NEMATODES

Scientific Name: Ascarislumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Capillaria philippinensis

Common Name: Giant Intestinal Roundworm Human Whipworm Pudoc worm
Habitat: Small Intestine but can migrate to the lungs Large Intestine Small intestine
Infective stage: Embryonated ova Embryonated Ova
 Embryonated ova
 Larva in the Intermediate host

Mode of transmission: Ingestion Ingestion

 Ingestion
 Internal autoinfection

Pathogenesis:
 Larva • Symptoms only show in infection of  Infection is called Pudoc
o Eosinophilia over 5,000 eggs per gram of stool disease or intestinal
o Ascaris pneumonitis or Loffler’s capillariasis
• • Diarrhea with dysentery in infection
syndrome of over 20,000 eggs per gram of stool  Villi of the small intestine are
 Adult flattened of completely
• • Rectal prolapse
o Malnutrition obliterated
• • Iron deficiency anemia
o Intestinal obstruction in patients  Abdominal pain
• • No eosinophilia
with heavy infection  Borborygmi or gurgling
o Epigastric pain sound of the stomach
o Appendicitis  Severe diarrhea
o Pancreatitis  Electrolyte imbalance
 Hypoproteinemia
 Intestinal malabsorption
 Internal autoinfection may
occur with eosinophilia

DISEASE:  Rectal prolapse  Capillariasis

 Human Ascariasis  IDA (Iron Deficiency anemia)  diarrhea and
 Ascaris pneumonitis of Loeffler’s  malabsorption
syndrome
Diagnostic stage:
 Parasite ova  Parasite ova  Parasite ova
 Direct fecal smear  Direct fecal smear
 Direct fecal smear
 Cellophane technique  Stool concentration
o Kato thick  Kato Katz techniques
o Kato Katz  Rhabditiform larva
 Concentration technique  Concentration technique  Enzyme-Linked
o Sedimentation Immunosorbent Assay
o Floatation (ELISA)
 Larvae – Sputum exam
Host: - DH/FH: Humans FH/DH:
• Human
• Natural host are migratory birds
• Intermediate host is brackish fish or
freshwater fish
• Bagsang
• Birot
• Bactu
• Ipon
• Bagsit
Remarks: After you swallow the tiny (microscopic)  After a person eats contaminated
ascariasis eggs, they hatch in the small intestine food, the worms hatch from the eggs SOI: Food-transmitted
and the larvae migrate through the bloodstream and live in the intestine, causing
or lymphatic system into the lungs. vomiting and diarrhea.
 Soil-transmitted helminths
Treatment: o Albendazole Albendazole,400 mg per dayfor 3 days
o Mebendazole  Electrolyte replacement
o Pyrantel Pamoate  High protein diet
 Antidiarrheal drugs
 Albendazole
 Mebendazole
 NEMATODES
Scientific Name: Enterobius vermicularis Strongyloides stercoralis Trichinella spiralis
Common Name: Pin worm Threadworm Muscle worm
Habitat: Lover ileum and cecum of the large intestine Small Intestine Small Intestine
Infective stage: Embryonated ova Filariform larvae Encysted larvae
Mode of transmission:  ingestion
 Ingestion  skin penetration of filariform
 Inhalation larvae
 External autoinfection  trans-mammary
or retro infection  internal autoinfection

Pathogenesis:
 Familial disease  Skin invasion  Trichinosis is a self-limiting
 Nocturnal pruritus ani o Erythema disease
 Vaginitis  Larval migration  Patients with approximately 10
 Appendicitis o Lobar pneumonia larvae has light infection and
 Endometriosis  Intestinal infection is asymptomatic
 Salpingitis o Intestinal honey comb  Presence of 50 to 500 worms
appearance is considered as moderate
 Peritonitis
o Cochin China infection and is symptomatic
 No eosinophilia diarrhea or  Presence of 1,000 larvae
Vietnam diarrhea is sever infection and is
o Watery and bloody fatal
diarrhea
 Incubation or intestinal invasion
o Heavy infection
o Diarrhea or constipation
 Weight loss
o Vomiting
 Chronic dysentery o Malaise
 Malabsorption o Nausea
 Steatorrhea o Abdominal cramps
 Unexplained eosinophilia o Symptoms
 Strongyloides fuellebormi can similar to acute
cause swollen baby food poisoning
syndrome  Larval migration and muscle
invasion
 o Myalgia
o Periorbital edema
o Eosinophilia
o Splenomegaly
o Meningitis
o Cerebral lesions
 Encystment and encapsulation

DISEASE:  Strongyloidiasis, cochin china  Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis

 appendicitis, diarrhea
 endometritis,

 salpingitis,

 urethritis,

 urinary tract infection, and

 vulvovaginitis.F
Diagnostic stage:
 Ova  Larva  Based on history of exposure
o Graham’s scotch o Direct fecal smear  Presence of encysted larvae in
adhesive o Culture techniques muscle biopsy
tape  Harada mori  Biochemical tests
 Ova in stool but only in 5% of  Baermann technique  Beck’s xenodiagnosis
infected individuals o Beale’s string test or entero
 Finding adult worm test
o Duodenal aspiration
o Small bowel biopsy
o Sputum exam

Host: FH/DH: Human

FH/DH: Human FH/DH:

 Hosts of Trichinella spiralis serve

as both final and intermediate
host by harboring the adult and
 larva stage
o Humans
o Rats
o Dogs
o Cats
o Pigs
o Bears
o Foxes
o Carnivores or omnivores

Remarks: Once E. vermicularis eggs are ingested, they take Once inside your body, they move into your
about 1 to 2 months to develop into adult worms bloodstream to reach your lungs. The adult worms mate and new larvae
which happens in the small intestine. These do are produced which then migrate via the
not usually cause any symptoms when confined bloodstream to skeletal muscle
to the ileocecal area. throughout the body.
Treatment:
 Albendazole  Albendazole  Mebendazole
 Mebendazole  Ivermectine  Thiabendazole
 Pyrantel pamoate