Genetics 

is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.[1][2] It is generally considered a field of biology, but
intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems.

Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all
chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form).[3] Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once (S
phase), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere, resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured to the right) if
the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function. During gene expression, the DNA is
first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function.

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room"[1]) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A
cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology.
Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.
[2]
Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria)
or multicellular (including plants and animals).[3] While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to
species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (1013) cells.[4] 

Heterozygous[edit]
A diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles (one wild-type allele and one mutant
allele) of a gene.[3] The cell or organism is called a heterozygote specifically for the allele in question, and therefore, heterozygosity
refers to a specific genotype. Heterozygous genotypes are represented by a capital letter (representing the dominant/wild-type allele)
and a lowercase letter (representing the recessive/mutant allele), such as "Rr" or "Ss". Alternatively, a heterozygote for gene "R" is
assumed to be "Rr". The capital letter is usually written first.

Homozygous[edit]
A cell is said to be homozygous for a particular gene when identical alleles of the gene are present on both homologous chromosomes.
[2]
 The cell or organism in question is called a homozygote. True breeding organisms are always homozygous for the traits that are to
be held constant.
An individual that is homozygous-dominant for a particular trait carries two copies of the allele that codes for the dominant trait. This
allele, often called the "dominant allele", is normally represented by a capital letter (such as "P" for the dominant allele producing purple
flowers in pea plants). When an organism is homozygous-dominant for a particular trait, the genotype is represented by a doubling of
the symbol for that trait, such as "PP".

recessive

relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when
inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.

dominant

relating to or denoting heritable characteristics that are controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring
even when inherited from only one parent.

The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named
after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring
having a particular genotype.

Gregor mendel

Gregor Johann Mendel (Czech: Řehoř Jan Mendel;[1] 20 July 1822[2] – 6 January 1884) (English: /ˈmɛndəl/) was a
scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia. Mendel was born in a German-speaking
family[3] in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire (today's Czech Republic) and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the
modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain
desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now
referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.[4]

Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the
offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Through heredity, variations between individuals can
accumulate and cause species to evolve by natural selection. The study of heredity in biology is genetics.