IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 34, NO.
5, OCTOBER 2019
New Algorithm for Protection of Double Circuit
Transmission Lines Using Modal Currents
Snehal Vijay Unde , Student Member, IEEE, Prashant Gawande , Student Member, IEEE,
and Sanjay Dambhare , Member, IEEE
Abstract—This paper presents a new protection algorithm for
double circuit transmission lines using the sum of ratios of modal
currents. Relay-operating characteristics is proposed using the
complex ratio of modal currents. The proposed algorithm estimates
modal domain line parameters and identifies the faulty phases for
single pole-tripping applications even during inter-circuit faults.
The scheme is sensitive to high resistance internal faults and also de-
tects internal faults with outfeed. The proposed scheme is immune
to mutual coupling and is found robust to uncertainties in param-
eter estimation due to measurement inaccuracies. The scheme is
tested for its effectiveness to deal with current transformer satu-
ration and synchronisation error. The scheme protects series com-
pensated double circuit transmission lines even in the presence of
current inversion. Exhaustive case studies in electromagnetic tran-
sient program (EMTP)/alternate transient program are performed
on 400 kV, 300 km, double circuit transmission lines and the pro-
posed protection algorithm is implemented in MATLAB. The re-
sults confirm the superiority of the proposed scheme.
Index Terms—Current differential protection, double cir-
cuit transmission lines, modal transformation, synchronized
measurements.
I. INTRODUCTION
UTUAL coupling of double circuit transmission lines
M challenges the security and dependability of ground dis-
tance relays and hence need special attention. Ground distance
relay reach is affected severely due to the induced voltage. Fur-
ther, series compensation on double circuit lines aggravates the
protection challenges [1], [2].
Unit type protection systems such as current differential
protection works satisfactorily for the protection of complex
transmission lines. The advancement of time synchronized mea-
surement and the development in fibre optics communication
technology are motivating the protection engineers to develop
superior protection scheme for transmission lines [3]. Unlike
distance protection, current differential protection is immune
to mutual coupling effect, power swing, load encroachment,
voltage stress, series impedance unbalances and under-
reach/overreach. In addition, it performs well for inter-circuit
Manuscript received July 23, 2018; revised December 7, 2018 and February
7, 2019; accepted March 14, 2019. Date of publication March 25, 2019; date
of current version September 23, 2019. This work was supported by Center
of Excellence-Smart Renewable Energy System (CoE-SRES) under TEQIP III.
Paper no. TPWRD-00857-2018. (Corresponding author: Snehal Vijay Unde.)
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Col-
lege of Engineering, Pune 411005, India (e-mail:, snehal.3aug@gmail.com;
prashant.gawande7@gmail.com; sanjay.dambhare@gmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2906939
0885-8977 © 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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1967
and cross-country faults. Hence more secure, sensitive, se-
lective and dependable protection scheme can be developed
using current differential principle. However, their performance
during CT saturation, current outfeed, current inversion on
series compensated lines and sensitivity to high impedance
faults is limited by their operating characteristics [4], [5].
Current differential protection can be implemented as a per-
centage biased scheme or in the current ratio plane. Percentage
differential relays using slope setting cannot achieve the same
sensitivity and security as the alpha plane. The enhanced alpha
plane characteristics for line differential protection are presented
in [6]. An adaptive alpha plane differential protection, proposed
in [7] improves the performance during high resistance internal
faults. Differential protection based on an alternative alpha plane
of incremental complex power with restraint characteristics as
its left half plane is proposed in [8]. Differential protection based
on equivalent travelling wave is proposed in [9]. A time-domain
differential protection solution based on integrated quantities for
transmission lines is proposed in [10].
The review of current differential protection schemes for dou-
ble circuit transmission lines are presented here. A digital protec-
tion technique for parallel transmission lines using single relay at
each end comparing average currents of corresponding phases
is proposed in [11]. A new digital technique based on trans-
verse differential protection relaying is presented in [12] which
responds to the current incremental signals in corresponding
phases. An integrated differential protection scheme for double
circuit lines is proposed in [13] which overcomes the drawbacks
of conventional transverse differential scheme. Reference [14]
proposes a double circuit current comparison protection along
with traveling wave based differential protection for double cir-
cuit high voltage lines. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT)-
based current differential protection scheme is proposed in [15]
considering cross-country faults and CT saturation. Reference
[16] proposes a percentage cross differential current elements
to improve the sensitivity of the relay. This method uses phase
selector elements to block the healthy phase elements. A protec-
tion relay which combines longitudinal and transverse current
differential protection techniques for double circuit lines is pro-
posed in [17]. Reference [18] proposes a GPS synchronized cur-
rent differential protection for mutually coupled lines in which
differential function is developed using equivalent π model and
phase coordinate approach.
While we agree that the conventional phase domain line differ-
ential protection has high dependability and crisp selectivity, its
 1968 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 34, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2019

security is compromised by CT saturation and current inversion.

Also, its sensitivity is affected by line charging currents. This
paper proposes a novel current differential protection scheme
for double circuit transmission lines using ratio of modal cur-
rents to solve these issues. The six time synchronized current
and voltage measurements of both ends of the double circuit
lines are transformed to modal domain. Modal domain line pa-
rameters are estimated. The scheme is then proposed using the
series branch current of the equivalent π model in modal do-
main. A new operating characteristics is proposed in the Modal
Current Ratio (MCR) plane. The left of the proposed plane is
the restraining region whereas the right represents the operating
region. The setting of the proposed relay is simple and distinct
than that of percentage biased, alpha plane and modified alpha Fig. 1. Alpha plane characteristics.
plane characteristics [5]–[7]. Further, a phase identification al-
gorithm is developed for single pole tripping applications even
for inter-circuit faults. The performance of the proposed protec-
tion scheme is evaluated on a 400 kV, 300 km double circuit
transmission line and series compensated double circuit line.
The paper is organized as follows. Section II revisits the fun-
damentals of current differential protection and lays foundation
of the proposed scheme. The new scheme for double circuit
transmission lines using modal domain currents is proposed in
Section III. Section IV presents the relaying algorithm. Exhaus-
tive case studies are presented in Section V and the relaying Fig. 2. Double circuit transmission line.
performance is compared with alpha plane characteristics.
Section VI discusses important aspects of line differential
protection. Section VII concludes the paper.
During normal operating condition the locus of current ratio
remains within the boundary which is the restraining region
II. FUNDAMENTALS
as in Fig. 1. During any disturbance the locus moves out of
A. Percentage Biased Characteristics the restraining region and the scheme declares it as an inter-
nal fault. The characteristic is set considering two parameters:
Traditional current differential protection schemes generate a
the radius R of the greater arc (5 < R < 10) and the angle
tripping signal if the operating current Iop exceeds a percentage
α (160◦ < α < 210◦ ). The angular setting α accommodates
of restraining current Irt and is also greater than a minimum
CT and current alignment errors without affecting sensitivity,
pickup current Io .
whereas R modifies sensitivity without penalizing tolerance to
Iop = |Is + Ir | (1) CT saturation and current alignment errors [19].
Irt = |Is − Ir | (2)
C. Motivation
where Is and Ir are the local end and remote end currents. The
Double circuit transmission lines as shown in Fig. 2 are
relay picks up when,
characterized by strong mutual coupling between the two cir-
Iop ≥ Io (3) cuits. The phase domain currents are influenced by the mutual
impedance and mutual admittance between the phases of the two
Iop ≥ nIrt (4)
lines. These are decoupled using modal transformation matrix
The values of n and Io have to be decided after extensive simula- [20] as defined below:
tions for different scenarios and depend upon the system under ⎡ ⎤
1 1 1 1 1 1
consideration. Additionally, the restraining signal can provide
⎢ 1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 ⎥
security only up to a certain degree of CT saturation. ⎢√ √ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 − 3 0 0 0 0 ⎥
1 ⎢ ⎥
B. Alpha Plane Characteristics T =√ ⎢ ⎢ 1 1 −2 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ (6)
6⎢ √ √ ⎥
Some modern applications of current differential protection ⎢ 0 0 0 3 − 3 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
make use of alpha plane [7]. The alpha plane provides a way ⎣ 0 0 0 1 1 −2 ⎦
to analyze the operation of a two-restraint differential element.
The alpha plane is a plot on a two-dimensional plane of the ratio
of the remote current (Ir ) to the local current (Is ): The modal currents and voltages are obtained using:

K = Ir /Is (5) [Imode ] = [T ][Iphase ] (7)

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 UNDE et al.: NEW ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINES USING MODAL CURRENTS 1969

[Vmode ] = [T ][Vphase ] (8)

The resulting modal domain currents and voltages are indepen-
dent of mutual coupling and can be considered as six different
single phase lines. Equations (7) and (8) are given in detail in
Appendix A. Expanding (7), the individual mode currents are:
1
Im1 = √ (Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1 + Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 ) (9)
6
1 Fig. 3. Equivalent π model of transmission line in modal domain [20], [21].
Im2 = √ (Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1 − (Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 )) (10)
6
1
Im3 = √ (Ia1 − Ib1 ) (11) r
modal domain line currents and Im(k)

s
and Im(k)

are the series
2
branch currents in modal domain. The superscript r and s refer
1
Im4 = √ (Ia1 + Ib1 − 2 ∗ Ic1 ) (12) to the receiving end and sending end currents respectively. The
6 modes are denoted by k = 1 to 6.
1 In high voltage transmission lines, even in absence of internal
Im5 = √ (Ia2 − Ib2 ) (13) fault, two end currents (phase and modal) are not equal because
2
of significant line charging current. Hence,
1
Im6 = √ (Ia2 + Ib2 − 2 ∗ Ic2 ) (14)
6 r
Im(k) = Im(k)
s
(19)
From (9) to (10), it can be observed that, the zero sequence
This does not allow the precise setting of the relay even in modal
i.e. mode 1 current for the double circuit transmission lines is
domain. But series branch currents of the equivalent π model of
calculated as,
the transmission line in modal domain are free from charging
1 current and mutual impedance, hence they are used for proposed
Im1 = √ (Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1 + Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 ) (15)
6 scheme. However, the accuracy of the series branch current de-
√ pends on the estimation of modal domain line parameters, spe-
3
= √ (I01 + I02 ) (16) cially the shunt admittance. In following subsection, we propose
2 an algorithm for the correct estimation of modal domain line
where I01 = 13 (Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1 ) and I02 = 13 (Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 ) parameters.
are the zero sequence currents of the two transmission lines.
The interline mode i.e. mode 2 current for the double circuit A. Modal Domain Line Parameter Estimation
transmission lines is calculated as,
From Fig. 3, the voltage drop seen from the sending end can
1
Im2 = √ (Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1 − (Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 )) (17) be written as,
6 
√ Ym(k) s
3 [Vm(k)
s
− Vm(k)
r
] = Im(k)
s
−j Vm(k) ∗ Zm(k) (20)
= √ (I01 − I02 ) (18) 2
2
Thus, Im1 and Im2 exist for ground faults. [Vm(k)
s
−Vm(k)
r
]∗[gm(k) + j ∗bm(k) ]
Mode I and II currents are composed of phase currents of both 
Ym(k) s
the lines as observed from (9) and (10). They give signature for = Im(k)
s
−j Vm(k) (21)
fault on any line and hence are not considered for faulty line 2
identification for the proposed algorithm. −1
where, Zm(k) = gm(k) + j ∗ bm(k)
Remark1: From (11) to (14), it can be observed that the modes Similarly the voltage drop seen from the receiving end can be
3 and 4 currents are calculated from phase currents of Line I written as,
whereas modes 5 and 6 currents are obtained from phase cur- 
rents of Line II. Thus, fault on Line I, can be confirmed by pro- Ym(k) r
[Vm(k) − Vm(k) ] = Im(k) − j
r s r
Vm(k) ∗ Zm(k) (22)
cessing the modes 3 and 4 currents whereas any fault on Line II 2
can be confirmed by processing modes 5 and 6 currents. These
observations are used to identify the faulty line and further mo- [Vm(k)
r
− Vm(k)
s
] ∗ [gm(k) + j ∗ bm(k) ]
tivates the authors to use modal domain currents for protection 
purpose. Ym(k) r
= Im(k) − j
r
Vm(k) (23)
2
III. PROPOSED SCHEME
Equations (21) and (23) are expanded into rectangular co-
Let us consider the equivalent π model of double circuit line ordinates and represented in the matrix form as (24), shown
r s
in modal domain as shown in Fig. 3. Im(k) and Im(k) are the at the bottom of the next page.

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 1970 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 34, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2019

The equation (24) can be represented as follows:

A∗X =b (25)
The parameters of the line are then estimated using Total Least
Square approach [22] which accounts for the errors in the current
measurements obtained from CT’s and voltage measurements
obtained from CVT’s and is implemented as below:

(A + E) ∗ X = b +  (26)
where E is the correction matrix that compensates the measure-
ment errors present in Voltage.  represents the error vector due Fig. 4. Proposed Modal Current Ratio (MCR) plane.
to errors in current measurements in b. The objective function
then becomes:
 
r
 Im5 Ir
II
γm = s  + m6
s
= 2∠180 (33)
min ||Δ||F Im5 Im6
E,

Thus, in the absence of an internal fault, we have

s.t (b + ) ε Range(A + E) (27)
 
where ||.||F is the Frobenius norm.
I
γm = −2 + 0j and γm
II
= −2 + 0j
Further, the uncertainties in transmission line parameters due
to measurement inaccuracies are estimated using the method Both of these fault line indicators can be visualized in the
explained in [23]. proposed MCR plane with their real part on the x-axis and the
imaginary part on the y-axis as shown in Fig. 4. Ideally, every
point other than (−2, 0) on the MCR plane indicates an internal
B. Fault Detection fault. However, even in the absence of an internal fault, in real life
From Fig. 3 the series branch currents are obtained as: the operating point may deviate from the point (−2, 0) because
 of errors in synchronization, quantization, current and voltage
s
Im(k) = Im(k)
s
− Icap−m(k)
s
(28)
transformer etc. To account for these errors, the plane to the
where Ym(k) s right of (β, 0) is defined as the operating region, whereas to
s
Icap−m(k) =j Vm(k) (29) the left of it acts as the restraining region. For external faults
2 I II 
or no fault condition, γm and γm lie around the point (−2, 0)
is the current in shunt path at sending end. Similarly, the receiv-
but remain in the left plane, i.e. the restraining region. During
ing end series branch currents are also estimated. Now the ratio I II 
internal faults, γm and γm moves from the point (−2, 0) and
of series branch modal currents in absence of internal fault are:
 
enters the operating region. In case of inter-circuit fault, the
r
Im3 r
Im4 I II 
= 1∠180, = 1∠180 (30) trajectories of both the indicators (γm and γm ) move to the
s  s
Im3 Im4 operating region. This identifies the faulty line/s.
 
r r
Im5 Im6
s  = 1∠180, s
= 1∠180 (31) C. Phase Identification for Single Phase Faults
Im5 Im6
As most of the faults on transmission lines (around 70%) are
Using the ratios of series branch currents from (30) , (31) and the
single phase to ground, the faulty phase has to be taken out
observations in Remark I, the fault line indicators, considering
of service and the power can be transferred on the remaining
line charging currents for both the lines are defined as:
healthy phases. This is refereed as Single Pole Tripping (SPT)
 
r r
 Im3 Im4 [24] and helps to maintain system synchronism. The following
I
γm = s  + s
= 2∠180 (32)
Im3 Im4 methodology is proposed to identify the faulty phase/s for SPT

⎡ real real imag imag imag ⎤

(Vm(k)
s
− Vm(k)
r
) −(Vm(k)
s
− Vm(k)
r
) −Vm(k)
s ⎡ sreal ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ I
⎢ ⎥ ⎤ ⎢ m(k) ⎥
⎢ (V s imag imag real real real ⎥ g ⎢ imag ⎥
⎢ m(k) − Vm(k) ) (Vm(k) − Vm(k) )
r s r s m(k)
Vm(k) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ s ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Im(k) ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢b ⎢
⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎢ imag ⎥ ∗
⎢ (Vm(k)
r real real
− Vm(k)
s imag
) −(Vm(k)
r
− Vm(k)
s imag
) −Vm(k)
r ⎥ ⎢
m(k) ⎥ ⎢ real ⎥ ⎥
(24)
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ Ir ⎥
⎢ ⎥ Ym(k) ⎢ m(k) ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ (V rimag − V simag ) (V rreal − V sreal ) r real ⎦
Vm(k)
2
m(k) m(k) m(k) m(k) r imag
Im(k)

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 UNDE et al.: NEW ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINES USING MODAL CURRENTS 1971

TABLE I TABLE II
PHASE IDENTIFICATION FOR SPT APPLICATION PHASE IDENTIFICATION LOGIC FOR INTER-CIRCUIT FAULT

applications. Using (9) to (14), let us define faulted phase iden-

tification factors d1 to d6 as follows: 3) Obtain Imode and Vmode using (7) and (8).
√
d1 = (Ia1 − Ib1 ) = 2 ∗ Im3 (34) 4) Estimate line parameters at regular intervals and update
√ √ using Section III-A.
d2 = (Ib1 − Ic1 ) = ( 6 ∗ Im4 − 2 ∗ Im3 )/2 (35) r
5) Obtain Im(k) and Im(k)s
using (28).
√ √ I 
II 
d3 = (Ic1 − Ia1 ) = ( 6 ∗ Im4 + 2 ∗ Im3 )/2 (36) 6) Evaluate γm and γm using (32) and (33).
√ I
7) Case I : If (γm ) >β && TI
d4 = (Ia2 − Ib2 ) = 2 ∗ Im5 (37) Trip Faulty phase for SPT as per Table I.
√ √ I
d5 = (Ib2 − Ic2 ) = ( 6 ∗ Im6 − 2 ∗ Im5 )/2 (38) 8) Case II : If (γm ) >β && T I
√ √ Trip Line I.
d6 = (Ic2 − Ia2 ) = ( 6 ∗ Im6 + 2 ∗ Im5 )/2 (39) 9) Case III : If (γm II 
) >β && TI
Differentiating above we get the following faulty phase indices: Trip Faulty phase for SPT as per Table I.
II 
10) Case IV : If (γm ) >β && T I
dd1 = |(d1(i) − d1(i − 1))|/dt (40) Trip Line II.
I II 
11) Case V : If (γm ) >β && (γm ) >β && TII
dd2 = |(d2(i) − d2(i − 1))|/dt (41)
Trip Faulty phases for SPT as per Table II.
dd3 = |(d3(i) − d3(i − 1))|/dt I II 
(42) 12) Case VI : If (γm ) >β && (γm ) >β && T II
Trip both the lines.
dd4 = |(d4(i) − d4(i − 1))|/dt (43)
where,
dd5 = |(d5(i) − d5(i − 1))|/dt (44) TI : Condition in Table I satisfied.
T I : Condition in Table I not satisfied.
dd6 = |(d6(i) − d6(i − 1))|/dt (45)
TII : Condition in Table II satisfied.
where dt is the sampling interval. From (34), it can be observed T II : Conditions in Table II not satisfied.
that the rate of change of d1 i.e. dd1 (computed using (40)), is
close to zero, if LG fault occurs on phase C of Line I. The σ is
V. CASE STUDIES
the threshold on dd1 which is decided from simulations and also
account for errors. Thus from (40) to (45), LG fault on both the The proposed protection scheme is verified on a 400 kV,
lines can be identified as indicated in Table I. 50 Hz, 300 km double circuit transmission line terminating at the
same buses as shown in Fig. 2. As seen from the figure, two re-
D. Phase Identification for Inter-Circuit Faults lays are used for protection of the double circuit lines. However,
each line can be protected by separate relays which will increase
Simultaneous single phase faults on different phases of par-
the reliability and flexibility during maintenance. The system
allel transmission lines (inter-circuit faults) may cause unneces-
is modeled in Alternate Transient Program (ATP). Clark’s dis-
sary tripping of all three phase of both the lines [25]. Hence to
tributed model is used to model the double circuit transmission
avoid this, faulty phases on both the lines have to be identified.
line. The transmission line parameters and the source impedance
From (41), (42), (44) and (45), it is seen that for an inter-circuit
data are given in Appendix A. ANSI 800:5; class C200 CT and
fault AB between phase A of Line I and phase B of Line II,
400 kV:100 V CVT have been modeled in ATP for obtaining
dd2 < dd3 and dd5 > dd6. This can be used to identify the
realistic CT and CVT response during EMTP simulations. Anti-
inter-circuit fault and isolate phase A of Line I and B of Line
aliasing filter is also implemented. The current and voltage sam-
II. Table II summarizes the conditions for detecting all other
ples obtained from ATP are used to estimate the phasors using
inter-circuit faults for SPT applications.
full cycle recursive DFT algorithm implemented in MATLAB.
The simulation time step is 0.1msec, however the relaying data
IV. RELAYING ALGORITHM is acquired at the rate of 1kHz. The performance of the proposed
1) Input the relay settings (β) and sampling time. scheme was compared with widely used alpha plane character-
2) Obtain the time synchronized current and voltage phasors istics. Both the relays were set such that they will not operate for
from both the ends of double circuit line. any of the external faults or disturbances. Also the uncertainties

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 1972
Fig. 5. Final values of fault line indicators under different scenarios.
Fig. 6. The performance of the proposed scheme on bolted three phase external
fault at bus r with a fault inception angle of 270◦ .
in parameters due to measurement inaccuracies were considered
to evaluate the robustness of the proposed scheme.
To decide the value of β, several case studies for internal faults
(LG, LL, LLG, LLL, inter-circuit) and external faults (with and
without saturation) were performed. Figure 5 shows the final
values of the faut line indicators under the different scenarios.
The value of β is chosen considering the security of the relay for
external faults with CT saturation. For our case study, the value
of β is −1.8.
A. Relay Security
A secure relaying scheme does not operate for conditions for
which it is not expected to operate such as external faults or
disturbances. To verify the security of the proposed scheme, it
is tested on all types of external faults including LG, LL, LLL,
with and without CT saturation. Also the scheme is tested for
other disturbance such as line energization to verify the security
of the proposed scheme. The merit of the scheme is ascertained
by its ability to restrain on all external faults and disturbance
cases.
1) External Fault Without CT Saturation: The proposed al-
gorithm is tested for its secured operation by simulating exter-
nal faults on both the buses. A LLL bolted fault strikes bus r of
I II 
Fig. 2. The two fault line indicators γm and γm are estimated
using series branch modal currents as described in Section IV
and plotted on the MCR plane. As seen from Fig. 6, both the
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 34, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2019
Fig. 7. The performance of the proposed scheme for CT saturation during
bolted LG external fault at bus r on phase A with a fault inception angle of 90°.
The minimum ratio of saturated current phasor to non-saturated current phasor
is 0.52 and the time to saturation is 0.01 s with X/R ratio of the line 11.41.
fault indicators remain in the restraining region. A small devia-
tion around the steady state operating point i.e. (−2, 0) for both
the fault indicators can be seen from the Fig. 6. This is due to the
error in phasor computation due to the presence of dc offset in
the fault currents. The results for the various external fault cases
confirms the security of the proposed algorithm.
2) External Fault With CT Saturation: Current Transformer
saturation is a major threat to the security of differential re-
lay. Various algorithms have been proposed in the literature to
overcome the effect of CT saturation and ensure secure opera-
tion of differential relay. While the algorithms to handle the CT
saturation proposed in literature are effective, they require the
detection of CT saturation for their initiation and hence need
additional operating time. This problem is usually dealt with
by conservative settings of the relay characteristics [6]. To test
the performance of the proposed scheme on cases of CT satu-
ration, severe bus faults are simulated which drive the CT into
saturation.
For demonstrating the effect of CT saturation on the proposed
algorithm, the CT on Line I is allowed to saturate for a bolted
LG fault on bus r. Computing the modal currents, the fault line
indicators are plotted on the MCR plane as shown in Fig. 7. It is
observed that, the relay does not operate on external fault even
after CT saturation. Since Line I CT saturates, the fault indicator
I II 
γm deviates more than the fault indicator γm . However, both
these fault indicators remain in the restraining region. For both
the above cases, the alpha plane also restrained.
3) Line Energization: The double circuit transmission line
gives more reliability at reduced cost. In case of re-energization
of one of the Lines after maintenance, temporary faults etc. the
relays may maloperate. The proposed scheme is tested for such
line energization cases.
After maintenance, the Line I of the double circuit transmis-
sion network of Fig. 2 is energized and the effect of this is shown
I II 
in Fig. 8. The fault indicators, γm and γm deviate from their
steady state operating points after Line I energization. The de-
I II 
viation in γm is more than that in γm because of large inrush
II 
current. The deviation in γm can be justified by effects of mutual
coupling and errors in phasor estimation. Since, both the fault
indicators are in the restraining region of the MCR plane, the
 UNDE et al.: NEW ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINES USING MODAL CURRENTS
Fig. 8. The performance of the proposed scheme during line energization.
Fig. 9. The performance of the proposed scheme during LG fault with a fault
resistance of 50 Ω on Line I at a distance of 30 km from bus s at an inception
angle of 270◦ .
maloperation of the relays under line energization is prevented
by the proposed algorithm.
B. Relay Dependability
Dependability is an essential and desirable characteristic of
any relay. Higher dependability of a relay ensures correct trip
decisions on internal faults. The dependability of the proposed
algorithm is evaluated by simulating various internal faults on
both the transmission lines of varying fault resistances, fault lo-
cations, and fault inception angles. Also, the performance of the
algorithm is tested for inter-circuit faults and current inversion
cases for series compensated lines. The results for these different
fault scenarios demonstrate the dependability of the proposed al-
gorithm. The operating time of the relay for all these simulated
cases was found to be well within a cycle.
1) Internal Faults: Various types of internal faults such as
LG, LL, LLL with fault resistance varied from 5 Ω to 1000 Ω in
steps of 10 Ω and fault inception angle varied from 0◦ to 360◦
in steps of 10◦ are simulated. Since mutual coupling varies with
the location of fault, simulations are also performed with varying
fault locations from 10% to 90% from bus s.
Figure 9 exhibits the performance of the proposed scheme for
an internal LG fault on phase A with a fault resistance of 50
Ω on Line I at a distance of 30 km from bus s at an inception
I
angle of 270◦ . As seen from the Fig. 9, the fault indicator γm
encroaches the operating region of the MCR plane, correctly
identifying the fault on Line I. After dependably identifying the
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1973
Fig. 10. Faulty phase indices during LG fault with a fault resistance of 50 Ω
on Line I at a distance of 30 km from bus s at an inception angle of 270◦ .
Fig. 11. The performance of the proposed scheme during LL fault on Line I
at a distance of 270 km from bus s with a fault inception angle of 0◦ .
fault on Line I, the algorithm further computes the indices dd1
to dd3 as discussed in the algorithm in Section IV. Since the
condition 2 of Table I is satisfied as shown in Fig. 10, the faulty
phase is correctly identified as phase A and SPT is initiated.
A bolted BC fault on Line I is simulated at a distance of
270 km from bus s with a fault inception angle of 0◦ . As seen
from Fig. 11, the proposed scheme identifies the fault on Line
I
I as γm is in the operating region. As the fault involves more
than one phase, SPT is inhibited and a three pole trip on Line I
is initiated. Figures 9 and 11 displays that the proposed scheme
correctly operates on internal faults. For both the above internal
fault cases, the alpha plane has also issued correct trip decision.
2) Inter-Circuit Faults: Inter-circuit faults involve one or
more phase/s from both the lines. The probability of inter-circuit
faults on the double circuit transmission lines sharing the same
tower is high due to close proximity of the two lines. About 20–
50% of all line to ground faults on double circuit lines involve
both the lines [2]. Thus, the reliable operation of the relaying
algorithm during such types of fault is essential. The proposed
scheme is tested for its dependability on detecting the inter-
circuit faults and isolating the faulty phases.
Several inter-circuit fault combinations on different phases of
both the lines are simulated. Figure 12 shows the response of
proposed scheme for an inter-circuit fault involving phase A of
Line I and phase B of Line II at 270 km from bus s with a fault
inception angle of 270◦ . As seen from the figure, both the fault
I II 
indicators γm and γm shift to the operating region indicating
 1974 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 34, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2019

Fig. 12. The performance of the proposed scheme during inter-circuit fault Fig. 14. The performance of the proposed scheme during current inversion.
involving phase A of Line I and phase B of Line II at 270 km from bus s with a
fault inception angle of 270◦ .

Fig. 15. The phase currents from both the ends during current outfeed.

Fig. 13. The performance of the alpha plane characteristics during current
inversion in series compensated lines.

faults on Line I and Line II. For this simulated case, all the indices
dd1 to dd6 are computed and compared to correctly identify the
faulty phases as per Table II.
3) Series Compensated Lines: The use of series compensa-
tion is increasing day by day due to their ability to increase the
Fig. 16. The performance of the proposed algorithm for current outfeed.
power transfer capability of the existing transmission lines. It
also enhances the transient stability and damp power oscilla-
tion but challenges the protection settings particularly in pres-
the sending end and receiving end currents is close to 180o and
ence of current and voltage inversion [26]. The dependability
there is a noticeable magnitude difference between the two cur-
of the line protective element is thus challenged during series
rents [28]. The unit protection schemes will restrain the relay
compensation.
operation during such current outfeed cases, challenging the de-
To test the performance of the proposed scheme, an AG fault
pendability of the protection scheme. The proposed algorithm
on 40% fixed series compensated Line I at 30 km from bus s
is tested for its effectiveness during such current outfeed cases.
is simulated to test the dependability of the proposed algorithm
The phase A current waveforms for sending and receiving end
for current inversion case. The capacitor bank is protected using
buses during the high resistance LG fault of on phase A of Line
MOV which is modelled referring [27]. It can be observed from
I is shown in Fig. 15. The performance of the proposed scheme
Fig. 14, that the fault is correctly identified on Line I, with only
I for such current outfeed case is shown in Fig. 16 where the fault
γm shifting to the operating region. This simulated case is also I
indicator γm for Line I enters the operating region of the MCR
tested on the widely used alpha plane differential element and
plane. In comparison, the alpha plane fails to detect this internal
the result is shown in Fig. 13. It can be seen from Fig. 13, that
fault with current outfeed as seen from Fig. 17 [29].
the alpha plane differential element is not capable of detecting
the fault in this case [24].
4) Current Outfeed: The outfeed effect is caused for high re- C. Fault Detection Time
sistance internal faults when the current flows out of one of the We have implemented full cycle recursive DFT to estimate the
terminals of the transmission line and is less than load current. modal domain current and voltages. The fault signature can be
During such outfeed effect, the difference in the phase angle of captured well before the completion of post fault one cycle. This

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 UNDE et al.: NEW ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINES USING MODAL CURRENTS
Fig. 17. The performance of alpha plane on current outfeed condition.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 18. Fault detection time for the proposed algorithm.
is because the modal currents are decoupled and the line charg-
ing is compensated. Most protection algorithms which use DFT
operate in less than one cycle [4]. Extensive case studies are per-
formed on the test system considering different types of faults
with varying fault resistances, inception angles, and fault loca-
tions. The observations are recorded and plotted in the Fig. 18.
The figure shows the detection time of the proposed scheme for
different types of fault. For fault resistances up to 500 Ω, the
detection time is well below 4 msec. If fault resistance is above
500 Ω, the proposed scheme takes around 1 cycle detection time.
Considering the communication latency of 5 us/km for the case
study, the latency will be 1.5 msec for 300 km line,. Adding the
communication latency of 1.5 msec, the operating time of the
relay will be 4.5 msec for fault resistances up to 500 Ω, which
is well within a cycle.
D. Effect of Synchronization Error on the Proposed Scheme
The proposed algorithm is tested for its capability to deal with
synchronization errors. The remote end current signal is intro-
duced with synchronization error in steps of 5o . The effect of
this error on the steady state operating point of the proposed
algorithm can be seen from Fig. 19. The steady state operating
point deviates from (−2, 0) and starts moving towards the op-
erating region with increase in the synchronisation error. For a
synchronization error of 25o , the steady state operating point is
on the boundary of the restraining region seen from Fig. 19.
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1975
Effect of synchronization error on the proposed algorithm.
VI. DISCUSSION
1) A reliable communication infrastructure is essential for
line differential protection scheme. However, the indus-
try practices involve use of redundant protection schemes,
Main I and Main II, for protection of EHV lines. The out-
put of these two protection schemes is usually OR’ed to
flag a trip decision. With the communication dependant
line differential protection acting as the Main I protection;
in case of failure of communication system, the Main II
protection such as distance protection will still provide the
necessary line protection [30]. The use of synchronous op-
tical network (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy
SDH for high speed communication using optical fibers
are able to survive failures by reconfiguring and maintain-
ing the services by alternate means [31].
2) Time synchronization is another important aspect of line
differential protection. The existing line differential pro-
tection schemes use some kind of ping pong algorithm
for synchronization while GPS ensures the reliability by
disabling the relays in case of any issue in synchroniza-
tion. There exists some amount of consistent communica-
tion time delay between relays which is not so critical as
sudden jumps in the time delay due to communication is-
sues. We implemented the ping pong time synchronization
scheme for our algorithm and tested it for sudden jumps
in the time delay. The proposed scheme performs reliably
for sudden jumps in time delay upto 1.4 ms. If the relay
setting is changed to (−1, 0), the scheme remains unaf-
fected for sudden time delays upto 3.3 ms. To reduce the
dependency on external time sources for synchronization,
research is seen inclined towards developing self synchro-
nization schemes [32].
3) Immunity to CT saturation is another important feature for
line differential protection schemes as it enable the use of
smaller CT’s, particularly in GIS installations. The line
differential schemes cannot be made immune to CT satu-
ration without compromising on sensitivity. The proposed
scheme maintains security for extreme CT saturation con-
dition when the relay setting is changed to β = (−1, 0); but
the new relay settings affect the sensitivity and reduce it
to 180 Ω. A possible approach to achieve immunity to CT
saturation without compromising on the relay sensitivity
 1976 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 34, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2019

would be to use phasor computation algorithms designed C1 = 13 nF/km, C0 = 8.5 nF/km, C0m = 5.5 nF/km
to operate under CT saturation [33]. Source impedance data :
Z1S = 2.615 + 14.829j Ω/km
VII. CONCLUSION Z0S = 4.637 + 26.297j Ω/km
A new algorithm for current differential protection of double
circuit transmission lines using ratio of modal currents is pre-
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His research interests include smart grid, power sys-
Snehal Vijay Unde received the B.E. degree in elec- tem protection, numerical relays, power system tran-
tronics and power engineering from the Visvesvaraya sients, WAMS, renewables, and micro-grid. He is the Principal Investigator of
National Institute of Technology (VNIT/VRCE), Center of Excellence in Smart Renewable Energy Systems.
Nagpur, India, in 2004, and the M.Tech. degree in
power systems from the College of Engineering,
Pune, India, in 2011. She is working towards the
Ph.D. degree in power system protection with the De-
partment of Electrical Engineering at the College of
Engineering, Pune, India. Her research interests in-
clude power system protection, numerical relays, and
WAMS.

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