-shaped appearance)
 According to Dr. De las Llagas, medical entomology does not  Sting
involve insects only, it also involves the relationship of other  Some insects that do not feed on blood use their stinger as a
arthropods that transmit the pathogens, thus causing pathological defense mechanism (e.g. bee, wasp, scorpion)
changes in man. Eventually, those pathogens will be taken up by
 Scorpion stings
the arthropods.  Stinger at the posterior end has attached glands which contain
the venom When stung, there is DOB, double vision and
B. Basic Characteristics of Arthropods death due to asphyxiation
 Joint appendages  Formicoidea
 Segmented body  red ants
 Bilaterally symmetrical  “antik”
 When you cut them in half, one side is similar to the other  stinging feeling due to saliva containing formic acid
 They have a hard exoskeleton called chitin.  painful
 Chitin - a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and  Apoidea bee
forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods  honey bee or bumble bee
 “bubuyog”
and the cell walls of fungi
 venom can lead to anaphylaxis due to the release of toxin

C. Classification* 2. Inhalants allergy (Inhalation of allergens)

 Inhalation of dead/decomposing bodies of insects
 Inhalation of hairs/spines of the cockroach
 Especially if you are sensitive or have asthma, this can lead to
allergy

3. Ingestant allergens (ingestion of allergens)

 Eggs/feces of cockroaches in uncooked rice
 Ingestion may also cause allergy
 Larvae of small hive beetles may cause allergies

4. Contact allergens (Allergy when in contact)

 Hair or spines of caterpillar or “higad”
 contains toxins which may cause allergy

Figure 1. Phylum Arthropoda

TRANS Garde, Go, Gonzales, G., Gonzales, J. EDITORS Ignacio, AM &; Mendoza ,R REP: Ona, S.
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5. Myiasis (Dipterous larva of flies)
 Larvae of the fly
 May cause myiasis when found in the wound of a patient or dead
body

Figure 3. Foot of Housefly with pulvillus

Figure 2. Fly Larvae used in Forensic Medicine.
 Used for forensic medicine (myiasis can be used for identification
of time of death of a person)
 Different hours indicate different stages of the fly
 For example, at 70°F, each stage in a blowfly’s life takes a known
amount of time to complete. After 23 hours, the egg will develop
into larva 1, then after 27 hours into larva 2, then after 22 hours
into larva 3, then after 130 hours into pupa, then after 143 hours
into adult.
B. As Vectors of Disease
 Vector
 any agent which carries or transmits the organism
 Vector criteria:
 Must have blood
 Must be mobile
 Can transmit organism
 Vector Competence
 It refers to the ability of the insect to acquire, maintain and
transmit the organism.
 Ex: Aedes mosquito carrying the Dengue virus thus Aedes
mosquito is a competent vector
 Vector Incrimination
 The insect vector must be competent vector of the parasite
 Can be isolated in the lab, can be transmitted in the lab
 Its geographic distribution must match the transmission
pattern
 If you know the flight range, you can deduce the distribution of
the cases
 Ex: Like Aedes mosquitoes, dengue cases should be in
clusters/isolated, since the Aedes mosquitoes can only travel
up to 400 meters. As compared to malaria, it is caused by
Anopheles mosquitoes that can travel up to around 1.5km
making your malarial cases isolated or “paisa-isa”.
 It must be abundant
 It must be anthropophilic
 It must be long-lived
Two types of Vectors:
1. Mechanical Vectors
 Pathogen outside the vector
 Foot of housefly has pulvillus which contains hairs. The pathogen
can attach to the hairs on the pulvillus.
 This can transmit fecal organisms such as protozoa, amoeba,
E. histolytica cyst
2. Biological Vectors
 Pathogen inside the vector
 The organism can multiply and/or undergo cyclical changes in the
body of the vector
 Basically, they either undergo either cyclical change or multiply
inside the vector.
 Four Methods: Propagative, Cyclopropagative, Cyclodevelopmental,
Transovarial Transmission
 Propagative
 Organism in the body multiplies only
 Does not develop (cyclical change)
 Ex. Yersinia pestis (causative agent of Bubonic plague) and
rat flea → flea will bite the infected rat and gets the Yersinia
pestis inside the body of the flea. The flea is a propagative
vector because the pathogen will not undergo cyclical changes.
 Cyclopropagative
 Organism inside the body multiplies and develops
 Ex. Plasmodium falciparum – mosquito will get the gametocyte
from man → develop into a gamete → zygote → sporozoite
(infective stage to man)
 Definitive Host: Mosquito
 Intermediate Host: Man
 Cyclodevelopmental
 Organism in the body develops only
 Culex, Mansonia, or Aedes
 Ex. Microfilariae will be ingested by the mosquito and develop
into a Larva 1 stage → then develop only to Larva 3 and
become infective to humans
 Infective stage to man: L3
 Transovarial Transmission
 Pathogens are passed on from mother to offspring
 Transmission by invasion of the ovary and infection of the eggs
 Ex. Dengue in mosquito (Aedes)
 When infected female mosquito lays eggs, the eggs already
carry the virus → develop into larva (also carries the virus) →
adults mosquitoes (with dengue virus) → subsequently bites
man
 500 eggs are laid by 1 female Aedes, then half of the eggs
will develop into adults
 Babesia in ticks (Ixodes)
 Leishmania in Sandfly
C. As Definitive and/or Infective Host
 Definitive host: host in which sexual reproduction of a parasite takes
place (harbor the adult form)
 Intermediate host: host which is normally used by a parasite in the
course of its lifecycle and in which it may multiply asexually but not
sexually (harbor the larva)
 Sundathelphusa philippina (mountain crab) – intermediate host/
harbors the metacarcaria (larval stage) of Paragonimus westermani
 Ctenophalides canis – intermediate host/ harbors the cysticercoid
larva of D. caninum

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D. As Domestic Pest  Females store the sperm for later use

 Visiting – cockroaches (during nighttime)  Both male and female feed on blood
 Resident – house dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)  Daytime feeder as they are attracted to moving objects
 Control measures:
III. MAJOR MEDICALLY IMPORTANT ARTHROPODS  Land clearing
A. Flies  Slaughtering of all animals
A. As Biologic Vectors  Use of Pesticide
1. Sand Fly  Rearing of large number of sterile males
 Length: 2-5mm  Sterile insect techniques (SIT)
 Hairy body, large big eyes  Used in eradication of Tsetse fly
 Zoophilic  Makes male sterile → no reproduction
 Nocturnal (active during night)  Trapping
 Flight range (100-200m from the breeding places)  Nzi traps
 Important in distribution of cases  Developed in Kenya for Savannah species of Tsetse fly;
 Only Females feed on blood Once trapped inside, they collect the adult forms and rear
 Two genera: inside the laboratory, subject to radiation
 Phlebotomus spp. (Old World)  No vaccine available for trypanosome due to antigenic variations
 Disease: Leishmaniasis and Bartonellosis  There are 12000 genes that develop protein
 Oroya Fever caused by B. bacilliformis; vector: sand  To eradicate sleeping sickness, trypanosome life cycle must be
fly; AKA Carrison’s Disease cut
 Catscratch Disease caused by B.henselae; vector: flea
 Trench Fever caused by B.quintan; vector: lice
 Location: Mediterranean Area, Palawan (Sabang, Port
Baton, El Nido)
 Control measures:
 DDT emulsion (5%) – walls, screen
 Pyrethrum sprays
 Lutzomiya spp. (New World)
 Disease: Leishmaniasis only
 Location: Tropical Areas
 There are sand flies in the Philippines
 They are called “Nik-Niks”
 Reported locations are in beaches of Sabang, Port
Barton, and El Nido
 Sand flies are present but pathogens are not, therefore it
is still safe
Figure 5. Glossina sp. (Tsetse fly)

3. Blackfly (Simulium spp.)

 Disease: River blindness and skin rashes or skin rashes with
severe itching (because fly is the vector of Oncocerca volvulus)
 Location: 99% of cases of River blindness in Africa; 1% found in
Latin America
 Habitat: restricted to highly oxygenized fast flowing turbulent
water, containing a readily available source of food.
 Larvae are attached in the rocks under the water (compared to
mosquitoes, larvae are in the surface of the water)
 Characteristics:
 Black or gray color
 Lives near the river
 “buffalo gnats” = hump visible behind their head

Figure 4. Phlebotomus spp. (Sand fly)

2. Tsetse fly
 Disease: Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), Animal African
Trypanosimiasis (AAT) aka “Nagana”
 Location: Africa
 Characteristics:
 6-13mm in length
 At resting stage, wings cross like scissors
 Yellowish brown in color
 Slender, forward projecting proboscis
 Females mate only once in their lifetime
 Larviparuous
 Production of its young in the form of larvae
 Larva → pupa → deposited in the cracks of the soil →
Adults Figure 6. Simulium spp. (Blackfly)

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B. As Mechanical Vectors 3. Lucilia (Green-bottle fly)
 Structures that help disseminate pathogenic agents:  Used in forensic medicine
 Sponging mouth parts (“sponge-like”)  Found in:
 Highly absorbent  Discarded garbage
 Hair body appendages  Spoiled meat
 Regurgitates salivary secretions to liquefy solid foods  Animal excrements
 Foot pads  Characteristics:
 Pathogenic agents acquired and carried by these flies include  Brilliant metallic, blue-green or golden coloration with
 Ascaris, Trichuris, and Hookworm ova black markings
 Associated with GI diseases such as amoebiasis,  Lucilia sericata: one of the first insects to colonize a
salmonellosis, and shigellosis corpse

1. Musca domestica (House fly)

 Characteristics:
 Red compound eyes
 Females only mate once
 Store sperm in their body for later use (same with Tsetse
fly)

Figure 9. Lucilia spp. (Green bottle fly)

4. Fannia cannicularis (Latrine fly)

 Characteristics:
 Small (3.5-6 mm)
 Dark colored
 White bordered eyes
 Dark-colored legs
 Seldom lands on human food
Figure 7. Musca domestica (House fly)  Lays eggs in decayed vegetables and animal excrement

2. Sarcophaga sp. (Flesh fly)

 Sarco means “flesh”; phage means “eat”
 Used in forensic medicine
 Seen in excrement
 Living maggots deposited in:
 Spoiled meat
 Decaying flesh
 Dog droppings
 Characteristics:
 Red smooth eyes
 Very big (23 mm) Figure 10. Fannia cannicularis (Latrine fly)
 Rarely hairy
 Black and gray longitudinal stripes
 Checkering on abdomen
 Causes myiasis: infestation or invasion of tissues by the larvae of
the fly

Figure 8. Sarcophaga spp. (Flesh fly)

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B. Lice  Less active than P. humanus

 Order: Anoplura  Remains in one place – does not move
 Genera:  Clings on course hair (e.g. armpit hair, pubic hair, eyelashes)
 Pediculus humanus  Treatment:
 Pediculus humanus corporis (body)  Eurax
 Only found in cooler areas  Benzoped solution
 Vector borne  1% yellow oxide of mercury ointment (eyebrows)
 Pediculus humanus capitis (head)
 Pthirus pubis (crab louse)

General Characteristics
 Host specific (humans)
 Act via direct injury (P. humaus capitis) or vectors (P. humanus
corporis) of pathogens
 All stages ingest blood
 Females are bigger; males are more pointed

Figure 12. Pthirus pubis

C1. Bugs: Family Reduviidae

 Order: Hemiptera
 Family: Reduviidae
 Genera:
 Rhodnius
 Triatoma
 Triatoma rubrofasciata
 Panstrongylus

General Characteristics
 Typically found in Southern US, Mexico, Central America, South
America, and Southern Argentina
 AKA cone nose, assassin, or kissing bug
 Cone nose bug = has cone shaped nose
 Assassin bug = bite you when you are asleep
 Kissing bug = likes going to the human cheeks which resembles
kissing → causes swelling → ROMANA’S SIGN (unilateral
painless periorbital swelling associated with the acute stage of
Chaga’s disease)
Figure 11. Developmental stages of (a) head lice, and (b) body lice. Ova  Vector of T. cruzi
(Nits) → 1st instar → 2nd instar → 3rd instar → adult  Has orange stripes
 Has 2 pairs of wings
1. Pediculus humanus corporis (Body louse)  Blood sucking at night: cooler air is needed for molting
 AKA P. humanus humanus  Active during night time when host is asleep
 Vector for Louse borne typhoid (Rickettsia prowazekii), louse  CO2 and movement guides the insect to the host
borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis), Trench fever  Live in unkept dwellings - on cement and wallpaper of houses and
(Bartonella quintana) depositing eggs on the crevices of the house
 B. recurrentis elicits antigenic variation thus causing  Can live in a variety of outdoor setting (2019A Trans)
RELAPSING FEVER
 Only in cooler countries A. Genus Triatoma
 Stay in host clothing  Two Japanese researchers (Fonzi Eugenio and Noboru Minakawa)
 Dies when infected clothing is not used for several days came to the Philippines in Dec 2011 to Jan 2012, and looked for
 Visit the hosts body only during feeding time bugs in Quezon City. Found a bug with orange-red markings on
 Mode of Transmission : the sides. They found out that there is Triatoma rubrofasciata in
 Contact with infected person Quezon City. We have the bug but not T. cruzi
 Use of infected clothing

2. Pediculus humanus capitis (Head louse)

 Found in tropical countries
 Common Name: cooties or “mechanical dandruff”
 Do not like thick hair
 Do not infect eyebrows or eyelashes
 Usually found at back of the neck or behind the ears

3. Pthirus pubis (Crab louse)

 “crab-like body” (1.5-2.0 mm length)
 Has 3 pairs of legs:
 1st pair – holds skin for feeding Figure 13. Pthirus pubis
 2nd and 3rd pairs – holds hair
 Exclusively a parasite of man

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C2. Bugs: Family Cimicidae 1. Xenopsylla cheopis (Rat Flea)

 Order: Hemiptera  Contains Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague)
 Family: Reduviidae o Y. pestis produces coagulase enzyme at 25°C which is
 Cimex lecturalis (Bed Bugs) the body temperature of fleas
 AKA “surot” o If fleas get Y. pestis in the proventriculus (which allows
 Usually bites during night time = nocturnal feeding entry of blood into the midgut, and ingested blood from
 If you go to old theaters, they usually have a lot of bed bugs. escaping the flea) after taking blood, Y. pestis
Even if the theater is not used, the bed bugs continue to live immediately produces coagulase enzyme which
without food even up to 1 year. prevents the clotting of blood inside the mouth of fleas.
 Elusive = they move very fast, you cannot catch them Hence, for the next feeding, fleas must release that
 Attracted to the CO2 and temperature of our body blood containing Y. pestis
 Easily multiplies o Can live for around 100 years even without feeding on
 If you are bit and the bites are linear it’s probably Cimex lecturalis blood
 Has strong legs for jumping (> 6 ft high)
 Usual sites:  NOT host exclusive
 On infested furniture  Adults survive w/o food (> 100 days)
 Nymphs: light brown  Usual hosts:
 Eggs: white o Hymenolepis diminuta (Rat tapeworm) and Yersinia
 Adult: brown pestis
 Wooden bed head 2. Pulex irritans (Human Flea)
 Cracks of walls  Can also be the vector for Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague)
 Spaces (loose wallpaper) 3. Ctenocephalides canis (Dog Flea)
 Seams of mattresses  Can be a vector for Dypilidium caninum
 Mode of Transmission: 4. Ctenocephalides felis (Cat Flea)
 Suitcases  Can be a vector for Dypilidium caninum
 Laundry
 Beddings E. Ticks
 Prevention:  Order: Parasitiformes
 0.5% emulsion lindane or dieldrin – spray  Suborder: Ixodida
 5% DDT in kerosene for floor or beds  Divided into:
 Family Argasid (Soft Ticks)
 Family Ixodid (Hard Ticks)
 Control:
 Pulling from their host
 Coating with:
 Castor oil
 Medical paraffin, Vaseline, and nail varnish – prevents tick
perspiration which slowly release their hold
 Use of chloroform ether/benzene/xylene to anesthetize the tick
 Prevention
 Use of organophosphorus pesticide pest repellents (5%
DDT/3% Malathion)

1. Family Argasidae (Soft Ticks)

Figure 14. Cimex lecturalis (Bed Bug)  Has a wrinkled cuticle
 Cuticle is rough, wrinkled and with fine tubercle
D. Fleas  Has no dorsal plate
 Feeds for an hour and then drops off from the host
 Order Siphonaptera
 Species
2. Family Ixodidae (Hard Ticks)
o Xenopsylla cheopis (Rat Flea)
 Genus
o Pulex irritant (Human Flea)
 Genus Ixodes
o Ctenophalides canis (Dog Flea)
 Genus Dermacentor
o Ctenophalides felis (Cat Flea)
 Dermacentor variabilis
General Characteristics  E.g. brown dog tick, American dog tick
 Feeds on their host for several days
 NOT host exclusive
 > 1 mm in length
 Wingless
 Has a hard plate on their backs called scutum or dorsal plate
 Has strong legs for jumping (> 6 ft high)
 1-4 mm length
 Both male and female feed on blood
 Adults survive w/o food (> 100 days) like C. lecturalis
 Bites appears as small punctures
 Prevention
o Rodent control
o Flea control:
 DDT (10%)
 Malathione (5%)
 Treatment for flea bites:
o Soothing antipruritic lotions

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A. Genus Ixodes
 Vectors of Lyme disease and Babesiosis
 Lyme Disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)
 Erythema migrans →Bull’s eye lesion

Figure 15. Bull’s eye appearance

 Babesiosis caused by Babesia (protozoan)
 “Maltese Cross” – Babesia inside RBC
 need to distinguish from P. faliciparum inside the RBC
Figure 16. Maltese cross inside the RBC
 Ixodes holocyclus (Australian paralysis tick)
 Tick Paralysis
 Neurotoxin secreted from salivary glands of ticks → lower
motor neuron paralysis in dogs and humans (usually starts
from the feet to the head)
o Remedy is to remove the tick
B. Genus Dermacentor
1. Dermacentor variabilis (American dog Tick)
 Vector of:
 Francisella tularensis – causes tularemia or rabbit fever
 Rickettsia ricketsii – causes rocky mountain spotted fever
 Body engorges after feeding
 Male dies after mating
Figure 18. Life cycle of Sarcoptes. 2-3 weeks life cycle. The adult female
burrows under the skin and lays egg (pepper-dot like) after 4 days. Excrement
causes intense irritation/itching. From ova, develop to nymph again and further to
male or female.
 Mode of transmission
 Direct: Prolonged, skin-to-skin contact ( about 15 minutes)
 Indirect: Sharing articles
 Animals do not spread human scabies
 Can live in the skin for 1-2 months
 Life span in clothing is around 48-72 hours
 Type of skin preference
 Usually found in wrinkled areas such as the knee, breast, and
elbows
 Mites are often found between the fingers and on the wrist
 Diagnosis
 Extraction of mites (dull white spot)
 Eggs (pepper-like dots) deposited in the tunnel
 Nocturnal pruritus
 Visible vesicle/papules
 “S” pattern of linear burrows
 Fine, dark, or silvery lines about 2-10mm long
 Scarpe (adult scabies) is added with KOH and observed
under microscopy
 Treatment
 Oral Ivermectin
 Topical Permethrin
 Eurax with hydrocortisone
 Prevention
 Personal hygiene: leaving unused clothing for 4-7 days
 Sterilization of clothing and bedding: use hot water with soap,
scabies will die with boiling at 50oC (122oF) for 10 minutes

2. Chigger mites (Leptotrombidium spp.)

 Family Trombiculidae
 Vector of Scrub Typhus -> Orientia tsutsugamushi disease
 From “Tsutsuga” meaning illness, “mushi” meaning insect

Figure 17. Dermacentor variabilis adult form

F. Mites
 Causes severe itching

1. Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis

 Galis aso
 Norwegian/crusted scabies – a severe form seen in AIDS patients
 Characteristics:
 Male – does not burrow; remains on the surface of the skin
 Female – borrows under the host’s skin which causes intense
allergic itching
Figure 19. Leptrombidium sp. Morphology. Note that the harmless adult form
has 4 pairs of legs while the disease-carrying larval form has only 3 pairs.

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Figure 20. Chigger Bite. Note the characteristic eschar formed on the site of
the bite.

3. Demodex folliculorum
 From “Demo” meaning fats, “Dex” meaning worm = Fat Worm
 Length: 0.5 mm 
Figure 22. Demodex spp. Infesting sebaceous glands. This infestation may
 Found in the skin and may cause dermatitis lead to dermatitis although this happens rarely. (Lower photo) Depicts Demodex
 Entire developmental cycle in the host skin sp. Located extrafollicularly surrounded by lymphocytes and other WBCs.
 May be present with “black heads” when squeezed out
 Habitat depends on specific species 4. Dermatophagoides spp. (House Dust Mite)
 Demodex folliculorum – resides in hair follicles of the face and  Releases allergens that trigger asthma or allergies when inhaled
head  Entirely environmental and do not infest humans
 Demodex brevis – resides in sebaceous glands  Frequent cleaning of beddings and carpets along with maintaining a
 Demodex infection are classified into the following: humidity of less than 60% greatly reduces mite infestation
 Pityriasis folliculitis – papules on the forehead
 Rosacea-like demidicidosis – erythema, scaling, papulopustules
mimicking rosacea
 Demidicosis gravis – dermal granulomas with mite-remnants with
foreign-body giant cells showing central necrosis
 Seen in women who seldom wash their faces and yet frequently put
on make-up

Figure 23. Dermatophagoides sp.

Figure 21. Demodex folliculorum

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G. Mosquitoes
 Most important insect of medical importance
 Most efficient insect species in disease transmission
 Factors affecting mosquito population:
 Humidity: 70-80% (High humidity)
 Temperature: 20-30% (Hot)
 Water: Suitable aquatic environment
 Eggs, larva, and pupa stages develop in water
 Only adults live outside water
 Medically important mosquito vector
 Anopheles sp. – prefers clean, running water in shaded areas
 Aedes sp. – prefers standing water
 Culex sp. – prefers sunlit (Very lit bro 🤙 – cool mosquito),
polluted water
 Mansonia sp.
 Major Mosquito-borne diseases and their vectors Figure 25. Identification of Genera based on Eggs.
 Malaria – Anopheles spp.
 Filariases – Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Mansonia
sp.
 Mnemonics: F4 Oh baby, baby, my baby, baby (Filariases
starts with an F and has all 4 species of mosquito as
vector)
 Japanese Encephalitis – Culex spp. 🤙
 Dengue, Zika virus, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever – Aedes spp.
 Adult mosquito after taking a blood meal may either:
 Rest Indoors (endophilic) – like Anopheles
 Rest OUTdoors (exophilic) – like Culex 🤙
 helpful in eradication
 Mosquitoes belong to the Family Culicidae which is subdivided into
2 major divisions:
 Subfamily Culicinae (Mansonia, Aedes, Culex)
 Subfamily Anophelinae (Anopheles) Figure 26. Larvae Morphology

Figure 24. Characteristic differences between Culicinae sp. And Anophelinae sp.
Figure 27. Key to the identification of the eggs and larva of different genera

 Subfamily Culicinae (Mansonia, Aedes, Culex) Table 1. Identification of certain mosquito genus
 Stands horizontal to the surface (“Hunch back”) Aedes Culex Mansonia Anopheles
 Subfamily Anophelinae (Anopheles) Eggs/Ova Single In groups In groups Single
 Stands at an angle of 45o to the surface (without (looks like (Boat-like,
Mnemonics: ANOpheles is a siga mosquito who holds himself floats, a pack of with floats)
high and challenges the inferior mosquitoes to a fight (ANO ha, Most cigarettes)
resistant
fite me 🤙)
to sun)
Larva (+) Siphon (+) Siphon (+) Siphon (-) Siphon
Adults Stand in a Stand in a Stand in a Stand at an
horizontal horizontal horizontal angle of
angle angle angle 45o
Floats 0 Rafts with Attached +(Indian
corolla to water Canoe)
plants
Sub- 1 pair Several Saw-like 0
Ventral teeth
Tuft of
Hair

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1. Subfamily Anophelinae
 Genus Anopheles
 No buzzing sound
 Have spotted wings
 Palpus as long proboscis
 Time of biting: Evening or early part of the night
 Flight range: 0.75-1.5km
 significant to distribution of cases
 Stands at a 45o angle to the surface
 Males feed on plant juice while females feed on blood
 Females rest indoors (endophilic) after feeding to allow for
digestion -> lays eggs after 2 days
 Breeding site: prefers running, clean water and shaded areas
such as ponds, pools, irrigation channel, forest, etc. Figure 28. Adult Aedes
 Malaria Vector:
 Principal Vector: Anopheles flavirostris Ludlow (Female)  Genus Mansonia
 Habitat: edges of clear, slow-flowing, partly shaded streams,  Wings are often speckled
springs, and leaking pipes
 Generally large mosquito with broad, asymmetrical scales on the
 found in the Philippines wing veins
 Secondary Vectors:  Resembles some species of Culex, Aedini, and Coquilletidia
 Anopheles litoralis King: lives in salty water and sandy areas
 Breeding sites: aquatic plants such as water hyacinth and pistia
(e.g. Basilan, Sulu, Zamboanga, and South Samar)
straitiotes
 Anopheles maculatus Theobald: lives in permanent ground
 Vectors for filariasis
pools, hilly areas in seepage springs and small streams with
some sunlight, and frequently in cleared areas with disturbed  Culex quinquefasciatus - thrives in canal polluted water
soil; also a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti  Culex tritaenorynchus - thrives in rice fields
 Anopheles balacensis Baisas: lives in forested, heavily  Mansonia uniformis
shaded areas such as Palawan  Mansonia bonneae
 Anopheles mangyanus Banks  Anopheles flavirostris
 Aedes poicilius
2. Subfamily Culicinae (MAC – Mansonia, Aedes, & Culex)
 Genus Culex When asked what genera can transmit filariasis, the answer is any
 Produces a buzzing noise of the four species: Anopheles, Mansonia, Aedes, and/or Culex.
 Have unspotted, scaled wings Mnemonics: F4 Oh baby, baby, my baby, baby (Filariases starts
 Blunt abdomen with an F and has all 4 species of mosquito as vector)
 Hunchback
 Time of biting: Night which peaks at midnight
 Flight range: Up to 11km
 Rest and feeds outside (exophilic)
 Breeding site: Dirty and standing water in blocked drains, cess pits,
etc. (Culex quinquefasciatus)
 Organophosphate resistance
 Vectors of the following diseases:
 Bancroftian filariasis (W. bancrofti)
 West Nile fever (Culex fatigans, Culex visnia)
 Japanese Encephalitis (Culex tritaeniorhychus)
 Thrives in rice fields
 Genus Aedes
 Legs with white basal bands
 White stripes on black body
 Female: shape of abdomen usually has a pointed tip
 Eggs are resistant to desiccation
 Time of biting: Daytime Figure 29. Illustration of M. titillans
 Active 2 hours before sunrise and several hours before sunset
 Flight range: No more than 100m
 Approximately 400m
 Seeks dark and quiet place to rest
 Either exophilic or endophilic
 Primary urban dweller
 Breeding site: clean and artificial accumulation of water
 Usual examples: flower pot, gully trap, collar of toilet bowl
 Unusual examples: tree hole, under the barbeque grill, plant axis,
car cover
 Vectors of the following diseases:
 Chikungunya
 Yellow fever
 Zika virus
 Dengue
 Aedes aegypti (Tiger Mosquito)
 Aedes albopictus

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IV. VECTOR CONTROL MEASURES VI. REVIEW QUESTIONS

 Mosquito Bionomics  Taken from Batch 2018 (#38-50); 2020 #41-55
 Seasonal prevalence: rainy season BATCH 2018:
 Life cycle: Eggs, larvae, and pupa in water 1. Ability of arthropods to acquire, maintain, transmit microbial
 Time of biting: daytime/nighttime organisms
 Resting habits: inside/outside (endophilic/exophilic) A. Vector incrimination
 Host preference B. Direct Contact
 Environmental/habitat C. Vector Competence
 Vector control measures are known collectively as Integrated Insect D. Transovarial transmission
Vector Management 2. Which of the following refers to the means by which an
organism infects a tissue or organ by dipterous larva?
 Environmental Management
A. Ingestant and inhalant allergens
 Biological Control
B. Myiasis
 Chemical Control C. Entomophobia
 Genetic Techniques 3. Which of the following vector:disease is INCORRECTLY
matched:
A. Aedes Aegypti: Zika Virus
A. Environmental Management B. Borrelia Burgdorgeri: Lyme Disease
 Vegetation clearing C. Tsetse Fly: Trypanosomiasis
 Stream modification/management D. Sarcoptes Scabiei: Tsutsugamushi
 Intermittent irrigation 4. Which of the following has ova that is resistant to dessication
and is laid singly?
B. Biological Control A. Anopheles
B. Culex
 Larvivorous fish feeding
C. Aedes
 Use of bacterial insecticide (Bacillus thuringiensis)
D. Mansonia
 Bacillus thuringiensis -> produces toxins (BT) -> will destroy larva 5. Which of the following does NOT feed on blood?
 Use of aquatic fungi (Lagenidium giganteum) A. Anopheles
B. Follicular mite
C. Chemical Control C. Flea
 Insecticide – zooprophylaxis D. Cimex Lenticularis
 Use of botanical extracts 6. In sarcoptes scabiei, the female produces its S-shaped
 Use of impregnated bed nets and curtains burrowing pattern where?
A. Epidermis
 Use of mosquito repellant soap
B. Stratum corneum
 Indoor residual spray of insecticides
C. Hair follicles
 Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) D. Sebaceous gland
 Usually seen in the provinces 7. Pthirus pubis is characterized by the following except:
 They put chemicals and then they soak the mosquito nets A. Crab louse
Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) B. May exist with gonorrhea
 For endophilic mosquitoes such as Anopheles and Aedes C. Grips on fine and coarse hair
 Outdoor Residual Spray (ORS) 8. Which of the following insect vectors does NOT eat blood?
 For exophilic mosquitoes such as Culex and Aedes A. Mosquito
B. Follicular mite
C. Flea
D. Genetic Technique
D. Bed bug
 They are now trying to look at the genes of the insects
9. The site where female Sarcoptes scaibei burrows itself and
 Method: Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) form a twisting line:
 Researchers from Fralin Life Science Institute at Virginia Tech A. Epidermis
 Genetically modify vectors for resistant to the pathogen B. Stratum corneum
 Introduce via mating C. Sebaceous gland
 Gene: Nix (Aedes mosquito) D. Hair follicleR
 Inject Nix to 2/3 of female developed male genitals and testes 10. The type of biological transmission wherein the Plasmodium
 They inject the gene in the ova of the Aedes and come out to be parasite is transmitted
female adult who develop male genitalia and testes. Most of them, A. Propagative
if become male, does not produce eggs. They are capable of B. Cyclopropagative
mating but no eggs are produced. C. Cyclodevelopmental
D. Transovarian

V. REFERENCES BATCH 2020:

 Medical Entomology Herms’s 11. 42 y/o farmer from Sorsogon consulted because of a unilateral
 Medical Entomology: Dept. of Entomology Faculty of Tropical (left) scrotal enlargement of 1 year duration. Blood smear
Medicine – Mahidol University showed microfilarial parasite. He acquired his infection
 Medical Parasitology in the Philippines (Belizario 3 rd ed.) through the bite of which of the following mosquito/es?
 Study Guide in Medical Entomology, Lilian A. de las Llagas, PhD. A. Anopheles
 Foundation of Parasitology (Schmidt & Roberts) B. Culex
C. Mansonia
D. All of the above

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12. Adult flesh-eating flies w/ their larvae were seen in a dead body B. It can transmit the virus transovarially
of a person. The adult flies measure up to 23 mm w/ black and C. Its flight range is up to 2 km only
gray stripes at the back & checkered abdomen. What is the D. Both A and B
most likely genera of this fly? 17. Which of the following Arthropodborne viruses is NOT
A. Musca transmitted by Aedes aegypti?
B. Fannia A. Dengue virus
C. Lucillia B. West Nile virus
D. Sarcophaga C. Chikungunya virus
13. A street dweller was diagnosed to have scabies. Which of the D. Zika virus
following measure/s will you advise him & his family regarding 18. A male inmate experienced intense itching especially at night.
his condition? Sarcoptes scabie adult was extracted from the skin lesion.
A. He should take oral Permethrin for treatment Which of the following is responsible for the itchiness caused
B. They should take a bath daily by the mite vector?
C. All their clothes and beddings should be soaked in hot soapy A. Burrowing of the female scabie
water for at least 20 minutes B. Development of nymph
D. All of the above C. Production of excrements
14. A 50 y/o farmer from Nigeria complained of severe skin itching D. Deposition of eggs
& visual impairment. A microfilarial parasite was seen on his 19. From Jan 2017 – Aug 2017, the DOH reported 133 cases of
left eye consistent with Oncocerca volvulus. He was probably Japanese encephalitis (JE) of which 53 came from Central
bitten repeatedly by an infected ______? Luzon, the rice granary of the Philippines. What is the insect
A. Blackfly (Simulium) vector of this viral disease in this area?
B. Mosquito (Culex) A. Aedes albopictus
C. Mangofly (Chrysops) B. Aedes aegypti
D. Tick (Ixodes) C. Anopheles mangyanus
15. A municipal health officer in Bataraza, Palawan wants to D. Culex tritaeniorhynchus
control malaria in their locality. He already has data on the 20. Which of the following diseases CANNOT be transmitted by
prevalence of the disease. In addition, he should also look into infected tick?
the insect vector’s characteristics by considering which of the A. Bartonellosis (trench fever)
following factor/s? B. Lyme disease
A. Biting patterns C. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
B. Breeding places D. Tularemia
C. Susceptibility to larvicide
D. All of the above
16. Which of the following characteristic/s of aedes aegypti Answers (2018 Samplex): 1C, 2B, 3D, 4C, 5B, 6B, 7C, 8B, 9B, 10B
Answers (2020 Samplex): 11D, 12D, 13D, 14A, 15D, 16D, 17B, 18C, 19D, 20A
mosquito is/are the reason’s why dengue disease is difficult to
prevent & control?
A. Eggs are resistant to drying END OF TRANSCRIPTION

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