ANTIBIOTICS

GROUP 2
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Đinh Trường Giang

Đặng Duy Trúc Giang
Lý Trường Giang
Đào Hoàng Duy
Nguyễn Mỹ Duyên
OUTLINE:

01 02
OVERVIEW OF ANTIBIOTICS DISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN

03 04
CLASSIFICATION FUTURE OF ANTIBIOTICS
01

OVERVIEW OF
ANTIBIOTICS
What is an antibiotic?

Antibiotics are medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria in humans and animals
by either killing the bacteria or making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply.

Bacteria are germs. Most bacteria are harmless and even helpful to people, but
some can cause infections, like strep throat.
 Antibiotics DO treat Antibiotics DON’T treat

Antibiotics ONLY treat Antibiotics DO NOT work on

certain infections caused by viruses, such as those that
bacteria, such as: cause:

• Strep throat • Colds and runny noses, even if the mucus is

• Whooping cough thick, yellow, or green
• Urinary tract infection (UTI) • Most sore throats (except strep throat)
• Flu
• Most cases of chest colds (bronchitis)

Antibiotics also ARE NOT needed for some

common bacterial infections, including:
• Many sinus infections
• Some ear infections
Just need to remember:
 History:
Before the early 20th century

Treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore

Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks,
used specially selected mold and plant materials to treat infections

In the 1990s

Were found to contain significant levels of tetracycline.

The beer brewed at that time was conjectured to have been the source.
 History:
Mid-20th century

The number of new antibiotic substances introduced for medical use

increased significantly

From 1935 to 1968

12 new classes of antibiotic were launched

Between 1969 and 2003

After this, the number of new classes dropped markedly, with only 2 new
classes introduced.
 Why is it important to take antibiotics only
when they’re needed?

When antibiotics are needed, the benefits usually outweigh the risks of side effects
or antibiotic resistance.
However, too many antibiotics are prescribed unnecessarily and misused, which
threatens the usefulness of these important drugs.

This is why it’s important that we all use antibiotics ONLY when we need them to protect
us from harms caused by unnecessary antibiotic use and to combat antibiotic resistance.
ANTIBIOTICS aren’t
always the answer
when you’re sick!
02
DISCOVERY OF
PENICILLIN
“I had a clue that here was something
good, but I could not possibly know
how good it was.”

- Sir Alexander Fleming in his speech upon receiving the

Nobel Prize for Medicine, at the Nobel Banquet in
Stockholm, December 10, 1945 with Ernst B. Chain & Sir
Howard Florey -

Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955)

The Noble Prize
“for the discovery of penicillin and its
curative effect in various infectious diseases”
THE ACCIDENTAL DISCOVERY: FLEMING’S LAB, ST. MARY'S HOSPITAL, LONDON.

1928 TO 1929

1928 1929

Mould growing on a Petri dish Paper published in the British Journal of

of Staphylococcus bacteria. Experimental Pathology, but it failed to
kindle any interest at the time.

Staphylococcus bacteria
A sample of penicillium mould, gifted by Alexander Fleming
to a colleague at St. Marys Hospital, Londol, 1935
 1938 1940

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain uncovered Eight mice were infected with deadly
Fleming’s research and worked on the streptococci bacteria. Only the four also
“Penicillin project” given penicillin survived.

Florey, Chain and members of the Oxford One of the earliest penicillin samples, believed to have been
penicillin team isolated from the urine of a patient given the antibiotic
 SCALING UP IN USA: MASS PRODUCTION, PEORIA, ILLINOIS, 1941

End of
1943 1946
1941

The US joined the Second World The US had sufficient Penicillin became available
War and demand for penicillin penicillin stocks to satisfy for the first time in the UK
rocketed. for public use.

Penicillin proved to be very effective in the treatment of pneumococcal

pneumonia – the death rate in WWII was 1% compared to 18% in WWI.

=> It has since proved its worth in the treatment of many life-threatening
infections such as tuberculosis, meningitis, diphtheria and several sexually-
transmitted diseases.
Around 20 different
labs in the US were Pfizer played one of
producing penicillin the biggest roles in
for the war effort, the mass production
including Schenley of penicillin
Laboratories.
 03
CLASSIFICATION
Based on antibacterial spectrum or chemical structure
Classification based on antibacterial spectrum
narrow-spectrum antibiotics broad-spectrum antibiotics

Antibiotics that only have effect on Antibiotics that can have effect on many
one or a specific kind of bacteria type of bacteria , included both positive-
gram and negative-gram bacterium.
Examples
- Penicillin Example
- Lincosamides - Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
- Glycopeptides - Tetracyclines
- Streptogramins - Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
- Cephalosporins
- Carbapenems
Classification based on chemical structures
Beta-lactam

Aminoglycoside
Antibiotics can be
classified based on Macrolides

chemical structures
Lincosamides

Quinolones
 Beta-lactam

The first, most diverse, and most commonly used class of antibiotics

Share common structural features, known as the beta-lactam ring

Beta-lactam antibiotics are generally bactericidal

 This group can be divided into smaller subclasses:

Derivatives of acid 6aminopenicilanic (A6AP), natural, other antibiotics are semisynthetic.

Penicillin
Example: ampicillin is widely use in treatment with negative-gram intestinal microorganism

Derivatives of A7AC, semisynthetic created, there are 4 generations in this subclass.

Cephalosporin Cefixime is a typical 3rd generation cephalosporin, mainly use in treatment with Pharyngitis
and pneumonia

*carbapenem: wide range of antibacterial spectrum and the act towards negative-gram
bacterium
Others
*monobactam: have no effect on anaerobic bacteria and positive-gram bacteria, only on
negative-gram bacteria
 Aminoglycoside
- Contain glycosidic group and amino functional group

- Most commonly used for serious infections caused

Streptomycin widely use in
by aerobic gram negative rods treatment with tuberculosis

- Not used as monotherapy for gram positive

infections , but are sometimes used in combination
with a beta-lactam or vancomycin

- Some side effects: hearing impairment, kidney

failure
Neomycin can be found in eyedrops
 Macrolides

Contains 12-17 membered lactone ring.

Some are semisynthetic , some are natural

Narrow-spectrum , mainly focus on some

typical negative-gram, positive-gram
bacterium Spiramycin treat toxoplasmosis and various

Side effects: nauseous, stomachache, diarrhea other infections of soft tissues

 Lincosamides

Included lincomycin (natural) and clindamycin

(semi synthesis from lincomycin)

Narrow-spectrum, mainly used on positive-gram

and anerobic bacterium.

Side effects: diarrhea

Clindamycin is used for treatment of a

number of bacterial infections
 Quinolones
All antibiotics of this group are produced by chemical synthesis

Beside being in a same group, the antibacterial spectrum of these

antibiotics are not completely the same

Side effect: tendonitis, tendon rupture, arthralgia, pain in extremities,

gait disturbance

Beside these group, there are still some group like Phenicol Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin use in
Tetracycline Peptide Sulfonamide and Oxazolidinone, urinary tract infection

5-nitroimidazol
Generation of Quinolones
04
FUTURE OF
ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotic resistance
 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
DEFINITION

Happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs
designed to kill them.

Difficult or sometimes impossible, to treat. In most cases, antibiotic-resistant infections

require extended hospital stays, additional follow-up doctor visits, and costly and toxic
alternatives.

Not meaning that the body is becoming resistant to antibiotics; bacteria have
become resistant to the antibiotics designed to kill them.
HOW DOES ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OCCUR ?
 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
CONSEQUENCE

Having the potential to Each year in the U.S., at Many medical advances
affect people as well as least 2.8 million people are are dependent on the
the healthcare making it infected with antibiotic- ability to fight infections
one of the world’s most resistant bacteria or fungi, using antibiotics.
urgent public health and more than 35,000
problems. people die as a result.
 SUPERBUGS
The term “superbug” was developed by the media. Instead, doctors use phrases "multidrug-resistant
bacteria." because a superbug isn't necessarily resistant to all antibiotics.

As these bacteria and fungi

In addition, these dangerous
adapt to the way a drug works,
germs may be more present
they begin to resist treatment.
in some foods, such as in
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
animal products that farmers
may be more present in
have treated with antibiotics.
certain areas such as hospitals
and other healthcare facilities.
 In November 2015, public health officials worldwide reacted with

COLISTIN alarm when researchers reported finding the colistin-resistant

strain in pigs and raw pork in China, later discovered in Europe and
elsewhere.
Colistin is the antibiotic of
last resort for dangerous
types of superbugs, including
a family of bacteria known as
CRE. In some instances, these
superbugs kill up to 50
percent of patients who
become infected.
China has been using it in agriculture, to speed growth of animals raised for meat
 DISCUSSIONS
HOW WE TACKLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ?

Strategies to protect antibiotics as a limited

resource and prevent the emergence and
spread of further resistance

Reinvigorating drug development pathways

and bringing new antibiotics into market
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!