Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Thesis
Presented To
The Faculty of the Graduate School
Holy Cross of Davao College
Davao City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Degree of Master of Arts in Education
Major in Special Education
by
October 2006
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
APPROVAL SHEET
THESIS COMMITTEE
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of PASSED.
Accept and approved in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in
Education major in Special Education.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Abstract
of the local school board in the cities of Region XI of the Philippines and a
region of New York City, NY, U.S.A. from November 2005 to October 2006.
In the cities of Region XI, Filipino parents registered slight knowledge and
the local school board showed partial knowledge and awareness. In a region
learning disabilities.
disabilities.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
issue at hand. There is a seed to transform the positive perception into action
Finally, the researchers strongly believe that further studies of the subject be
conducted to open the eyes of people who have the capacity to help in the
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Acknowledgment
Ma. Iris A. Melliza, Holy Cross of Davao College President; Dr. Danilo L.
Professor for their invaluable contribution during the appraisal of this book.
special education.
research tool.
Director; Anna Tuazon for their support during the distribution of the
questionnaire.
the New York City Department of Education for granting the permit to
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Jersey) and Ma. Arlyn A. Aquino (New York City) for their technical
To Mrs. Doris Giron, Dr. Cristina Pendor, Mrs. Nelia B. Aga for their
Philippines as well as In New York City, Mayor Rey Gavina of Panabo City,
Mayor Rodrigo Duterte of Davao City, Mayor Rey Uy of Tagum City, Mayor
Rogelio P. Antalan of IGACOS, and members of the local school board for
The Researchers
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Special Acknowledgment
The writer
her mother,
MCS
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Special Acknowledgment
deep gratitude
APD
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Table of Contents
Page
Approval Sheet ii
Abstract iii
Acknowledgment v
Table of Contents ix
List of Tables xi
List of Maps xv
CHAPTER
Introduction 1
2 Method
Research Design 68
Selection of Respondents 69
Sampling Procedure 73
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Data Analysis 90
References 121
Appendices
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
List of Tables
Table Page
2 Distribution of Respondents 71
4 Distribution of Teacher-Respondents in
Region XI, Philippines 145
5 Distribution of Parent-Respondents of
Region XI, Philippines 145
6 Distribution of Teacher-Respondents in
New York City, USA 144
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
List of Figures
Figure Page
4 Postsecondary Education 48
5 Income Distribution 49
6 Job Satisfaction 49
7 Areas of Difficulty 49
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
List of Maps
Map Page
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
CHAPTER I
and comfort always seek to provide total if not partial answers to whatever
advanced societies of the western world continue to pave the way to new
members of society.
136,523 children with various disabilities both in public and private schools for
2005).
population has LD, which means there are about 49,000 students with
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
evaluated the students and found out that there were about 150 students
early stage in the Philippines and the rest of Asia, including the advanced
whose lives or career are directly involved – the children special needs, the
disability. The study proposed to find out the extent of perception regarding
society.
professionals both in private and public schools, as well as the local school
This section explored relative studies and other researches with similar
Studies from abroad may likewise be true in the Philippines. Unknowingly, the
problem might be given less regard by sectors in our society; hence it was
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
worth the investigation. This research study opened the door to a new
where any or all alternative programs must be applied to abate the condition,
since, the real cure is still not known. Phase 3 is the treatment. Treatment
may not be the complete eradication of the disease but it provides necessary
websites to answer this pressing social problem, except for human resources,
which the researchers assume to be critical since they have to outsource from
Learning Disabilities
This may include students with disabilities, students with serious health
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
child with special needs to enable him to become self-reliant and shall be
geared towards providing him with the opportunities for a full and happy life
first used in the United States in the early 1960’s and first appeared in print in
developmental aphasia. They do not include learning problems that are due
also, use the term learning disability to describe the seeming unexplained
academic skills. These skills are essential for success at school and work,
and for coping with life in general. LD is not a single disorder. It is a term that
mean to say that a dyslexic parent will automatically have a dyslexic child, or
that a left-handed child will necessarily be dyslexic. But of the children and
adults diagnosed dyslexia, more than 80% percent has history of learning
difficulties in their family, and more than 60% percent have a family member
Berlin. He coined it from the Greek words “dys” meaning “ill or difficult” and
described and studied a myriad of terms were coined to describe reading and
writing difficulties. Agraphia is the loss of the ability to write. Alexia is the loss
telltale signs is reversal. People with this kind of problem often confuse letters
like b and d, either when reading or when writing or they sometimes read or
hesitantly, who reads without fluency, word by word, or who constantly loses
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
his place, leaving out whole chunks or reading the same passage twice, has a
reading problem.
Substitution. The person may try to sound out the letters of the word,
but then he is unable to say the correct word. For example, he may sound the
word in the wrong order, like “left” for “felt” or the syllables in the wrong order,
like “emeny” for “enemy” or words in the wrong order, like “are there” for
“there are.”
slow in spelling. He may spell words as the sound, for example “rite” for
“right”. But, if the person cannot really spell nor has difficulty in gathering
Sub-Classification of Dyslexia
recognition.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
tracking skills.
that has never been seen, even if it corresponds to a spoken word that the
who appear to have taught themselves to read sometime between the ages of
18 months and two years but are unable to understand what they read. They
which a person finds it hard to form letters or writes within a defined space.
Individuals with dysgraphia can have difficulty organizing letters, numbers and
person having trouble processing what the eye sees. It leads also to a
processing and making sense of what the ear hears. (National Center for
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
awkward pencil grip and body position. He avoids writing or drawing tasks. He
mixture of cursive and print writing. He is saying the words out loud while
what has been written. He has difficulty thinking of words to write. He has
He has difficulty with syntax structure and grammar. He has a large gap
Since mathematical disabilities are varied, the signs that a person may
have a difficulty in this area can be just as varied. However, having difficulty
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
among young people, it takes time and practice for formal math procedures to
together the idea of a number and how it exists in the world, say example:
four horses, four cars, and four children. He has poor memory for numbers.
Teenagers and adults have difficulty estimating costs like grocery bills.
approximating time. They have trouble with mental mathematics. They have
objects. He has inability to catch a ball and clap while the ball is in the air. It
difficulty learning to walk, jump and skip. He has trouble pronouncing words
A child between the age of seven to nine years old has trouble with
activities that require fine motor skills, like holding a pencil, buttoning, cutting
with scissors. He has poor coordination - trouble with sports activities. He has
The child who suffers dyspraxia has trouble with speech control -
sensitivity to light, touch, space, taste, and smell. He has difficulty with
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
known about this disability but still it affects the child’s performance in the
school.
Disorder (ADHD). ADD and ADHD are not learning disabilities but behavioral
learning or reading difference has also been diagnosed with ADHD. Although
reason why much of the studies and concern are directed towards this
number of cases cause some undesirable side effects (National Center for
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
(San Miguel, 1996), White Paper (2000) issue and the Annual Report to
Act (2002) cited the following possible outcome of a person with learning
disabilities:
Excerpts from Tony Blair, Prime Minister of England in his foreword to Valuing
People, is truly sad, to say that, “Learning disabled people can be among the
most isolated groups in our society. Almost all encounter prejudice, bullying,
wider society”.
that there is a problem can lead to; frustration, which could lead to behavioral
eventually in life. The high rate of learning disabilities found among children
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
period, 50% of the children who had committed suicide in Los Angeles
(Doherty, 2005) more than 27% of children with learning disabilities drop out
1994, 35% of students identified with learning disabilities drop out of high
school. This is twice the rate of non-disabled peers and does not include
students who are not identified and drop out. In Canada, the Conference
Board determined that drop-outs from high school class of 1987 costs more
National Statistics, U.S.A. that 48% of those with LD are out of the workforce
or unemployed.
Swedish study suggests that dyslexic prison inmates are more impaired
inmates between ages of 19 and 57. They found that 26, or 41%, were
dyslexic. Jensen said, “As expected, the dyslexic group performed more
poorly on verbal tests as compared to the normal readers among the prison
inmates, but they also performed more poorly on tests measuring non-verbal
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
abilities. While the rate of dyslexia among Jensen et al’s sample of prisoners
seems high, other recent studies revealed even higher. A 1998 study in
Britain found out that more than half of 150 prison inmates showed signs of
Dyslexia, and a 1995 study, Puerto Rico identified 78% of a group of juvenile
delinquents as dyslexic.
can not be cured, there is still cause for hope. Since certain learning problems
expressive language disorder are the least likely to have long term problems.
do learn to adapt and live fulfilling lives -not by being cured, but by developing
people have a remarkable ability to learn. The brain’s flexibility to learn new
skills is probably greatest in young children and may diminish somewhat after
Excellent Abilities. The researchers did not discount the fact that
many great and famous people are known to have learning disability, but, this
does not limit them to achieve their full potential. People with dyslexia are
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
are creative and have unusual talent in areas such as art, athletics,
Dyslexics often show special talent in areas that require visual, spatial and
motor integration.
deliberately sought after because they have superb problem solving skills and
The list of famous people with learning disabilities is long and their
talents diverse. Among them are Charles Schwab, Magic Johnson, Tom
Cruise, Thomas Edison, Whoopi Goldberg, Jay Leno, Albert Einstein, Cher,
George S. Patton Jr. did not learn to read at all until he was 12-years-
old and continued having difficulty reading all his life. He got through school
by memorizing his teachers’ entire lectures. But not being able to read did not
until the age of 3, and even as an adult found searching for words laborious
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
could achieve through visualizing rather than using oral language. His theory
of relativity was developed in his spare time. Time magazine named him the
Tom Cruise has never learned to read due to severe dyslexia and was
also requires substantial coordination effort with parents and other specialists
with children and youths who have variety of disabilities. He uses various
Education Plan (IEP) for each special education student. The IEP set
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
learning style and ability. Teachers review the IEP with student’s parents,
They work closely with parents, school administrators, social workers, teacher
licenses are granted when States have difficulty finding licensed SPED
apply different types of teaching methods to reach students who are having
not only the weaknesses, but strengths too. The results are not meant to label
Informal Assessment tools. These are tools which are used in the
to time identify, assess, evaluate and diagnose the learners who have the
2006).
age. A psychologist tests the child’s intelligence. A physician checks for any
If the problem involves articulation, a doctor examines the child’s vocal cords
and throat.
disability is hard to notice since it does not affect the physical appearance of
the individual. His specific disability may just be regarded as dumb or slow in
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Teaching Strategies
individuals with LD to complete school or work tasks with greater ease and
a day-to-day basis, can include: taped textbooks; tutoring; use of a note taker,
for students who have trouble listening in class and taking notes; use of a
scribe during test taking, for students who have trouble writing but who can
express their answers verbally to the scribe, who writes down the responses;
use of a reader during test taking, for students who have trouble reading test
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
expectations and create a different standard for students with disabilities than
quite a bit. When modifications are made, children with disabilities are not
success in the high-stakes arena but these provisions must be tailored to the
or develop in appropriate ways. Those children who do not benefit from the
needs are different from most, and those who are developing differently from
other children are the children who need reading remediation. It can be
to the child and the education philosophy of the school and teachers (Padilla,
2005).
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
adjustments to make sure kids have equal access to curriculum and a way to
meet the same standards set for all kids. The children with LD can learn the
same material as others in the class but in a different way. For example: A
child with delayed reading skills can participate in class discussions about a
novel if the child has listened to the audiotape version of the book. A child
with poor writing and spelling skills may use assistive technology — tape
recorder or word processor — rather than struggle with pencil and paper to
do his report about a famous person in history. A child who cannot learn the
twenty-word spelling list every week may learn only ten words. These result in
A fifth grade child with a severe math disability who is not ready to
learn fractions and decimals may still be working on addition and subtraction.
This means that his instructional level has changed significantly — second,
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
not fifth, grade instruction — from other kids in his classroom (Occupational
therapist in this manner may help the child who has articulation disorder to
produce specific speech sounds. During the engaging activity, the therapist
may talk about his toys, and then encourage the child to use the same
on the student’s learning style strengths involving all parts of the brain in all
something they can actually get their hands on and when it is connected to
Handbook, 2005).
Instructional Placement
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
demonstrating an ability to "keep up" with the work assigned by the regular
educate each child, to the maximum extent appropriate, in the school and
classroom. It involves bringing the support services to the child (rather than
moving the child to the services) and requires only that the child will benefit
from being in the class (rather than having to keep up with the other
Education, 1997).
mainstreaming believe that a child with disabilities first belongs in the special
education environment and that the child must earn his/her way into the
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
In contrast, those who support inclusion believe that the child always
with learning disabilities come for less than 50% of the school day to receive
special education. The resource room teacher in the school works closely
regular teacher. She also has access to special equipment not available in a
most frequently used alternative to the regular classroom for serving the mild
Curriculum
of the Philippines states that, “The curriculum for Special Needs Education
shall be based on the curriculum prescribed for the regular schools by the
special needs of the learners”. Children with special needs are admitted into
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
(PD) 603 known as, “The Child and Youth Welfare Code” which provisions
They offer a range of trained special educators and other support personnel.
Philippines.
Pull-out Program. Under this scheme, the gifted are pulled out from
their classes to attend enrichment classes under a teacher who has expertise
document that is developed for each child who is eligible for special
education. The IEP is created through a team effort and reviewed at least
supports and services that are agreed upon and written for the child.
Before an IEP can be written, the child must be eligible for special
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
multidisciplinary team who write the child's IEP include: The parent of the
child is one of the members of the multidisciplinary team because he has the
full valuable insights and information about the child’s strengths, needs and
ideas for enhancing the education. The regular education teacher(s) is (are)
another member of the team because they can share information about
teacher is another member of the team because he has the training and
team who has the expertise in interpreting the results of the child's evaluation
of the team who knows about special education services and has the
expertise about the child who are invited by the school district may be another
are present only when such services are being discussed. The child when
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
(SchwabLearning.org, 2006).
Contents of the IEP. At the least, the IEP must contain these pieces
presented by teachers, parents, and the school staff who evaluated the child.
Comments will be made about how the child is doing in the classroom.
Observations and results of state and district-wide tests and the special
are reviewed. The next step is to write measurable goals that can be
focused on the needs that result from the disability. Goals should help the
child with LD be involved and progress in the general curriculum and may be
Goals are not written to maintain skills or help the child to achieve above
(IDEA) 2004. However, the law now states that the child’s IEP must include “a
description of how the child’s progress toward the annual goals … will be
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
measured and when periodic reports on the progress the child is making
Counseling
It can help affected children, teenagers, and adults develop greater self-
control and more positive attitude toward their own abilities. Talking with a
Government Programs
disabled children. Republic Act Nos. 3562 and 5250 approved on June 1963
and June 1968 respectively provided that teachers, administrators, and the
Education and Culture. Republic Act 7277 approved on January 22, 1992,
known as Magna Carta for Disabled Persons affirms the full force
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
society and the provision of education for people with disabilities (Handbook on
Education Act 2004 under S.B. 1096 but still on its first reading.
one special education (SPED) center for each school division and at least
three SPED centers in big school divisions for children with special needs,
government financial assistance and other incentives and support, and other
This is the United States law that guarantees all children with disabilities
access to a free and appropriate public education. Under this act, public
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) IDEA 2004 is the
federal law that secures special education services for children with
disabilities from the time they are born until they graduate from high school.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Figure 1 shows the graph on IDEA part B grants to the United States.
intervention services for all eligible children with disabilities from birth through
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
age 2 and their families. The Grants for Infants and Families program helps
State and local agencies identify and serve children with disabilities early in
serving approximately 300,400 infants and toddlers with disabilities and their
efforts to improve early intervention and educational results for children with
disabilities. The total request for national activities is $203 million (Hager,
2006).
provides competitive grants to help States reform and improve their systems
out programs that establish, expand, or improve alternative routes for State
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
that there are adequate numbers of personnel with the skills and knowledge
activities focus on both meeting the demand for personnel to serve children
Centers provide parents with the training and information they need to work
supports research, development, and other activities that promote the use of
formula grants to States for activities to inform and advise clients of benefits
program supports systems in each State to protect and advocate for the legal
and human rights of individuals with disabilities. These systems pursue legal
individuals with disabilities under Federal law and provide information on, and
million for the Alternative Financing Program (AFP), which provides grants to
2006).
disabilities.
eliminate learning difficulties, but it can help the child reach his potential
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
difficulty. For example, a student who struggles with reading but who has
child cannot also receive remedial instruction. AT and remedial instruction are
not mutually exclusive. In fact, research has shown that AT can serve to
siblings, friends, and teachers for help with assignments. By using AT, kids
has difficulty writing can compose a school report by dictating it and having it
game with a friend. A teenager with dyslexia may benefit from AT that will
read aloud his employer’s online training manual. There are AT tools to help
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
well as other electronic devices. AT tools that support kids with learning
psychiatrists Dr. Isi Beller and Dr. Bernard Auriel (2005) in a Dyslexia
feedback loop. It also allows the child to hear on-line voice and pre-recorded
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
acoustic signal.
Therapy
helps a child with LD improve the use of bones, muscles, joints and nerves.
There are other physical therapy that claims to reverse the condition of
learning disabilities, but somehow fail to support their claim with scientific
base studies.
impairments. The services can include helping LD students with pencil grip,
Medical Treatment
and other researchers have shown that at least 90% of hyperactive children
among children and impulsivity in adults. The drugs are effective for three to
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
four hours and move out of the body within 12 hours. These medications have
made possible for many severely disordered adults to organize their lives,
hold jobs, and care for themselves. Although scientists hope that brain
research will lead to new medical interventions and drugs, at present there
Coping
The effects of learning disabilities can ripple outward from the disabled
child or adult to family, friends, and peers at school or work. Children with LD
often absorb what others thoughtlessly say about them. They may define
Sometimes they do not know how they are different, but they know how awful
they feel. Their tension or shame can lead them to act out in various ways--
from withdrawal to belligerence. LD children may get into fights. They may
stop trying to learn and achieve and eventually drop out of school. Or, they
trouble making friends with peers. For children with ADHD, this may be due to
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
may be more comfortable with younger children who play at their level. Social
problems may also be a product of their disability. Some people with LD seem
Without professional help, the situation can spiral out of control. The
more children or teenagers fail, the more they may act out their frustration
and damage their self-esteem. The more they act out, the more trouble and
Handbook, 2005)
burden for the family. Parents often sweep through a range of emotions:
denial, guilt, blame, frustration, anger, and despair. Brothers and sisters may
for the child in ways that allow the child to succeed. They can find ways to
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
help children build on their strengths and work around their disabilities. This
may mean deliberately making eye contact before speaking to a child with an
providing pictures and diagrams for performing a task. For students with
psychologist can help identify practical solutions that make it easier for the
is an expert who can help children and adolescents who have language
convey ideas, and improve the language skills that lead to better academic
and deal with speech and language disorders (Spear-Swerling and Lavote,
2006).
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
pre-school years are the most critical for speech and language development.
systems and who uses psychological concepts and methods in programs that
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
America and Dr. Jacob Valk of Netherlands. Since its inception, the Academy
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
organizations.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Greece, Hong Kong, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico. The Netherlands, New
sources were mentioned. The first was family. The second source of
information was the family physician. And 51% of those responding said they
Association about doing a project to ensure that libraries were informed and
being.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
their communities in this area. The Roads To Learning Web page was
mounted in 1998. Elements include links to other Web sites, a descriptive list
The library staff and volunteers work together to ensure that the library
related topics, bought videos, and even raised funds (American Library
Association, 2006).
The data are the result of a 1997 Graduate Student Research Project
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
South Florida. The graph above, shows the percentage of Florida students
diagnosed with learning disabilities which had risen from .50% in 1971 - to
2.40% in 1977 - to 3.38% in 1980 to 4.04% in 1986 to 5.16% in 1996 and will
others have spoken for adults with learning disabilities. Of the few programs
and support services provided for adults with learning disabilities, only a small
impact of learning disabilities on the lives of these adults. It asked about age,
provided insight into the concerns of adults with learning disabilities and their
It must be noted that the survey was not a random sample of the
these responses reflect the total population of adults with learning disabilities.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Services for people with learning disabilities are set to receive over £41
the Government White Paper ‘Valuing People’, which sets out a wide
inclusion.
up, 2) Person Centered Planning – a way of helping people get what they
want in their life, starting with the person, their wishes and aspirations, and
social services for people with learning disabilities. 2) The White Paper
Valuing People: A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century
was published in March 2001 is the first White Paper on learning disability for
30 years and will take a minimum of five years to implement. 3) There are an
England and some 210,000 people with severe and profound learning
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
people.
during the month of March was chosen. Over time, the LD Awareness
chapters. The school March break interfered with the planning, especially with
school closures and the reduced number of available volunteers and public
new school year when principals and teachers are more open to include
planning for fundraising activities and the publicity generated during October
activities that will raise Canadian awareness of learning disabilities and the
challenges faced by these individuals and their families. The campaign also
time during October to share with the public what it is they do and how it
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
scraps of humanity existed rather than thrived. Within the institutions children
are shielded from the world outside; when they leave they have acquired very
few skills. They have never cooked a meal, been shopping, had a bank
young people. It is a huge step for young people to leave state care and start
living and working in the outside world. By helping them find a job, open a
bank account, manage their money, and the small things we take for granted
like making a cup of tea, the Arc and its caretakers aim to rehabilitate the
young adults so they can happily cope with the pressures of every-day life.
The Arc is a home for four young people with learning disabilities that
opened in September 2005. These teenagers have lived most of their young
were abandoned as babies. At the age of 18 they now have to leave the
However, not much has changed in Japan since the introduction of this new
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
(Hattori, 1997).
effort, she has succeeded in receiving certification for the society. Eiko is
planning to have a caravan that will tour Japan and present relevant dramas.
“My son suffered a lot at school because of the unawareness of teachers and
others.”
service providers from across the country gathered in the beginning of April
2000 for the first ever national forum on the needs of people with learning
disabilities. It was the first time that support groups for families of learning
disabled people came to the forefront in such an active way, not only
group which sponsored the forum explained that the forum was not about
solving problems. The main aim was to get parents and families of people
established in 1994. Yayasan Pantara began its activities by working with the
children with LD and how to teach and work with these children. The program
ended in 2000, but for the past two years 50 teachers from South Jakarta
have undergone training and the program for teachers from other places in
how children with learning disabilities are succeeding, and how they are
taught at its elementary school. The school follows the national curriculum
but modifies teaching strategies and has two teachers for each class of about
ten students.
Unfortunately all the hard work that the students and the teachers at
special elementary schools have found that middle schools are unwilling to
accept their children when they find out where their child went to elementary
(Paul, 2003).
There were about 942,098 persons or 1.23 percent of the total population
reported to have some types of disability. Persons with low vision constituted
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
percent), mental illness (7.14 percent), mental retardation (7.02 percent) and
Figure 8 and table 1 show the type of disabilities taken from the
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Source: NSO, 2000 Census of Population and Housing Page last revised: July 18, 2003
the principal of one of the schools offering the LD program in Davao City,
Philippines. They learned that the principal had no idea whether or not the LD
took special education as their major course at Holy Cross of Davao College
(HCDC), Davao City for the year 2005-2006 forcing the institution to dissolve
the SPED subject offered (HCDC Registrar’s Office Bulletin, 2nd Semester,
October 2005).
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
the Oprah Winfrey Show (2006) to talk about living with learning disabilities.
The film highlights the strategies people with learning disabilities develop and
the inner strengths they possess. It aims to educate those who deny this
of Differences, offers a window into the world of people who live with learning
disabilities. Children and adults talk about their academic and ongoing
struggles and how they found strength and empowerment in disability. The
learning disabilities. It also offers educators an insight into the emotional and
difficult challenges people who have disabilities face every day. A Celebration
volunteers who know that living with a learning disability is not easy.
A group of six mothers began the project. They were all members of an
diagnoses and treats children who have a variety of brain-based learning and
observed that as the person who has learning disabilities relate their
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
arises from self-knowledge; the value of cultivating one's strengths and the
much of their life is spent in school. Smith started the, The Lab School of
shine in areas in which they do well are among the solutions that can help
Services and Persistence shows that students with disabilities who enrolled in
post-secondary education for the first time in 1989-1990 had a similar rate of
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
report found, however, that students with disabilities were less likely to have
earned a bachelor's degree from a public, four-year institution within the five
disabilities, suggested that the film is a way of mentoring people who have
Rothbart said further that her own motivation stemmed from years of
frustration with individuals and systems that hurt rather than helped her
children, with teachers who did not understand learning disabilities or believe
awareness that a child with learning differences came into the classroom at a
there was a brain-related basis for dyslexia and that an inability to learn to
divided into two hemispheres. He said that in most people, the left
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
that dyslexia was a CV rather than a cortical origin as believed for over the
All these data together with a variety of other findings definitely proved
redefined and called Dysmetric Dyslexia and Dyspraxia- leaving open the
possibility that there were other minority causes of the dyslexic syndrome.
A controversy erupted, however, that while the Orton Society has long
brains in origin, a theory that strongly supported, Dr. Harold Levinson (New
acclaimed, clearly demonstrates and analyzes the ignorance, bias, and denial
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
dysfunction; thus simply explaining the otherwise unexplainable 100- year old
been founded in United States and United Kingdom but the awareness level
of the populace is far from satisfactory even among professionals. This can
be viewed from the research work of Gladys Burke (2002) quoting the
comments of students with LD who were outspoken about many of their high
esteem and hope for the future. She recommended that every school should
have a pamphlet for every teacher, every year. In this way, the teachers
would be made more aware of learning disabilities and would recognize their
provided by the Center for Students with Disabilities. This program would give
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
students with LD the opportunity to meet other students with LD. As a result,
is the knowledge and awareness of the problem. Like any other illnesses,
how will anyone know he is sick when one is not aware of it? How can
anyone administer the right treatment when a disease is not known but are
already prevalent?
Input
theories and findings sought by the researchers for the realization of learning
supervisors and the members of the local school board particularly, the
Process
disabilities in terms of: special education and children with special needs;
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
terms of: SPED program and the teachers; assessment and evaluation;
Output
Just like a mathematical equation, input plus the process equals the
output or simply said the outcome, where the implication of the outcome
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
INPUT
Parents
Educators
OUTPUT
LSB Members
PROCESS
The Extent of
Knowledge and Perception on
Learning Disabilities
DESCRIPTIVE-SURVEY
a. Learning Disabilities
II. Perception
a. Remediation Program
b. Treatment Services
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
among parents, educators, and members of the local school board in the
cities of Region XI of the Philippines and a region of New York City in terms
of
2.3 intervention;
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
2.6 curriculum;
3.2 therapy;
3.5 LD specialists
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
CHAPTER 2
Method
lastly the simplification of data. This study attempted to find the extent of
Research Design
data, which is to see the general picture of the targeted population and the
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Participants
Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, and
Island Garden City of Samal. The researchers specially selected five cities
from those provinces, namely; Panabo City, Davao City, Digos City, Island
Garden City of Samal and Tagum City (Appendix I p 137). Based on the
2006, these five cities have a total of 362,629 enrollees representing 44.37%
with a total of 106, 737 enrollees in academic year 2005-2006 based on the
(Appendix J p 138).
conduct investigation covering the entire region of New York, the researchers
program and treatment services of children with LD among the five cities of
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Region XI and a region of New York City where Manhattan as the premier city of
members of the local school board of the cities of Panabo, Tagum, Island Garden
City of Samal (IGACOS) Digos and Davao of Region XI of the Philippines and a
region of New York City, New York, USA. Educators were specifically composed
of the teachers and principal of the school, and the supervisor of the district. The
members of the local school board, based on DECS Service Manual 2000
(p249), were the school superintendent, city non- academic personnel officer of
from both regular schools and schools with Special Education instructions. Each
key city in Region XI was well represented by selected schools. Panabo City had
Garden City of Samal (IGACOS) had two participating schools. Digos City had
two participating schools. Davao City had nine participating schools. There were
represented by one school only in each area. There were nine participating
The respondents of the study were 312 teachers, 322 parents and 20
members of the local school board. There were a total of 654 respondents in
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
there were 161 teachers and 282 parents, a total of 443 respondents. The
respondents.
REGION XI OF A REGION
THE OF NEW GRAND
PHILIPPINES YORK TOTAL OF
CITY
Areas/ P E LSB Total Participating P E Total Respondents
Participating Schools In the
Schools Phil. & USA
Panabo City (2) 29 24 4 57 School A (1) 27 9 36 93
Tagum City (3) 35 34 4 73 School B (1) 26 13 39 112
IGACOS (2) 17 18 4 39 School C (1) 40 12 52 91
Digos City (2) 32 30 4 66 School D (1) 14 10 24 990
Davao City (9) 209 206 4 419 School E (1) 28 37 65 484
School F (1) 6 10 16 16
School G (1) 27 10 37 37
School H (1) 63 30 93 93
School I (1) 15 30 45 45
Total (18) 322 312 20 654 TOTAL (9) 282 161 443 1,097
Legend:
P - Parents
E - Educators
LSB – Local School Board
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
LSB 4 4 4 4 4 20
F= 20
Percentage 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 100%
IGACOS had 17 cases representing 5.28%. The total number of the parent-
9.612%. Davao City had 206 cases representing 66.03%. Panabo City had 24
IGACOS had 18 cases representing 5.77%. The total number of the teacher-
respondents was 312 cases or 100%. The local school board had 4
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
respondents in every city. There were 20 members of the local school board -
respondents.
Sampling Procedure
researchers adopted the formula by Lynch and others (Ardales, 2001). Since
the study focused on social issues rather than on scientific concern, the
95% with margin of error (e) of 5% and the target population is set at 30%
educational attainment assuming that there was one parent for every
enrollee.
The five key cities in Region XI, namely; Panabo City with its total
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
142).
City. The school prepares the student for exciting career in hospitality
Food and Finance High School. Its focus is the rigorous career and
future and to help them understand that food is a personal, social, economic
respondents.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
sense of their place in the greater community and a democratic society. The
respondents.
students who are lifelong partners of skills and knowledge for academic and
the nurturing of students with various physical handicaps and those with
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
institution is a school that prepares students for college and beyond through
respondents.
with 63 respondents.
Appendix, p 142).
area of specialization.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
There were five key cities in Region XI, namely; Panabo City with a
City with 6,131 total population, a percentage of 66% and 206 teacher-
specialization.
represented by Food and Finance High School with 25 teachers, 7.8% and 13
represented by The Facing High School with 20 teachers, 6.2% and ten
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
School for Design and Construction with 20 teachers, 6.2% and ten teacher-
the distribution of teacher -respondents in New York City, U.S.A. (please see
There were two participating schools within the vicinity of Panabo City,
namely; Panabo National High School located within the business area of
Four members of the local school board represented the city. Table 8
shows the distribution of respondents in Panabo City (please see the Appendix,
p 144).
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Tagum City (formerly known as Magugpo) which caters to most of the children
Lyceo High School (formerly Saint Mary’s College for Boys) is a school
about five kilometers away from the heart of the municipality of Tagum City. It is
pre-school level. The school is located in Santo Domingo Subdivision with eight
Members of the local school board were four. Table 9 shows the
within the business area of Babak. There were nine teacher-respondents, nine
away from the heart of the municipality of Island Garden City of Samal with
respondents.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Members of the local school board were four. Table 10 shows the
a total of 31 respondents.
There were four members of the local school board. Table 11 shows the
reading. The school curriculum highlights are pre-high school program offering
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
school serving regular students in the downtown area of the city. There were 23
Davao City. The school is serving learners from Muslims and Badjao tribes. It
respondents.
Members of the local school board were four. Table 11 shows the
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Instrument
based on the readings from the related literature and unpublished materials.
The draft was submitted to the Thesis Committee of the Holy Cross of Davao
College, Inc., Philippines. The same draft was sent to the chair of the Review
Board Committee in New York City via electronic mail (e-mail) for necessary
corrections.
in another city among the ten teachers, ten parents, and four members of the
local school board. The results were collected and were submitted to the
Thesis Committee for corrections and validation. The items were analyzed and
the index of difficulty was considered. Items with an index of difficulty from 20
to 80 percent were the ones included in the final form of the questionnaire.
Department of Holy Cross of Davao College, Inc. to test its reliability. Using the
Revision. The Thesis Committee looked into the items in terms of their
were improved and strengthened while the indistinct ones were omitted.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
after the revision and refinement of the questionnaire were put into its final
form. The Thesis Committee Chair of the Holy Cross of Davao College, Inc., in
the Philippines gave his approval as shown in the front cover of the
Likewise, the chair of the Thesis Review Board of New York City granted
the permit allowing the researcher based in New York City to distribute the
questionnaire to different schools. The chair personally sent the copy of the
researchers’ book, chapters 1 and 2, to the principal of the New York City
The check mark (√) was placed in the box provided before each category to
supervisor and members of the school board in the cities of Region XI of the
Philippines and a region of New York City, USA. There were six questions.
Boxes could be found at the end of every statement. Placing the check mark
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Philippines and the nine schools in a region of New York City, U.S.A. There
were eight questions. Boxes were supplied at the end of every statement.
Philippines and the nine schools in a region of New York City, U.S.A. There
were five questions asked. The categories were marked with a check (√).
Boxes were supplied after each category (please see Appendix N p148).
The researchers sought permission from the New York City Department
the researcher based in New York City to conduct the study while teaching in
the public school of New York City (Appendix B p130). The permit from New
On the other hand, the permit that was given by DepEd Regional
City Schools Superintendent and was presented to the principal of the school
or school head for the administration of the survey for principal and teachers
(Appendix C p131).
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
panel for the title proposal and to commence the distribution of the research
assistants who personally conducted the survey in Digos City and Island
Garden City of Samal. The other one conducted the survey in Tagum City and
including the questionnaire was sent to the head of the identified schools in the
letter was attached to the questionnaire. An appointment was set first before
the investigation. The survey was done through a personal interview (Appendix
F p134).
On the other hand, the researcher based in New York handed the
survey individually to the respondents from one school to the other. The
investigation was done during lunchtime only so as not to disrupt classes. The
instrument and likewise were reminded to answer the items carefully and
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
100% retrieval.
the researchers to avoid prejudice. After the tabulation, the data were
disagreement.
categories; each scale point has numerical value found in the mean range
Full Knowledge and Awareness (FKA). This means that the value of
“Full Knowledge and Awareness” is scale point five and it is in the mean range
full intellectual capacity on the categories indicated. He also has the fullest
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
the mean range of 3.50 – 4.49. The respondent has practical, controlled, and
nonsense awareness.
of “Partial Knowledge and Awareness” is scale point three and has the mean
awareness.
Slight Knowledge and Awareness (SKA). This means that the value of
“Slight Knowledge and Awareness” is scale point two and it is in the mean
“No Knowledge and Awareness” is scale point one and it is in the mean range
of 1.00 – 1.49. The respondent has totally no idea and no definite awareness
Table 12 shows the point scale, mean range, interpretations and the
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Part 3 and 4 of the research tool have the scale of 1-5, mean range of
Agree, Undecided, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree utilizing the Likert Scale in
Strongly Agree (SA). This means that the value of “Strongly Agree” is
scale point five and it is in the mean range of 4.50 – 5.00. This signifies greater
intensity of perception.
Agree (A). This means that the value of “Agree” is scale point four and
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
perception.
Undecided (U). This means that the value of “Undecided” is scale point
three and it is in the mean range of 2.50-3.49. This signifies doubt or lack of
perception.
Disagree (D). This means that the value of “Disagree” is scale point two
and it is in the mean range of 1.50 – 2.49. This signifies normal intensity of
negative perception.
Disagree” is scale point one and it is in the mean range of 1.00 – 1.49. This
Great intensity of
5 4.50 -5.00 Strongly Agree (SA) perception
Normal intensity of
4 3.50 -4.49 Agree (A) perception
Doubt or lack of
3 2.50 -3.49 Undecided (U) perception
Normal intensity of
2 1.50 -2.49 Disagree (D) Negative perception
Great intensity of
1 1.00 -1.49 Strongly Disagree (SD) negative perception
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Data Analysis
Three statistical tools were utilized in the treatment of the data in order
to answer the major as well as specific sub-problems. The data gathered from
the profile of the respondents were interpreted using frequency, weighted mean
and percentage.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
CHAPTER 3
2 Learning disabilities. 2.26 SKA 2.38 SKA 2.3 SKA 3.82 MKA 4.35 FKA
disabilities among parents, educators and members of the local school board
(Philippines only) in the cities of Region XI, Philippines and a region of New York
Parents. Most of the parents in the cities of RXI, Philippines scored high
in the special education and children with special needs category with a weighted
mean of 3.17, which means that they had partial knowledge and awareness on
this item. They scored least on the cause and origin of LD with a weighted mean
of 2.03, which means they had a slight knowledge and awareness on this
category.
Over all, the data yielded a weighted mean of 2.48, which means that the
disabilities.
surrounding the nature and background of LD. Most of them, however, partially
they are only three sources of information mentioned, which is quite limited.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
mean scaled at partial knowledge and awareness (PKA). They scored least on
the cure for LD at 2.32 weighted mean which is slight knowledge and awareness
(SKA).
The data presented an overall weighted mean of 2.79, which means that
the educators in Region XI, Philippines had partial knowledge and awareness
(PKA).
facts or data of information about special education and children with special
needs, but had partial knowledge that LD may lead to undesirable consequences
if not treated.
This supported the issue that LD was not taken seriously by the education
definition and criteria about LD. Weiderholt wrote, in his 1974 historical review of
the field of LD, “despite the rapid growth during the 1960s and 70’s, or perhaps
because the LD field is currently confronted with several major problems. These
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
because the criteria applied for learning disabilities vary from State to State and
University, 1994) .
surprised that there was not a single page mentioning the word dyslexia on
Japanese Web sites, whereas there were many helpful American and British
learning disability. The Ministry of Education has just begun a survey to find out
how many LD’s there may be in Japan, giving LD and dyslexia the same
definition.” That in the long run prompted her to establish the Japan Dyslexic
special education. In the cities of Region XI, Philippines only Holy Cross of
City, offer graduate studies in special education, which started just a few years
despite having been educators for quite a long time knew LD only when they
Local School Board. The 20 members of the local school board (LSB)
in the cities of Region XI, Philippines, manifested the highest weighted mean of
2.85 on special education and children with special needs with a scale
LD and cure of LD both at 1.9 weighted mean scaled as slight knowledge and
awareness (SKA).
The survey result had an over all weighted mean of 2.23 which means
that the members of the local school board in Region XI had partial knowledge
learning disabilities has a long historical background dating back in the 1890’s,
this particular learning disability was only earlier recognized and studied mostly in
the western world especially by the Europeans and the Americans ( Hallahan and
Mock, 2003).
learning disabilities throughout the world and was established in 1976. The
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Third, the public knowledge and awareness is low because just like in
more often than not, learning disabilities have always been associated with
learning disabilities. The results of the first benchmark study revealed that,
Fourth, the Philippine Laws for the protection and welfare of people with
disabilities were already established beginning 1927 but there was no explicit
provision for people with LD. As of the present, the Department of Education
Region XI, Philippines does not have any educational program for LD. The
Education Act 2004 of Senator Jambie Madrigal includes LD but it is still on its
final reading.
The catch is that out of the 2,240 bills filed, only 16 had been passed by
the Senate, with only nine of them eventually passed into law. In the last two
years, only six out of 20 measures certified as urgent by the president were
passed. While the Lower House had passed and transmitted 750 bills to the
Senate, with 50 of those bills of national importance, the political gridlock had
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
delayed. According to The Asahi Shimbum of August 18, 2004 issue the plight
of such people has until now been largely ignored by the current welfare
Fifth, there is only one private institution that caters to students with LD
in Region XI, Philippines where the cost of education understandably is not for
everybody.
University in China states that the internet is a great resource for learning what
America is doing in the special education area. The Internet is a great teaching
tool for students with special needs, and online education can reduce
educational costs.
(http://www.unitedspinal.org/publications/action/2004/08/26/china-a-giant-awakens-to-
Internet user penetration is now in the 65% to 75% range for the leading
countries and future growth is limited. Internet user penetration for the populous
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Finally, while the field has not quite reached consensus on definitions of
LD, there are professionals as well as public leaders who do not understand
them or believe they exist. In Rocco’s (1997) research, the faculty “questioned
Parents. Most of the 282 parents in a region of New York City, U.S.A.
exhibited their highest weighted mean of 4.82 on special education and children
with special needs which is interpreted as full knowledge and awareness (FKA).
They scored the least on the types of LD at 2.36 weighted mean with a scale
Overall, there was a weighted mean of 3.49, which means that the
parents in a region of New York, USA had partial knowledge and awareness
The result revealed that most parents in a region of New York, USA
they showed high level of awareness on the issue about LD, they were
apparently low on the knowledge about the inherent facts surrounding its nature
and background.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
disabilities is based. Legislation was passed among them, “The children with
specific Learning Disabilities Act of 1969.” The focus was on the mandate for
the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1974; the Juvenile Justice
and Prevention of Delinquency Act; and the Americans with Disabilities Act.
USA, the data showed a high weighted mean of 4.76 on special education and
children with special needs, which means that educators have full knowledge
and awareness (FKA) however, they registered a low weighted mean of 3.61 on
(MKA).
The data presented an overall weighted mean of 4.15, which means that
the educators in the region of New York, USA had moderate knowledge and
The results showed that most educators in New York, USA showcased
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
disabilities. The figures also showed consistent high score on the cause and
origin, types, cure and consequences of LD backing up their score on the issue
of LD.
awareness about LD: First, there are many research works for LD –medical as
well as in the field of education. The studies lead to graduated knowledge and
awareness about learning disabilities. Much of the work in the field over the last
Second, there are laws of the United States that provide support on the
rights, protection and welfare of persons with disabilities. Out of the 16.7 billion
dollars allocated for special education for 2005, 26 million dollars is earmarked
for parent information centers, 16.7 million dollars to protect and advocate for
the legal and human rights of individuals with disabilities, 90.6 million dollars for
activities and 38.8 million dollars for technology and media services (Hager,
to take notice of the rising tide of public concern for students with this disability
Experts and researchers fashioned interventions that would later set standards
for practice. As a result, this period from 1960 to 1975, is characterized by the
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
(PC) in-use topped 900 million units worldwide in 2005. The U.S. has a large PC
usage lead with over three times as many PCs as the second place, Japan. The
U.S. accounts for over 25% of all PCs in-use compared to 4.6% of worldwide
population. PCs in-use growth is slowing, but the U.S. is on track to have more
PCs in-use than people in five or six years. In 1965 there was only one
computer for each 10,000 people in the United States. The United States now
The U.S. continues to lead with nearly 200 million Internet users at year-
end 2005. The two most populous countries—China and India—are now in
second and fourth place in Internet users. Other populous countries such as
Brazil, Russia and Indonesia have also moved into this ranking. (Computer
Fifth, there are advocacies. During the period spanning 1960 to 1975,
organizations to advocate for children with this disability (Hallahan and Mock,
Council in March 1998. National TV, radio, and print ads are now in 1000 key
media markets with the tag line “There is no reason to be held back”. The
campaign will increase interest in LD and spur parents, teachers and others to
The 1995 Roper-Starch national survey result showed that 51% of the
respondents said that they would go to their public library for information about
LD, Roads to Learning. Another advocacy organization funded by the Emily Hall
(LDA) and the International Dyslexia Association (IDA). They were asked to
approach local libraries, use the packet resources, and create partnership to
three out of four adult Americans said they had at least some familiarity with
learning disabilities. Three-fourths (75%) of the public said they had heard or
read some about the topic. About one-third (34%) said they had heard or read
disabilities. There have been marked declines in the proportions of people who
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
21% points) and blindness (38%, down 22 points). People are also less likely
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
parents, educators and members of the local school board (Philippines only) in
the cities of Region XI, Philippines and a region of New York City, N.Y., U.S.A.
nine remediation programs for LD, registering the highest 4.15 weighted mean
while early identification and intervention program scored the least at 3.89
weighted mean.
The data showed an overall weighted mean of 4.03 which means that
as an issue since both fall on the same scale level of agreement. What is
apparent is that most of them showed positive response, though not strongly on
and by early assessment and evaluation both at 4.33 weighted mean while early
identification and intervention programs at 4.16 weighted mean scored the least.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
indicating that most educators in the cities of RXI, Philippines agreed (A) over
Local School Board. Most of the 20 members of the local school board
in the cities of Region XI, Philippines agreed on the remediation programs for
LD. Among the nine categories, appropriate curriculum led in the scoring at
4.37 weighted mean but exhibited funding and government support programs
The data showed an over all weighted mean of 4.25 which means that
the members of the local school board agreed (A) to have a remediation
and finally the least was the teaching strategies at 2.91 weighted mean.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
The data exhibited an over all weighted mean of 4.03 which means that
This was supported by the interview of the National Center for Learning
Disabilities (2005). According to Julie from Indiana, not a day goes by that
parents do not breathe a sigh of relief, and feel grateful due to the early
Tutoring is entirely Orton-Gillingham based. Getting the right kind of help, at the
right time, and with the right people, is essential to seeing progress.
for eligible students. Attending subsequent meetings allowed him to see how
the system worked, find out who was on his "team" and learn how the
committee decided on the specific IEP and accommodations. Her son, over
modifications.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
successful early intervention. As a parent, she felt that her son needed to
This should to be part of the process. IEP is not successful without his buy-in.
He had a far better understanding of what was really going on because he was
in the classroom.
These remarks are from parents who are way ahead of their intervention
While the Filipino parents and educators agree of these programs, the lack of
Educators. Among the 161 educators in the Region of New York City,
USA, strongly agreed (SA) in almost all the nine categories, except on teaching
individualized educational plan (IEP) getting the highest score at 4.94 weighted
mean; special education and SPED teachers at 4.86 weighted mean; early
support programs at 4.68 weighted mean and the very least teaching strategies
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
These findings pointed out that much of the work in the field over the last
Further progress depends upon funding for research into effective remedial
students.
a Special Education teacher who works with children and youths who have a
Life skills research and curricula are also needed to address the social,
be even more devastating than academic failure. And yet, only a handful of
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
curriculum and classroom strategies for children with learning disabilities will
Technology-aided
instructions and other
1 related devices purposely 3.98 A 4.27 A 4.00 A 4.32 A 4.58 SA
for students with learning
disabilities.
Therapies for speech and
language refinement, audio
improvement, and reading
2 enhancement to improve
4.01 A 4.45 A 4.06 A 4.85 SA 4.65 SA
the condition of children with
learning disabilities.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
children with LD among parents, educators and members of the local school
board (Philippines only) in the cities of Region XI, Philippines and a region of
agreed (A) on all the categories in the treatment services for children with LD.
The result showed that specialists for children with LD hold the highest score
Parents believed that the experts on the LD field can help children with
Overall, most parents agreed (A) on all the categories in the treatment
The result suggested that although most parents gave more weight on
the physiological and psychological improvement for persons with LD, they least
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
showed the highest weighted mean score of 4.45 on therapies for LD and score
treatment for children with learning disabilities presented by the weighted mean
of 4.36, to have specialists for children with learning disabilities such as;
mean of 4.33.
The data presented an over all weighted mean of 4.36 which means that
the educators in cities of Region XI, Philippines agreed (A) to have treatment
services for children with learning disability made available for the enhancement
of academic skills.
students with LD which means that educators firmly believed that the
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
instructional support and treatment of physical therapist may help a child with
Local School Board. The members of the LSB in the cities of Region
XI, Philippines on Treatment Services on the other hand agreed (A) on all
learning disabilities. Three among the five categories tied –up for the highest
score of 4.06 weighted mean and the rest at 4.0-weighted mean. The difference
The data presented an over all weighted mean of 4.04 which means that
the members of the local school board in Region XI, Philippines agreed (A) to
region of New York City, U.S.A. strongly agreed (SA) on all other categories on
the treatment services for students with learning disabilities. Specialists for
children with LD led the scoring order at 4.89 weighted mean, followed equally by
both coping mechanism approaches and therapies at 4.85 weighted mean, then
The table showed an overall weighted mean of 4.73 which means that the
parents in the region of New York, USA strongly agreed (SA) on the treatment
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Parents of New York pointed out that specialists for children with LD are a
The data presented an over all weighted mean of 4.61 which means that
the educators in New York City, USA strongly agreed (SA) to have treatment
The results suggested that most educators gave more weight on the
then by support systems to enhance learning and lastly the application of medical
treatment.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
The data upheld the idea that Assistive Technology (AT) can increase a
are often overly dependent on parents, siblings, friends, and teachers for help
with assignments. By using AT, children with special needs can experience
and other activities that promote the use of technologies in providing special
learning disabilities. She suggested that the film is a way of mentoring people
who have learning disabilities. She explained further that, she knew that her
children would be able to learn, and that she could find tutors or teachers and
for the child in ways that allow the child to have an independent life
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
CHAPTER 4
city and the state officials is a critical component in achieving financial, moral,
physical and social support to students with learning disabilities whether at home,
school, or in the society. These are the people who collaborate to provide the
necessary tool and progress for efficient and effective special education particularly
The respondents of the study were carefully chosen by random from the
five cities of Region XI, Philippines and a region of New York City, U.S.A. These
were the parents, educators, and government officials affiliated with local
program for children with learning disabilities, 3) the level of perception on the
and a personal interview, using vernacular for parents in the cities of Region XI,
Philippines. In New York City, the help of an interpreter was employed to interview
Spanish-speaking parents.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
and tools such as technology resources. Likewise, the result of the study
hopefully serves as a guiding tool for people planners in special education. This
and to create stronger linkages and advocacies for special education particularly
future further studies that would benefit not only other researchers and
knowledge and awareness (SKA) on learning disabilities while the educators and
the members of the local school board showed partial knowledge and awareness
(PKA).
2. The parents, educators and the members of the local school board in the
cities of Region XI, Philippines and the parents in a region of New York,
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Apparently, the educators in New York, USA strongly agreed (SA) on the same
category.
3. The parents, educators and the members of the local school board in
the cities of Region XI, Philippines agreed (A) on the treatment services for
learning disabilities. On the other hand, parents and educators in New York, USA
Conclusion
Based on the preceding findings, most of the parents, educators and the
members of the local school board in the cities of Region XI of the Philippines had
local school board overseeing the local education programs registered the lowest
detrimental both to the individual with LD; for their self-worth and productivity and
to the society for its cost and safety. Moreover, parents in the region of New
York, U.S.A. registered only partial knowledge, which is still short of what is best
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
and in the region of New York, U.S.A. Nevertheless, most of the educators in
New York, U.S.A. stressed a stronger sense of agreement. This manifested that
the higher level of knowledge and awareness about LD is, the stronger the
agreement.
The parents, educators and the members of the local school board in the
cities of Region XI, Philippines agreed, the parents and educators in New York,
and awareness desire the need to help persons suffering from learning
strongly agree and believe on the benefits derived from the remediation programs
Recommendations
1. Parents, educators and members of the local school board in the cities
of Region XI, Philippines and the parents in the region of New York City, N.Y.,
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
services of learning disabilities were not negative; hence, not a problem literally.
But, perception is just a state of mind. It must be transformed into energy – thru
action. Therefore, as all the respondents embody virtually all the sectors of
society, it is everyone’s duty to voice out these concerns and act decisively so
3. Though this study may provide a baseline reference, its scope is very
limited. The researchers suggest further studies surrounding the issue of learning
demographic profile, health, and present economic status of aged persons with
LD in the Philippines.
Studies about this issue of concern will not only awaken many of us but
likewise strengthen the resolve of our leaders and intellectuals in shaping the
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
References
Ardales, Venancio B. (2001). Basic Concepts and Methods in Research. 2nd ed.
Iloilo City: Concerns, Inc.
Bellar, Isi and Auriel, Bernard (2005). Lexiphone treatment (Re-Education) for
dyslexia. Dyslexia Teacher Publication. Retrieved: December 2, 2005
Available: http://www.lexiphone.org/method.html
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Doherty, Chris (2005). Zero to six: The basis for school readiness. National
Program Director, Reading First Program,
U.S. Department of Education, COTC interview 2005. Retrieved:
December 5, 2005.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
________(____).Retrieved:September28,2006http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pr
essrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html
________(1994). Guidelines for working effectively with students with learning
disabilities. The Australian National University. May 1994. Retrieved:
September 28, 2006
http://www.anu.edu.au/disabilities/resources_for_staff/guidelines_learnin
g_difficulties.php.
_______ (1993) Basic facts about dyslexia: what every layperson ought to
know. 2nd edition. The International Dyslexia Association, Baltimore,
MD.
______(_____). Publication and statistics. Retrieved : September 24, 2006.
http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/PressReleases/PressRel
easesNotices/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4103517&chk=Wx3FjO
Hager, John H. (2006) President’s fiscal year 2006 (2006). Budget summary of
US department of education. Retrieved: September 23, 2006.
http://www.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/index.html?src=gu
Hallahan, Daniel P. and Mock , Devery R. (2003). A brief history of the field
of learning disabilities .New York: Guilford Publications.
Heath, Nancy (2005). 2005 IARL Conference in Valencia, Spain on July 7-9,
2005 International Academy for Research in Learning Disablities.
Retrieved December 2, 2005. from
http://www.iarld.net/membercountries.htm
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Journal of Medical Genetics (2001). Dyslexia my life: Dyslexia, what is it? what
is it like. Voices of Experience.
Kenrick, Vivienne (2001). Personality profile. The Japan Times: Nov. 10, 2001
Retrieved: December 7, 2005. info@npo-edge.jp.
http://www.gapyearforgrownups.co.uk/Romania%20Young%20People%
20with%20Learning%20Disabilities
National Center for Learning Disabilities, Inc. (2001) National Center for
Learning Disabilities [NCLD] urges full funding of IDEA in the 107th
congress, March 6, 2001. Washington, D.C. Retrieved: December 5,
2005. http://www.ncld.org/J/content/view/964/456125/
National Center for Learning Disabilities, Inc. (2001) Interview with parents.
Retrieved: August 26, 2006.
http://www.ncld.org/J/content/view/964/456125/.
Padilla, Portia P. (2005). Dyslexia and other learning disabilities. Fact sheet
during a workshop. Philippines: University of the Philippines.
Paul, Jock (2003). Helping children overcome barriers to education. July 27,
2003. Retrieved: September 26, 2006.
http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid
Policies and Guidelines for Special Education, (1997). Revised Edition. Section
3, Art. 1.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Quivey, Mary Ann (2002) The dyslexia myth?. April 28, 2002. Retrieved:
December 2, 2005. http://students.uis.edu/mquivois/dyslexiamyth.html
Richards, R. (2000). Our Fast Food Culture and Dyslexia. LD Online. Retrieved:
November 11, 2005.
http://www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/assessment/richards_dyslexia.html/
Romualdez, Babe (2006). Here we go again. Babe’s eye view. The Philippine
Star. September 17, 2006.
San Miguel, Stephanie et al. (1996). Social skills deficits in learning disabilities:
The psychiatric comorbidity hypothesis. Learning Disability Quarterly,
Volume 19.
______ (_____) The International Dyslexia Association (IDA) 2000 Fact Sheet
No. 62 – 05/00
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Dear Sir:
Greetings!
I would like to inform you that I am currently enrolled in thesis writing at the
Holy Cross of Davao College in Davao City, Philippines. I have yet to submit my
proposed topic, “The Knowledge and Perceptions on Learning Disabilities in the
Cities of Region XI of the Philippines and a Region of New York City, N.Y.,
U.S.A.” for approval.
I am writing the thesis with a partner in the Philippines; hence the choice of the
topic should suit such arrangement. If this pushes through and be finished till June, I
will go home in July to co-defend the thesis with my co-writer.
Our adviser instructed me to ask your permission and your written permit. In
connection thereof to such endeavor, I will be sending questionnaires to my co-
teachers as to accommodations, learning instruction, strategies, the extent of IEP
awareness, and other pertinent issues relevant to my studies.
In anticipation, I am thanking you for your approval and support regarding the
above mentioned matter.
Truly yours,
ARTENITA P. DANTE
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix B
Letter from New York City Department of Education Granting the Researchers to
Conduct Study
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix C
Letter to the DepEd Regional Director, Region XI, Philippines
March 3, 2006
DIAMAR P. KADON
Regional Director, Region XI
Department of Education
Davao City, Philippines
Thru: GLORIA P. LABOR
Division of City Schools Superintendent
Davao City
Dear Sir/Madam:
Mrs. Artenita P. Dante (base in New York City) and I are working on our Master’s
thesis in special education at Holy Cross of Davao College, Davao City, Philippines entitled,
“THE KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTIONS ON LEARNING DISABILITIES IN THE CITIES OF REGION
XI OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE REGION IN NEW YORK CITY, N.Y., U.S.A.”. Unlike other
disorders and disabilities which only somehow compound the responsibilities of immediate
families, learning disability not only creates emotional and psychological dilemma to an
individual but also may pose a potential threat to the society as well.
Even then, while other countries are vigorously confronting this problem, there is still
not much information about it in this country. As a starting point, we shall be presenting a
comparative awareness study that will serve as a reference point for other future studies.
In this regard, we are asking permission from your office to allow us to conduct a
research survey to selected public school educators in Region XI. It is understood that the
administration of the activity should not, in any way, disrupt the school program.
Respectfully,
MARLYN C. SALUDES
Researcher
Contents noted by:
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix D
Letter to the Dean of Graduate School Requesting Teleconferencing
March 3, 2006
Dear Sir:
Mrs. Artenita Dante and I are slated to present the study proposal of our Masteral thesis
on March 25, 2006. Our research is about the extent of knowledge and perceptions between
Region XI of the Philippines and a region of New York City, N.Y., U.S.A. regarding learning
disability.
In this context, we would like to present a study that would serve as a baseline and a
point of reference of future further studies that would benefit not only our educational
institutions but likewise our society.
We do not wish to fail on this opportunity; hence, we request your approval about the
fashion of our presentation but also our involvement in the necessary preparation and assistance
of needed technologies.
Respectfully,
MARLYN C. SALUDES
Researcher
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix E
Letter Sent to the Principal in the Schools of New York City, Likewise to the
Head of the Schools in the Philippines
THE PRINCIPAL
New York City Department of Education
Manhattan, Region 9, New York City,
N.Y., U.S.A.
Dear SIR/MADAM:
The researchers are gathering data for the completion of their thesis entitled,
“The Knowledge and Perceptions on Learning Disabilities in the Cities of Region
XI of the Philippines and a Region New York City, NY, U.S.A.”
Respectfully yours,
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix F
Letter to the Mayor of Davao City, Panabo City, Digos City,
IGACOS, & Tagum City
Dear Sir:
The researchers are gathering data for the completion of their thesis entitled,
“The Knowledge and Perceptions on Learning Disabilities in the Cities of Region
XI of the Philippines and a Region of New York City, NY, U.S.A.” This survey is
intended to determine the extent of knowledge and awareness and the level of
perception on learning disabilities.
Respectfully yours,
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix G
The Cover Letter of the Research Tool
May 9, 2006
Dear Sir/Madam:
The researchers are gathering data for the completion of their thesis entitled, “The
Knowledge and Perceptions on Learning Disabilities in the Cities of Region XI of the
Philippines and a Region of New York City, New York, U.S.A.” This survey is intended to
determine the extent of knowledge and awareness and the level of perception on learning
disabilities among parents, educators particularly the teachers, principal, supervisor, and
members of the local school board specifically city schools superintendent, non-personnel
officer in the public school, city mayor and chair of the education committee in the city
council.
There is no right or wrong answer. We assure you that your responses will be respected
and kept highly confidential.
Respectfully yours,
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix H
Letter Sent to the Thesis Review Panel Submitting the Edited Title Proposal
Dear SIRS/MESDAMES:
This is to submit the revised Thesis Proposal of Ms. Artenita P. Dante and
Mrs. Marlyn C. Saludes entitled: “The Knowledge and Perceptions on Learning
Disabilities in the Cities of Region XI of the Philippines and a Region of New York City,
NY, U.S.A.”
Attached herewith are the Summary of Suggestions and Action Taken and the
copy of documentation record of the Proposal Defense via teleconferencing for the
Master of Arts in Education major in Special Education taken last March 25, 2006 at
the Graduate School Conference Room, Davao City duly signed by Mary Richelle J.
Lao, documenter and Dr. Doroteo O. Amora, Dean of Graduate School.
We are sincerely very grateful to your favorable and helpful gesture on this
matter.
Truly yours,
Endorsed by:
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix I
Map Exhibiting the Areas of Study in Region XI, Philippines
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix J
Map of Instructional Divisions in New York
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix K
Sampling Procedure
N Z² α/2 · p (1 – p)
n=
N e² + Z² α/2 p (1 ־p)
level:
N Z² α/2 · p (1 – p)
n=
N e² + Z² α/2 p (1 ־p)
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
7,476.94
n=
23.18 + .80
7,476.94
n=
23.98
N Z² α/2 · p (1 – p)
n=
N e² + Z² α/2 p (1 ־p)
1392,495.3 (.21)
=
906.58 + 3.84 (.21)
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
N Z² α/2 · p (1 – p)
n=
N e² + Z² α/2 p (1 ־p)
259.66
=
.805 + .81
N Z² α/2 · p (1 – p)
n=
N e² + Z² α/2 p (1 ־p)
1793.43 1793.43
= =
5.56 + .81 6.37
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix L
Distribution of Respondents
Number of Enrollees
Number of Enrollees
Institutions High Elem. Total %tage Respondents
School
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Number of Teachers
Key Cities High Elementary Total %tage
School Respondents
Number of Teachers
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
34 35 4 73
Total Respondents
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
No. of
Institutions Location Teachers Parents LSB Respondents
Total Respondents 18 17 4 39
Total Respondents 30 32 4 66
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix M
A Copy of the Reliability Test Result of the Research Tool Conducted by the
Holy Cross of Davao College Research Department
Reliability
****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ******
Reliability Coefficients:
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Appendix N
The Research Tool
Part I. Demographic Information (Please check box when appropriate)
1. Age: __________ (as of last birthday)
2. Position: Parent Teacher Principal Supervisor
City Mayor
High School
6. Country: Philippines
8. City: __________________________________________________________
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Questionnaire continued
Please indicate the extent of your knowledge and awareness on the following statements
by placing a check mark (√ ) inside the box of your choice based on the rating scale found
below.
RATING SCALE
5 Full Knowledge and Awareness
1 2 3 4 5
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Questionnaire continued
Part III. Perception of the Remediation Program for Children with Learning Disabilities
Please indicate the extent of agreement of remediation program by writing a
check mark (√ ) inside the box of your choice. Use on the rating scale found below.
RATING SCALE
4 Agree 2 Disagree
1 2 3 4 5
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Questionnaire continued
1 2 3 4 5
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Questionnaire continued
Part IV. The Perception of the Treatment Services for Children with Learning Disabilities
Please indicate the extent of the treatment services for children with learning
disabilities in the following statements by placing a check mark (√ ) inside the box of your
choice based on the rating scale found below.
RATING SCALE
4 Agree 2 Disagree
1 2 3 4 5
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
CURRICULUM VITAE
EDUCATION
WORK EXPERIENCES
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
TRAININGS:
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
CURRICULUM VITAE
EDUCATION
2006 Holy Cross of Davao College, Davao City, Philippines
Master of Arts in Education Major in Special Education
Area: Teaching Learners with Intellectual and Learning Disabilities
WORK EXPERIENCES
TRAININGS:
February 26, 2005 Seminar on “Dyslexia and Other Learning Disabilities” and
in the Workshop on “Effective Reading Instruction And
Remediation” held at University of the Philippines, Davao City.
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)
Index
CV - Cerebellar-Vestibular
LD – Learning Disabilities
Te l. No s. (082) 221-9071 to 78 lo c a l 26/ 42; Fa x 221-9077 lo c a l 26; Dire c t line 221-3008 (PLDT)