2768
5, OCTOBER 2021
A Fault Data Based Method for Zero-Sequence
Impedance Estimation of Mutually Coupled
Transmission Lines
Oveis Asgari Gashteroodkhani , Student Member, IEEE, Mehrdad Majidi , Member, IEEE,
and Mehdi Etezadi-Amoli , Life Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—Line impedances estimation is of great importance in
power system studies. Different software are used in utilities to
calculate line impedances using the line conductor and structure
data. The calculated values cannot be reliable due to inaccurate
information or change in atmospheric condition. Also, since there
is a lack of communication between different departments such as
system protection, line construction, etc., a line conductor/structure
may be changed while the affected departments are not notified.
Most of the impedance estimation methods use phasor measure-
ment units (PMUs) in the protection relays which are connected
to protection class current transformers (CTs) that do not pro-
vide accurate currents compared to metering class CTs. These
methods not only require PMUs in the substations, but also fail
to measure zero-sequence voltages and currents due to inadequate
zero-sequence components under normal operation. In parallel
transmission lines, zero-sequence impedance estimation is even
more challenging. This paper introduces a method for estimating
the self and mutual zero-sequence impedances for mutually coupled
transmission lines using recorded fault data. Extensive simulation
and protective relay test results in RSCAD/RTDS indicate that the
proposed approach has high accuracy in estimating the self and
mutual zero-sequence impedances as well as the fault location in
parallel transmission lines.
Index Terms—Line parameter estimtion, mutually coupled
lines, decaying dc offset, zero-sequence impedance, mutual zero-
sequence.
I. INTRODUCTION
OWER system engineers require transmission line
P impedance parameters for various applications. In power
system analysis such as protective relays setting, short-circuit,
power flow, state estimation analysis, etc., the series impedance
and shunt admittance of transmission lines are critical infor-
mation. Line parameters estimation with high accuracy plays a
significant role in predicting power system response character-
istics and maintaining its stability, security, and resiliency [1].
Traditionally, the conductor and structure type of a line are used
Manuscript received March 2, 2020; revised July 28, 2020; accepted Septem-
ber 20, 2020. Date of publication September 24, 2020; date of current version
September 23, 2021. Paper no. TPWRD-00327-2020. (Corresponding author:
Mehdi Etezadi-Amoli.)
The authors are with the Electrical and Biomedical Engineering De-
partment, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0260 USA (e-mail:
oveisa@nevada.unr.edu; mmajidi@unr.edu; etezadi@unr.edu).
Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at https:
//doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2020.3026672.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2020.3026672
0885-8977 © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 36, NO.
to calculate the transmission line impedances. Such theoretical
methods for parameter estimation are erroneous as they do not
consider change in weather condition, ambient temperature, skin
effect, etc. Therefore, industries have paid a growing attention
in measuring the line parameters to verify the accuracy of
calculated line parameters. Zero-sequence estimation is more
inaccurate using traditional methods, as it highly depends on
ground path and mutual effects in double-circuit lines [2].
Parallel transmission lines have extensively been used in
power systems due to their increased power transfer capabilities
and less requirement for new right of way and transmission tow-
ers. Mutual impedances between the transmission lines affect the
current and voltage signals measured by the digital protective
relays. The impedance matrix of a six-conductor double-circuit
transmission line is a 6 × 6 matrix including self and mutual
impedances. The lines are appropriately arranged or transposed
in order to remove the mutual arrays from the impedance matrix.
Although transposition leads to smaller unbalance in the lines,
it cannot remove the mutual zero-sequence impedance. Unlike
positive- and negative- sequence currents, the mutual impedance
between parallel lines which are due to zero-sequence currents
can be comparable to the self-impedance [3], [4]. Therefore, the
effects of mutual zero-sequence for estimation of zero-sequence
impedances of the transmission lines cannot be neglected.
Off/on-line methods can be used for measuring the line pa-
rameters. On-line methods are preferred because line outages are
avoided. Several line parameter estimation methods using PMUs
have been introduced in the literature [5]–[14]. In [5], a total least
square based algorithm and PMU data of parallel transmission
lines are used for the line impedance estimation. A method based
on synchrophasor measurement for impedance estimation of
short single-circuit transmission lines is presented in [6]. In [7], a
method using linear estimation theory and PMU data is proposed
for the impedance estimation in transmission lines. Non-linear
estimation theory and synchrophasor measurements are used
in [8]–[10] to calculate transmission line impedances. In [11], a
method using PMU and SCADA data is proposed for estimating
the impedances in two and three terminal transmission lines.
In [12]–[14], synchronized measurement and Kalman filter are
used for state and line parameter estimation. The PMU-based
methods in [5]–[14] may not be accurate as the PMU is a part of
microprocessor relays which are connected to protection class
current transformers (CTs) which are less accurate than metering
 GASHTEROODKHANI et al.: FAULT DATA BASED METHOD FOR ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION
class CTs. Also, these methods fail to estimate the zero-sequence
parameters due to inadequate zero-sequence components under
the steady state operation. In [15]–[17], unsynchronized fault
currents and voltages are used for transmission line impedances
estimation. Reference [15] presents two methods, one using fault
data and the other using fault and pre-fault information for the
impedance estimation based on the distributed parameter line
model. In [16], a method based on unsynchronized pre-fault and
fault measurements is introduced for the impedances estimation
in both transposed and untransposed single circuit transmission
lines. Another line impedance estimation method using un-
synchronized fault data and electromagnetic wave propagation
speed is proposed in [17] with more transient tolerance and
higher estimation accuracy compared with [15]. However, the
methods in [15]–[17] have been proposed for single transmission
lines. To the best of our knowledge, line impedance estimation
of mutually coupled transmission lines using fault data have
not been studied in the literature. Since many methods in the
literature estimate the positive-sequence impedances in single
lines with good accuracy, and the positive-sequence impedance
estimation in parallel lines is similar to that of single lines, this
paper focusses on estimation of self and mutual zero-sequence
impedances using fault record data in mutually coupled lines.
For this purpose, new algorithms are proposed using line-to-
ground and line-to-line-to-ground faults data of several sim-
ulated faults in double-circuit lines. Note that there are fault
location methods using line parameters in mutually coupled
transmission lines in the literature [18], [19]. However, fault
location is a by-product and not the main purpose of the proposed
method. Our main contributions are as follows:
r To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first study
which proposes a novel method for estimation of self and
mutual zero-sequence impedances of double-circuit lines
using fault data. The majority of the existing line parameter
estimation methods is based on the PMU measurement
which are not able to correctly estimate the zero-sequence
parameters because of inadequate zero-sequence compo-
nents under the steady state operation. Note that the few
existing fault-data based methods for zero-sequence esti-
mation [15], [17], only consider single transmission lines.
r The method uses unsynchronized fault currents and volt-
ages data which eliminates the need for PMU installa-
tion. Abrupt change detection using TT-transform is used
for synchronization. TT-transform is more sensitive than
Wavelet transform (WT) [20] for detecting the abrupt
change in the fault waveforms [21]. Also, TT-transform
performs better than WT for measurement errors [22]–[24].
r The proposed method is able to estimate the self and
mutual zero-sequence impedances, and fault location with
high accuracy for mutually coupled transmission lines with
different configurations. Both single phase-to-ground and
double phase-to-ground event reports in the protective
relay’s history can be used by the protection engineers
to estimate zero-sequence impedances. This enhances the
value and practical usefulness of the proposed method since
a transmission line may have only one type of ground faults.
The paper is organized as follows: The system under study
and fault data synchronization are explained in Section II. The
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2769
Fig. 1. System under study.
TABLE I
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA
presented algorithm to estimate zero-sequence impedances is
explained in Sections III. Simulation and test results are de-
scribed in Section IV. Discussion and conclusions are provided
in Sections V and VI, respectively.
II. SYSTEM UNDER STUDY AND FAULT DATA
SYNCHRONIZATION
A transmission system shown in Fig. 1 is simulated in
RSCAD/RTDS.
This system includes 6 conductor parallel transmission lines,
lines 1 and 2, with mutual coupling between them. Lines 1, and
2 have a length of 100 km. These lines are connected to 230 kV
voltage sources, Vsr and Vsl , through two single lines 3 and 4.
The parallel transmission lines data is listed in Table I.
In this paper, single line-to-ground and double line-to-ground
faults are analyzed as they contain rich zero-sequence compo-
nents. The proposed method uses the unsynchronized three-
phase current and voltage signals measured during the fault
period at both L and R terminals. Figure 2 shows the fault
data including pre-, during- and post-fault periods for a single
line-to-ground fault. The pre- and post-fault waveforms recorded
by digital relays normally include 3 to 5 cycles. The fault
duration can be a few cycles longer. The fault current and
voltage waveforms from all four terminals of the parallel lines
are measured. These waveforms are unsynchronized as they are
independently recorded. Fault data is used for estimating the
zero-sequence impedances of the lines since it entails significant
zero-sequence components. To obtain good accuracy, decaying
DC offset needs to be removed from fault data. Also, the effects
of mutual zero-sequence impedance between the parallel lines
must be considered.
As the measured voltages and currents by digital relays are
unsynchronized, a synchronization method is needed before
estimating the line impedances. Abrupt change detection can be
used for waveform synchronization by segmenting the pre- and
during-fault intervals. In [20], Wavelet transform (WT) is used
for the abrupt change detection. Our previous work [21] shows
 2770 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 36, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2021

Fig. 3. Abrupt change detection using TT-transform.

Fig. 2. Typical phase currents and voltages at one terminal of the parallel line.

that Time Time-transform (TT-transform) is more sensitive than

WT to detect the abrupt change in the fault waveforms. Also,
TT-transform outperforms WT under noisy condition [22]–[24].
Therefore, TT-transform is used for abrupt change detection in
this paper. A brief description of TT-transform and the way it is
used for abrupt change detection are provided here. Fig. 4. Flowchart of the proposed method.

A. TT-Transform
B. Abrupt Change Detection
Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is written as (1)
 ∞ TT-matrix is obtained by applying TT-transform to the aerial
ST F T (τ, f ) = h (t)w (τ − t) e−2πif t dt (1) mode of the current signals at both line terminals. Diagonal
−∞ elements of TT-matrix consist of high-frequency components of
the signals which provide valuable information to determine the
In (1), h(t) and w(t) represent the signal and the window
fault inception instant which is used to distinguish the pre-fault
function, respectively. Frequency and time are the parameters
from during-fault intervals [22], [25]. The waveforms at two line
that determine the position of the window function, w(t). If w(t)
ends are aligned with respect to the identified fault inception
is obtained from (2), S-transform will be derived from (1), and
instant to complete the synchronization. Figure 3 shows an
is expressed as (3). In STFT, the height and the width of the
example of abrupt change detection using TT-transform for a
window function are constant values. However, in S-transform,
fault at sample 347.
these parameters depend on the frequency [25].
 2 2
|f | −f t III. ESTIMATION OF ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES
w(t) = √ exp (2)
2π 2
 ∞  2 
Figure 4 shows a flowchart of the proposed zero-sequence
|f | −f (τ −t)2
impedance estimation in parallel transmission lines. First, fault
S (τ, f ) = h (t) √ e 2
e−2πif t dt (3)
−∞ 2π data synchronization is executed using TT-transform based
abrupt change detection. Then, DC offset of the fault data is
If we take the inverse Fourier transform of (3), the TT- removed to minimize the negative impact of the during-fault
transform is obtained as (4). transients. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is then used to
 ∞ extract the fundamental phasors. Finally, the fault location, self
T T (τ, t) = S(τ, f )e+2πif t df (4) and mutual zero-sequence impedances of the lines are estimated.
−∞
A simple algorithm for implementation is proposed based on
In (4), τ denote the position of the window function of the symmetrical component networks of single and double line-to-
S-transform and t represents the time [26]. ground faults on the mutually coupled lines.

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 GASHTEROODKHANI et al.: FAULT DATA BASED METHOD FOR ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION 2771

A. DC Offset Removal
Fault currents comprise fundamental, harmonic and decaying
DC components. To extract the fundamental components, DFT
can be used. However, DFT cannot remove the DC offset. If the
fault currents include unfavorable transients, large errors will
be available in the line impedance estimation [27]. Thus, before
applying DFT, the DC offset should be eliminated from the fault
current waveforms. Several methods have been suggested in the Fig. 5. Zero-sequence mutual coupling visualization in parallel lines.
literature for the DC removal. The effective method that uses
one cycle of the fault to calculate and eliminate the DC offset
from fault data is used in this paper [28]. This method is briefly
described here.
Fault current which includes fundamental, harmonic and de-
caying dc components can be expressed as:
p

−t
i(t) = I0 e τ + Im sin(kω1 t + θm ) (5)
m=1

where I0 and τ denote the magnitude and time constant of dc

component. Also,θm and Im denote the phase angle and magni-
tude of the mth harmonic component of the fault current. If Z(t)
is the integral of (5) for one period, T, we will have
 t
t T
Z(t) = i(t)dt = − I0 τ.e− τ (1 − e τ ) (6)
t−T

Therefore, the integral of (5) after a small time step, Δt is

(t+Δt) T Δt
Z(t + Δt) = −I0 τ.e− τ (1 − e τ ) = Z(t).e− τ (7)
Using the first two terms of Taylor series expansion and (7),
Fig. 6. Symetrical components network for a single line-to-ground fault in
we have double circuit lines.
Δt 1 Z(t + Δt)
e− τ = 1 + (−Δt) = (8)
τ Z(t) C. Algorithms for Zero-Sequence Impedance Estimation
Therefore, τ can be computed as As mentioned earlier, mutual zero-sequence is present in
Δt the mutually coupled lines even if they are fully transposed.
τ=  (9) In addition, mutual positive- and negative-sequence values can
Z(t+Δt)
1− Z(t) be neglected as they are very small compared to the mutual
From (6), the DC component at time t can be obtained as zero-sequence components. Figure 6 illustrates the symmetrical
component network with zero-sequence mutual coupling for
t Z(t) a single line-to-ground fault. Note that in this figure, all the
I 0 e− τ = T (10)
−τ.(1 − e τ ) sequence currents and voltages at the ends of the lines are
obtained through the three-phase measurements. Also, the lines
Using this dc removal technique, the dc component is esti-
positive- and negative-sequence impedances are assumed to be
mated after one cycle and can be removed from the fault current
known.
in each sample.
Using the negative-sequence loop, fault location (m) can be
obtained as follows:
B. Mutual Zero-Sequence Impedance
In the double-circuit lines, the mutual zero-sequence Vr− − Vl− + mZl− (Ilr1
−
) − (1 − m)Zl− (Irl1
−
)=0
impedance, Z0 m is considerable regardless of the conductors’ −Vr− + Vl− + Zl− Irl1
−
arrangement. In some cases, zero-sequence mutual impedance m= − − − (11)
Zl (Ilr1 + Irl1 )
is comparable to the positive-sequence impedance. The zero-
sequence mutual impedance which depends on the structure and Similarly, m can be obtained using the positive-sequence loop
geometry of the lines can always be measured. Figure 5 shows as follows:
the zero-sequence mutual coupling visualization. As shown, if I0 Vr+ − Vl+ + mZl+ Ilr1
+
− (1 − m)Zl+ Irl1
+
=0
is the zero-sequence current flowing in one line of a parallel line,
an induced voltage which equals to Z0 m × I° can be considered −Vr+ + Vl+ + Zl+ Irl1
+
m= + + + (12)
in the other line for visualizing the zero-sequence mutual effect. Zl (Ilr1 + Irl1 )

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 2772 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 36, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2021

TABLE II
FAULT LOCATION ESTIMATION

TABLE III
SELF ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION

Fig. 7. Symetrical components network for a double line-to-ground fault in Note: Based on Table I, the reference values are R0 l = 0.3618 and X0 l = 1.2278.
double circuit lines.

where
In our method, the average of m obtained from (11) and (12) + + − −
If = Ilr1 + Irl1 + Ilr1 + Irl1
is used to identify the fault location. Using KVL in Fig. 6, we
have Note that in (16), Z0 l and Rf are unknown. From zero-sequence
loop similar to (17), we have
(1 − m)Zl+ Irl1
+
+ 3Rf If − Vr0 + (1 − m)Zl0 Irl1
0

− Vr− + (1 − m)Zl− Irl1

−
− Vr+ = 0 (13) Vr0 − Vl0 + mZl0 Ilr1
0
+ mZm 0 0
Ilr2 − (1 − m)Zl0 Irl1
0
=0
(17)
+
where If = Ilr1 +
+ Irl1 In (17), Z0 l and Z0 m are unknown. Using another KVL in
0
Note that in (13), Z l and Rf are unknown. From zero-sequence Fig. 7, we have
loop, we have + 0 0
mZl + Ilr1 + Rf If − mZm Ilr2 − mZl0 Ilr1
0
+ Vl0
Vr0 − Vl0 + mZl0 Ilr1
0 0 0
+ mZm Ilr2 − (1 − m)Zl0 Irl1
0
=0 − Vl+ = 0 (18)
(14)
where Z0 l and Z0 m are unknown. Using another KVL in Fig. 6, In (18), Z0 l , Z0 m and Rf are unknown. By solving equations
we have (16), (17) and (18) for Z0 l , Z0 m and Rf , line zero-sequence,
+
mutual zero-sequence and fault resistance are obtained.
mZl + Ilr1 + 3Rf If − Vl0 + mZl0 Ilr1
0 0 0
+ mZm Ilr2
− Vl− + mZl− Ilr1
−
− Vl+ = 0 (15) IV. SIMULATION AND TEST RESULTS

where Z0 l , Z0 m and Rf are unknown. By solving equations (13),
(14) and (15) for Z0 l , Z0 m and Rf , line zero-sequence, mutual
zero-sequence and fault resistance are obtained.
Fault location, self and mutual zero-sequence impedances of
the lines can also be calculated using the symmetrical component
network shown in Fig. 7 for a double phase-to-ground fault.
Using negative- and positive-sequence loops in Fig. 7, similar
results to (11) and (12) are obtained for locating the fault. Using
KVL in Fig. 7, we have
(1 − m)Zl− Irl1
−
+ Rf If − (1 − m)Zl0 Irl1
0 and with fault resistance of Rf = 0.01 Ω are simulated. The
+ Vr0 − Vr− = 0
A large number of ground faults are simulated with different
fault conditions to evaluate the performance of the proposed
method. Table II shows the fault location estimation accuracy
for single and double line-to-ground faults in one of the two
parallel lines. The results indicate that the method has very good
accuracy in fault location which is obtained first in the proposed
zero-sequence impedances estimation.
Tables III and IV show the estimation accuracy of the method
for self and mutual zero-sequence impedances of the lines,
respectively. Several types of faults with different fault location
results confirm that the estimation method is not influenced by
(16) system conditions.

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 GASHTEROODKHANI et al.: FAULT DATA BASED METHOD FOR ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION
TABLE IV
MUTUAL ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION
Note: Based on Table I, the reference values are R0 m = 0.1206 and X0 m = 0.4092.
TABLE V
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS
Note: References [15] and [17] do not consider mutually coupled lines.
TABLE VI
EFFECTS OF FAULT RESISTANCE ON FAULT LOCATION AND SELF
ZERO-SEQUENCE ESTIMATION
Note: Based on Table I, the reference values are R0 l = 0.3618 and X0 l = 1.2278.
TABLE VII
EFFECTS OF FAULT RESISTANCE ON MUTUAL ZERO-SEQUENCE ESTIMATION
Note: Based on Table I, the reference values are R0 m = 0.1206 and X0 m
= 0.4092.
Table V shows the maximum and average errors in zero-
sequence parameters estimation for the proposed method in
parallel lines compared to results from [15], [17] which do not
handle mutually coupled lines and only consider single lines. As
shown, the proposed method produces accurate results despite
the fact that parameter estimation in parallel lines is a chal-
lenging problem due to the effects of the mutual zero-sequence
impedance.
The effects of fault resistance are also evaluated on the perfor-
mance of the line impedance estimation method. Tables VI and
VII depict the fault location and self and mutual zero-sequence
estimation for several fault scenarios with fault resistances of Rf
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2773
TABLE VIII
EFFECTS OF SYSTEM CONFIGURATION ON FAULT LOCATION AND SELF
ZERO-SEQUENCE ESTIMATION
TABLE IX
EFFECTS OF MEASUREMENT ERRORS ON FAULT LOCATION AND SELF
ZERO-SEQUENCE ESTIMATION
= 0.01 Ω to 75 Ω. As shown, the method provides promising
results for all the cases.
Table VIII shows the performance of the proposed method for
AG fault with m = 0.2 and Rf = 0.01 Ω in systems with different
voltage levels, line lengths, and conductor arrangements. The
results confirm that the method is immune to change in system
structures.
The effects of random and biased measurement errors on the
immunity of the proposed method for a 120kV transmission
system are given in Table IX. For considering random measure-
ment errors, the voltage and current signals at all four terminals
of the parallel lines have been contaminated with Gaussian noise
with signal to noise ratio, SNR = 30dB. For considering biased
measurement error, the voltage and current signals at only one
terminal is increased by 10%. As shown in Table IX, the method
is secure against measurement uncertainty. This can be due to
the fact that for synchronizing the signals, the proposed method
uses TT-transform which is robust against noisy measurements
[22]–[24].
We also test the proposed method on an actual commercial
grade relay [29]. The relay is tested using real-time digital
simulator (RTDS) facilities at our university laboratory. Figure 8
shows the RTDS and the relay used in this study.
Several fault scenarios are simulated in the mutually coupled
lines in RSCAD software and the current and voltage signals
of each terminals of the parallel lines are sent to the relay. The
relay uses analog low-pass and one-cycle cosine filter to remove
dc component and the harmonics greater than the fundamental.
The relay’s filtered event report includes voltage and current
and symmetrical components with 32 samples per cycle. Fig-
ure 9 shows unfiltered and filtered current and voltage signals
 2774 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 36, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2021

Fig. 8. The actual relay and RTDS facilities.

TABLE X
FAULT LOCATION, SELF AND MUTUAL IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION USING THE
ACTUAL RELAY OUTPUT

Note: The reference values are m = 0.8, R0 l = 0.3618 and X0 l = 1.2278, R0 m = 0.1206,
X0 m = 0.4092, and Rf = 0.01.

obtained from the relay at bus L of Fig. 1 for AG fault at 80% of

the Line 1 with Rf = 0.01 Ω. Note that the relay output currents
and voltages were exported to MATLAB from the available relay
software to enhance the quality of these waveforms.
Figure 10 shows the symmetrical components of the filtered
voltage and currents obtained from the relay at bus L of Fig. 1
for AG fault at 80% of the Line 1 with Rf = 0.01 Ω.
Voltage and current symmetrical components received from
the relay are used in equations (13)–(15) or (16)–(18) for
single phase-to-ground and double phase-to-ground faults, re-
spectively, to calculate fault location error, self and mutual
zero-sequence impedances, and fault resistance for each fault
scenarios as shown in Table X.

V. DISCUSION
In this paper, the effects of shunt capacitance on the equations Fig. 9. Event report from the relay at bus L (a) unfiltered, (b) filtered.
derived from the symmetrical components network have not
been considered. To evaluate these effects on the zero-sequence TABLE XI
SELF AND MUTUAL IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION FOR AG FAULT AT A 120 KV
impedance estimation, a test system with lower voltage level of SYSTEM WITH 15 KM LINE LENGTH
120 kV and shorter line length, 15 km is considered here. Ta-
ble XI shows the results of self and mutual impedance estimation
for AG fault at different fault location in the test system with
lower shunt capacitance. As shown, the estimation error will
decrease when the shunt capacitance is lower. Similar results
are achieved using an actual relay as shown in Table XII.

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 GASHTEROODKHANI et al.: FAULT DATA BASED METHOD FOR ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION
Fig. 10. Symmetrical components of the filtered voltage and currents of the
relay at bus L.
TABLE XII
SELF AND MUTUAL IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION USING THE RELAY OUTPUT FOR
A 120 KV SYSTEM WITH 15 KM LINE LENGTH
For the future work, we aim to incorporate the effects of
the shunt capacitance in the estimation equations derived from
the symmetrical components network to further increase the
accuracy of the zero-sequence impedance estimation for lines
with higher voltage level and longer length.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper uses fault record data to estimate zero-sequence
impedances of parallel transmission lines where the mutual
zero-sequence impedance is not zero even if the line conductors
are completely transposed. For zero-sequence parameter estima-
tion, the mutual effect must be considered. Single and double
line-to-ground fault symmetrical component networks are used
to provide an effective method for zero-sequence impedance es-
timation. The method is simple to implement and works well for
different fault locations, resistances and tower configurations.
Since to best of our knowledge, there are no line impedance
estimation methods for mutually coupled lines using fault record
data in the literature, we compared our method to those that
only consider single transmission lines. The simulation and
test results confirm the great ability of the proposed method
in zero-sequence impedance estimation for parallel lines.
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2775
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Oveis Asgari Gashteroodkhani (Student Member, IEEE) received the B.S.
and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Guilan and
Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), in 2012, and 2015,
respectively. Also, he received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
the University of Nevada, Reno, in 2020. He is currently working as a Senior
Power Engineer with ETAP, Operation Technology, Inc. in California, USA. His
main research interests include power system protection, smart grids, microgrids,
machine learning and signal processing applications in power systems.
Authorized licensed use limited to: College of Engineering - THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. Downloaded on September 21,2022 at 09:22:32 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 36, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2021
Mehrdad Majidi (Member, IEEE) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees (with
Hons.) in electrical engineering from the Power and Water University of Technol-
ogy, Tehran, Iran, in 2009 and 2011, respectively, and Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), NV, USA, in 2016.
Since then, he has been a Part Time Faculty with Electrical & Biomedical
Engineering Department, UNR. From May 2016 to July 2020, he was a Senior
Protection Engineer with System Protection Department, NV Energy, Reno,
NV. He is currently working as a Principal Engineer with System Protection,
Automation, and Control (SPACE) Department at San Diego Gas & Electric,
San Diego, CA. His research interests include system protection, fault location,
state estimation, and applications of signal processing in power system. He is a
licensed Professional Engineer in states of Nevada and California.
Mehdi Etezadi-Amoli (Life Senior Member, IEEE) received the BSEE, MSEE,
and Ph.D. degrees from New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, in
1970, 1972, and 1974, respectively. From 1975 to 1979, he was an Assistant
Professor of electrical engineering, New Mexico State and the University of
New Mexico, Alberquerque, NM, USA. From 1979 to 1983, he was a Senior
Protection Engineer with Arizona Public Service Company, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
In 1983, he joined the Faculty of the Electrical Engineering Department,
the University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA. During summers 1985–1998, He
was with NV Energy (formerly Sierra Pacific Power Company). His current
interests include large-scale systems, power system distribution and protection,
distributed generation, and renewable energy. Prof. Etezadi-Amoli is currently
a Registered Professional Engineer in Nevada.