Explain the structure of the phrases and the sentences given below, using tree diagrams.

The woman in a black shirt is watering plants in the garden.

The children put the toy in th box

Jane hid the letter from Dan

He like raw vegetable and meat.

The teacher spoke to the boy with a simle.

My boss was very happy about her promotion.

He put the car into the garage

Her children have gone to the movies.

You can use your credit card at the movie .

The police examined a photograph of the accident.
They arrested the suspect in the hotel
Ralph has found the key to the cabin

My sister is singing in the festival.

My mother is banking a cake for my sister .

Some student have been working late in their rooms.

The boy with red shorts kicked the ball and scored a goal
The visible stars the stars visible
The responsible men the men responsible
The present members the members present
The chef responsible for the sauces

an expeddition to the pub

the manin the iron mask
A quite unexpected ending

The nuclear scientist from Germany

the time before this one
the morning after the wedding
the bus behind our car
the room above us

the present members

the responsible men
the visible strars
- the tree safe to climb up
- the mailman, exuberantly happy

- the car coming down the road

- the man expected to arrive at any moment
- the man to answer this question
- a scheme to win Kathy’s heart

- the chef that is responsible for the sauces

- a tree which is safe to clim up
- the mailman, who was exuberantly happy.
He killed the robber with a knife.

-the two friends fell out.

-the two friends walked out
Holden is writing letter to the white house.
Holden is writing 0 letter to Africa.
Ex: the motor boat of the man that would not start
(the man’s motor boat which would not start ” vs. “the man who would not start”

-Fred said that he would pay me on Thursday.

“Fred said on Thursday that he would pay me .” vs. “Fred said that it is on Thursday that he
would pay me”

“ A finite dependent clauses contains a verb phrase which a marked for tense or modality. There
is regularly a subject under conditions of ellipsis. Finite dependent clauses are regularly marked
by a clauses link”…

A nominal clauses can be the subject, the direct object, the indirect object, the retained
object, the subjective complement, the objective complement or the complement of a
preposition in an English sentence:
1:
a, That rain MAY FALL in deserts IS true.
b, They BELIEVE that the minimum wage COULD
THREATEN their jobs.
c, She GIVES whomever she MEETS a warm greeting.

A relative clauses, also called an adjectival clause, is characteristically a past-modifier in a noun

phrase.
- "It is introduced by a wh-word, which has a grammatical role in the relative clauses in addition
to its linking function" [Biber et al, 1999: 195]
2:
a. We HAVE 30 men who ARE WORKING from 6am to 11pm.
b. He WANTED the public not to approach the men, who ARE armed and dangerous.
"Adverbial clauses are used as adverbials in the main clause, generally as circumstance
adverbials... they are optional and have some freedom of positioning; both initial and final
placement are common. Adverbial clauses are regularly marked by a subordinator indicating
the relationship to the main clause". [Biber et al, 1999: 194] (3)
3:
a. Most ions ARE colorless, although some HAVE distinct colors.
b. If you ARE in a hurry, you CAN LEAVE.
“A reporting clause, which “accompanies direct reports of somebody's speech or thought”
“may be placed in initial, medial, or final position” [Biber et al, 1999: 196]:
4:
a. They SAID, “Yes, sir,” and saluted.
b. “Please come too,” she BEGGED.
C. “Everything,” he SAID, “is snafu.”

"Comment clauses are similar in structure to reporting clauses: they are loosely connected to the
main clause, they normally lack explicit link, and they are usually short and can appear in a
variety of position. They are usually in the present rather than the past tense, first or second
rather than third person, and comment on a thought rather than the delivery of a wording"
[Biber et al, 1999: 1971]
5:
a. MIND you, he was probably still as sound as a bell.
b. The conclusion, it SEEMS, is intolerable.
c. It's a nice approach, I THINK.

- What are PROFORMS ?

Definition: Proforms are forms which can serve as replacements for different elements in
sentence.

- There are three types of noun clause.

1.What is free morphemes?

 
A. it can stand by themselves as a single word
 
B. it can defined as functional morphemes
 
C. it can be used as lexical morphemes
 
D. it can stand with derivational suffixes
 
2.What is initialism?
 
A.     A type of clipping
 
B.     A type of blending
 
C.     A type of conversion
 
D.     A type of acronym
 
3.What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence?
 
 “When he arrived in the morning, the old man had an umbrella and a large plastic bag full of
books”
 
A.     When, he, in, the,the,an,and,a,of
 
B.     When, he, in, the,the,an,and,a,of,full
 
C.     When, he, in, the,the,an,and,a,of,umbrella
 
D.     When, he, in, the,the,an,and,a,of,full,had
 
4. Which of these words has a bound stem: construct, deceive, introduce, repeat?
 
A.     construct, deceive, introduce
 
B.     deceive, introduce
 
C.     construct, repeat, introduce,
 
D.     all of them
 
5.What is the difference between morpheme and phoneme?
 
A. phoneme has grammatical functional
 
B. Morpheme cannot stand alone
 
C. phoneme has no meaning
 
D. morpheme has no meaning
 
6.What is class-maintaining derivational affixes?
 
A. it can attach to another bound morpheme
 
B. change the part of speech of the word
 
C. cannot stand with free morpheme
 
D. do not change the word class of the word
 
7.What does the bound base “ora” mean?
 
A. hear
 
B. killing
 
C. speak
 
D. hold
 
8.What does IC stand for?
 
A. immediate constituent
 
B. immediate construction
 
C. inference constituent
 
D. inference constituent
 
 
 
9.What is the word formation process of “televise”?
 
A. compounding
 
B. coinage
 
C. clipping
 
D. back-formation
 
10.What is the definition of “derivation”?
 
A. the formation process of new word
 
B. the formation of new words by adding affixes
 
C. the formation of new words by adding prefixes .
 
D. the formation of new words by adding suffixes .
 
11.How many grammatical categories are there in English that inflectional affixes perform?
 
A. 4
 
B. 3
 
C. 5
 
D. 8
 
12.What is free base in this word “embodiment”?
 
A. em
 
B. bodi
 
C. ment
 
D. embodi
 
13.What is coinage?
 
A. the process by which words are borrowed from French
 
B. the creation of totally new words
 
C. the process of adding two morphemes
 
D. the process of removing words
 
14.Which blending is correct?
 
A. smog--> smoke+foggy
 
B. newsboy-->news+boyfriend
 
C. telecast-->television+casting
 
D. electrocute--> electricity+execute
 
15.What is phrases?
 
A. Sequence of words that can function as constituents in the structure of sentences
 
B. Sequence of words that can function as syntactic unit in the structure of sentences
 
C. Sequence of words that can function as semactic unit in the structure of sentences
 
D. Sequence of words that can function as immediate constituents in the internal structure of
sentences
 
16.What is compounds?
 
A. words formed by adding affixes
 
B. words formed by combining roots
 
C. words formed by adding prefixes
 
D. words formed by adding morphemes
 
 17.What is hypocorisms?
 
A. the process of blending two morphemes
 
B. a particular type of reduction in UK and Australia
 
C. the reduction of the last words
 
D. the combination of two morphemes in UK and Australia
 
18.What is the predicate function of an adj?
 
A. its occurrence after a “copula”
 
B. its occurrence before a “copula”
 
C. its occurrence after a “transitive verb”
 
D. its occurrence after a “conjunction”
 
19.What is the word form process of “decaf”?
 
A. clipping
 
B. derivation
 
C. borrowing
 
D. conversion
 
20.What is etymology?
 
A. a study of English syntactic function
 
B. a study of English morphemes
 
C. a study of English original forms
 
D. a study of English history .
 
21.What does the bound base “pend-“ mean?
 
A. hold
 
B. hang 
 
C. hear
 
D. hit
 
22.How many verb inflections are there in inflectional paradigm?
 
A. 5
 
B. 3 .
 
C. 2
 
D. 4

There are nine inflectional affixes in the English language.

 
23.What is the stem of an inflectional paradigm?
 
A. the part of a word that remains after blending with another words
 
B. the part of a word that remains after clipping with another words
 
C. the part of a word that remains after removing suffixes .
 
D. the part of a word that remains after removing prefixes
 
24.How many suffixes are there in the word “flirtatiously”
 
A. 3
 
B. 2
 
C. 4
 
D. 1
 
25.Which statement is true?
 
A. There are four main positional classes: nominal, verbal, adjectival and adverbial.
 
B. There are four main positional classes: nominal, determinal, adjectival and adverbial.
 
C. There are four main positional classes: nominal, verbal, adjectival and qualifiers.
 
D. There are four main positional classes: nominal, verbal, adjunct  and adverbial.
 
SECTION 2: Identify the morphemes for each of the following words (sinh viên đánh máy
phần trả lời vào khung trả lời  bên dưới )
 
 
e.g. : worked  -->        work + -ed
 
1.  antedate → ante- + date
 
2.  misjudgment → mis- + judge + -ment
 
3.  hopefully → hope + -ful + -ly
 
4.  uncomfortable → un- +comfort +-able
 
5.  international → inter- + nation + -nal
 
SECTION 4:  Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes
it. One choice is extra.
 
 
A                     B
 
1.  noisy crow         a. compound noun
 
2. cows                    b. base morpheme plus derivational prefix
 
3. scarecrow            c. phrase consisting of adjective plus noun
 
4. the crow              d. base morpheme plus inflectional suffix
 
5. crow-like             e. base morpheme plus derivational suffix
 
                                 f. grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morpheme

1.  noisy crow : phrase consisting of adjective plus noun

2. cows : base morpheme plus inflectional suffix
3. scarecrow : compound noun
4. the crow : grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morpheme
5. crow-like : base morpheme plus derivational suffix

 
SECTION 6: Determine the position (Nominal, Verbal, Adjectival, Adverbial), and syntactic
functions (Subj, DirObj, IndirObj, PreObj, SubjComp, Mod…) of the underlined word in each of
the following sentences.
 
5 questions - 1 mark– 0.2 each
 
e.g: Max was struck by lightning.
 
         Position: Nominal  - Function: PrepObj
 
1.Last Monday was a holiday.     
     Position: Nominal  - Function: Subj
 
2.The outs were angry with the ins. 
     Position: Nominal  - Function: 

3.They slept in the upstairs room    

     Position: Adjectival  - Function: 
 
4.The wrestling roommates were exhausted
      Position: Adjectival - Function: 
5.Juniper found wrestling exciting.
      Position: Nominal  - Function: Subj

 
DirObj : dir({object})tân ngữ trực tiếp

IndirObj : Indirect object 

1      friendliness

2.      unhappiness 
3.      helpfulness 

4.      Transmissions 

5.      unemployment   

SECTION 1: Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D. (25 questions - 5 marks - 0.2 cach)

1. What is morphology?

A. It is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the
same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as siems, root words,
prefixes, and suffixes

B. It is the study of words and the spelling of words.

C. It analyzes the structure of words, their pronunciation and parts of words, such as stems, root
words, phonemes, prefixes, and suffixes

2. Which group of nouns takes a replacive allomorph?

A. deer - > deer

B. calf - > calves

C. go -› went

D. louse - lice

3. How many inflectional morphemes are there in the expression "They moved into new fields of
business and became very successful"?

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

4. Identify the free base in the word ‘unfasten’

A. fasten. B. fast C. un- D. -en

5. Identify the DERIVATIONAL affixes in the word unavoidable,

A. un-, avoid, -able B. un-, avoid C. un-, -able D. avoid, -able

6. Which word contains three different morphemes?

A. deportation
B. Connecticut
C. preclude
D. flirtatiously

7. The two major families of word classes are lexical (or open or form) classes (nouns,
verbs, adjectives, adverbs) and function (or closed or structure) classes (determiners,
particles, prepositions, and others),
A. True
B. False

8. What type of grammatical information does the inflectional affix in the

word climbed communicate?
A. Number
B. Tense
C. Subject agreement
D. Casc

9. What is syntax in linguistics?

A. Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure
of words (word structure) and sentences (sentence structure) in a given language.
usually including word order and sentence order.
B. Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure
of sentences (sentence structure) in a given language, usually including word
order.

10. The term "word class" isn't similar to the more traditional term, part of speech.
A.True
B. False

11. The four positional classes in English are the nominal, the verbal, the adjectival and
the adverbial.
A. True
B. False

12. The function of the word "my son" in the sentence ‘I bought my son a new bike.'
A. Subject
B. Direct object
C. Indirect Object
D. Subject complement

13. Which one is the inflectional paradigm of the “break”?

A. Break, breaking, breaks, unbreakable
B. Break, breakable, unbreakable, breakage
C. Break, breaking, breaks, broke, broken

14. What does ‘de-' in the word ‘deforest’ mean?

A. reduce
B. do the opposite
C. against
D. remove
15. How many morphemes does the word ‘trusteeship’ have?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

16. A word part that contains the central meaning of the word is______________-
A. suttix
B. prefix
C. root
D. verb

17.________occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, usually
beginning in casual speech.
A. Clipping
B. Blending
C. Backformation
D. Acronyms

18. A functional morpheme (as opposed to a content morpheme) is a morpheme which

simply modifies the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning
A.True
B. False

19. How many morphemes are there in the sentence ‘They are vacationing in Florida.’?
A. 5
B. 6
C.7
D. 8

20. Inflectional affixes, which are always suffixes in English, perform a_________.
A. lexical function
B. grammatical function
C. phonological function

21. A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language.

A. True
B. False

22. The word “noisy” consists of a_____ morpheme and a_______ suflix.
A. base/derivational
B. bound/derivational
C. frec/inflectional

23. In compound words, the main stress is on the second element.

A. True
B. False

24. The word ‘sabretooth’ is a_______compound.

A. headed
B. headless

25. The bound morpheme in the word ‘speaker’ is__________

A. er
B. -ker
C. speak
D. spe-

Neologism : - a new word, expression, or usage; the creation or use of new words or senses
Etymology : - the study and origin and history of a word
Borrowing : - the taking over of words from other languages. (Technically, it's more than just
borrowing, because English doesn't give them back.)
Loan-translation / calque : - there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the
borrowing language.
Compounding : - joining of two separate words to produce a single form.
- very common in English and German , not so much in French and Spanish
Blending : - The combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term
Clipping : - This occurs when a word of more than one syllable ( facsimile ) is reduced to a
shorter form ( fax ), usually beginning in casual speech.
ex: gasoline -> gas
Hypocorisms : - a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then y or ie is added to the end. ex.
movie ("moving pictures")
Backformation:
- Typically, a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type
(usually a verb).
- examples of words created by this process are: donate (from "donation"), emote (from
"emotion"),
Conversion : - A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used
as a verb (without any reduction)

SECTION 2: Identify the morphemes for each of the following words (5 questions - 1.0
mark - 0.2 cach)
Ex: worked work + -ed

26. unloosen ____________

27. transportable ____________
28. degrade ____________
29. flycatchers ____________
30. enlarged ____________
care + -ful + -ly
pre- + heat
mal- + develop + -ment
light + -en + -ed
tour + -ist + -s

-powerfully
power + ful + ly
-possibility
possible +ity
-reactivation
retactivetate+tion
-endangered
en+ danger+ ed
-rainier
rain+y+er

1. de- + port + -able

2. match + make + -er + -s
3. violin + -ist + -s
4. un- + grate + -ful
5. organ + -ize + -ing

deep + -en + -ed

provinci- + -al + -ism +s
re- + interpret + -ing
un- + grate + -ful
break + -age

beautifully
beauty + ful + ly
capability
capable + ity
deactivations
de + active + ate + tion +s
unloosening
un + loose + en + ing
windier
wind + y + er

SECTION 3: Name the word formation process of each of the following words. (5
questions - 1.0 mark- 0.2 each)
Ex: sofa. Borrowing

31. fridge
32. soapflake
33. factoid
34. yogurt borrowing
35. gasohol

lax : clipping
gasohol : blending
UNESCO : acronym
teflon : coinage
fingerprint : compounding

Ex: yogurt : borrowing

ATM : acronym
flu : clipping
aspirin : coinage
wastebasket : compounding
motel : blending

wallpaper: compounding
fan: clipping
VCR: acronym
telecast: blending
zipper: coinage

SECTION 4: Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that
characterizes it. One choice is extra. (5 questions - 1.0 mark - 0.2 cach)

36. homework a. functional morpheme followed by lexical morpheme

37. All work and no play b. compound noun
38. piano works c. base morpheme plus inflectional suffix
39. after work d. base morpheme plus derivational suffix
40. workable e. an idiom
f. phrase consisting of a noun modifier functioned as
adjective plus noun with an inflectional suffix
36.e 37.a 38.c 39.f 40.d

36. buyer a. compound noun

37. bought b. base morpheme plus derivational prefix
38. little boy c. phrase consisting of adjective plus noun
39. receives d. base morpheme plus inflectional suffix
40. blah-blah e. base morpheme plus derivational suflix
f. derivational affix plus bound morpheme
plus inflectional suffix
36.e 37.d 38.c 39.f 40.a

36. payer a. derivational affix plus bound morpheme plus

 inflectional suffix
37. made b, base morpheme plus derivational prefix
38. little gift c. phrase consisting of adjective plus noun
39. repeated d. base morpheme plus derivational suffix
40. ding-dong e. base morpheme plus inflectional suffix
f. compound noun
36.d 37.e 38.c 39.a 40.f

SECTION 5: Draw tree diagrams to illustrate the structure of the following words,
assigning appropriate word class labels (N. Adj, Adv or V) to the root and to the nodes in
the trees, and identifying heads. (5 questions - 1.0 mark - 0.2 cack
41. verbalize
42. flirtatiousness
43. loudmouth
44. harmlessly
45. youngish

SECTION 6: Determine the position (Nominal, Verbal, Adjectival, Adverbial), and

syntactic functions (Subj, DirObj, IndirObj, Pre)bj, SubjComp, Mod...) of the underlined
word in each of the following sentences. (5 questions - 1 mark- 0.2 each)
Ex: Max was struck by lightning.
Position: Nominal - Function: PrepObj

46. She remembered seeing the play before. P: Nominal - F: Direct Object
47. In North Dakota, they planted wheat. P: Nominal - F: DirObj
48. They named her Lily. P: Nominal - F: Complement
49. Helping the poor is my target. P: Verbal - F: Subj
50. What is happening in the small town? P: Adverbial - F: Mod

He's got a very interesting loy.

adjectival - modifier
All of the students have passed the exam.
nominal - subject
Being a minister, Prentice spoke softly.
verbal - predicator
To have a better result, you need to work hard
adverbial - adjunct of purpose
She gave nobody a hand shake.
nominal - indirect object

My favourite sports are tennis. P: Nominal - F: SubjComp

I know the girl who is sitting near the window. P: Nominal- F: PreObj
With a small pencil, you can draw a portrait. P: Adverbial - F: Mod
Have you forgotten your history? P: Nominal - F: DirObj
It is very easy to play that game. P: Verbal- F: Sub

Nobody has entered the room yet.nominal - subject

Yesterdav morning, she worked in her office.adverbial - adjunct of time
His cute dog is lying on the floor.adjectival- modifier
She gave nobody a hand shake.nominal- direct object
She is making dinner for the whole family.verbal-predicator

Morphology is the study of word formation, of the structure of words.

Some observations about words and their structure:

1. some words can be divided into parts which still have meaning
2. many words have meaning by themselves. But some words have meaning only when
used with other words
3. some of the parts into which words can be divided can stand alone as words. But others
cannot
4. these word-parts that can occur only in combination must be combined in the correct way
5. languages create new words systematically

What linguists infer from these observations:

• The meaningful parts into which words can be divided—e.g., boldest can be divided into
bold+est--are called the morphemes of the language. These are considered the basic units of
meaning in a particular language.

• Words that have meaning by themselves—boy, food, door—are called lexical morphemes.
Those words that function to specify the relationship between one lexical morpheme and another
—words like at, in, on, -ed, -s—are called grammatical morphemes.

• Those morphemes that can stand alone as words are called free morphemes (e.g., boy, food,
in, on). The morphemes that occur only in combination are called bound morphemes (e.g., -ed,
-s, -ing).

• Bound grammatical morphemes can be further divided into two types: inflectional morphemes
(e.g., -s, -est, -ing) and derivational morphemes (e.g., - ful, -like, -ly, un-, dis-).

• Processes of word-formation can be described.

Morphemes

A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit having more or less constant meaning and more of
less constant form. (‘More or less’ because... see below.)
For example, linguists say that the word buyers is made up of three morphemes {buy}+{er}+{s}.
The evidence for this is that each can occur in other combinations of morphemes without
changing its meaning. We can find {buy} in buying, buys, and {er} in seller, fisher, as well
as buyer. And {s} can be found in boys, girls, and dogs.

The more combinations a morpheme is found in, the more productive it is said to be.

Note the terminology: Braces, { } indicate a morpheme. Square brackets, [ ] indicate a semantic
characterization. Italics indicate a lexical item.

1. Morphemes can vary in size: neither the number of syllables nor the length of a word can
indicate what is a morpheme and what isn’t. For example, Albatross is a long word but a single
morpheme, -y (as in dreamy ) is also a single morpheme.

2. Just as linguists have had success dissecting phonemes into combinations of distinctive
features, so they have viewed morphemes as made up of combinations of semantic features. For
example, we can analyze a word like girls in terms of both its morphological and its semantic
structure:

Morphological: girls = {girl} + {s}

Semantic: {girl} = [-adult; -male; +human, ...] + {s} = {PLU} = [plural] [More on this when we
get to the topic of Semantics.]

3. Two different morphemes may be pronounced (and even sometimes spelled) the same way.
For example, the –er in buyer means something like ‘the one who,’ while the –er in shorter
means something like ‘to a greater degree than.’ The first –er always attaches to a verb, while the
second –er always attaches to an adjective. It makes sense to consider these two different
morphemes that just happen to sound the same. (The first is called the agentive morpheme {AG}
since it indicates the agent of an action; the second is called the comparative morpheme
{COMP} since it indicates the comparative degree of an adjective.)

4. We can’t always hold to the definition of a morpheme as having unchanging form. For
example, when we consider words like boys, girls, shirts, books, we conclude that –s is the plural
morpheme (symbolized {PLU}.) But what about words such as men or women? Here plurality is
indicated not by adding –s but by changing the vowel in the stem. Yet we still want to say that
men is, morphologically, {man} + {PLU}, even though the form of {PLU} is quite different in
this case.

In the same way, it seems sensible to say that went = {go} + {PAST}, just as walked = {walk} +
{PAST}, even though in the first case {PAST} involves a morphological change in form quite
different from the usual adding of –ed.

5. Sometimes it is very difficult to identify morpheme boundaries. For example, the word
hamburger originally meant {Hamburg} = ‘a city in Germany’ + {er} = ‘originating from.’ But
probably most people now understand the word as meaning {ham} = ‘ham’ + {burger} =
‘hot patty served on a round bun.’

Lexical and Grammatical Morphemes

Lexical morphemes are those that having meaning by themselves (more accurately, they have
sense). Grammatical morphemes specify a relationship between other morphemes. But the
distinction is not all that well defined.

Nouns, verbs, adjectives ({boy}, {buy}, {big}) are typical lexical morphemes.

Prepositions, articles, conjunctions ({of}, {the}, {but}) are grammatical morphemes.

Free and Bound Morphemes

Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They may be lexical morphemes
({serve}, {press}), or grammatical morphemes ({at}, {and}).

Bound morphemes can occur only in combination—they are parts of a word. They may be
lexical morphemes (such as {clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be
grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

We can make a further distinction within the set of morphemes that are both bound and
grammatical. Bound grammatical morphemes (those that don’t have a sense by themselves and,
additionally, always occur in combinations) are commonly known as affixes. They can be further
divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.
Here is some of the evidence for the distinction between inflectional and derivational affixes (the
book has more):

Inflectional Affixes Derivational Affixes

All are suffixes
Have a wide range of application. E.g.
most English nouns can be made plural,
with {PLU}
All native to English (since Old English
was spoken around 500-1000 AD)
May be either suffixes or prefixes
May have a wide or narrow range
Many were adopted from Latin, Greek, or
other languages. (Though others,
especially the suffixes, are native,
including {ful}, {like}, {ly}, and {AG})

Inflectional Affixes

English has only eight inflectional affixes:

{PLU} = plural {PRES} = present {PRES PART} = present

participle
{POSS} = possessive {PAST} past
Noun -s
{COMP} = comparative {PAST PART} = past
participle Noun -’s
{SUP} = superlative
Adj -er Verb -ing oldest

Adj -est walks

Verb -s boys walked

Verb -ed boy’s driven

Verb -en older driving

Notice that, as noted above, even irregular forms can be represented morphologically using these
morphemes. E.g. the irregular plural sheep is written as {sheep} + {PLU}, even though the
typically form of {PLU} is not used here.

Similarly, better = {good} + {COMP}; drove = {drive} + {PAST}.

Derivational Affixes

There are an indefinite number of derivational morphemes. For example, the following are some
derivational suffixes:

{ize} attaches to a noun and turns it into a verb: rubberize

{ize} also attaches to an adjective and turns it into a verb: normalize

{ful} attaches to a noun and turns it into an adjective: playful, helpful

{ly} attaches to an adjective and turns it into an adverb: grandly, proudly

A different {ly} attaches to a noun and changes it into an adjective: manly, friendly

English also has derivational prefixes, such as:

{un}, {dis}, {a}, {anti}, all of which indicate some kind of negation: unhappy, dislike, atypical,
anti-aircraft.

In writing, word boundaries are conventionally represented by spaces between words.

In speech, word boundaries are determined in various ways, as discussed below.
Examples of Word Boundaries 
 "When I was very young, my mother scolded me for flatulating by saying,
'Johnny, who made an odor?' I misheard her euphemism as 'who made a motor?'
For days I ran around the house amusing myself with those delicious words."
 (John B. Lee, Building Bicycles in the Dark: A Practical Guide on How to Write.
Black Moss Press, 2001
 "I could have sworn I heard on the news that the Chinese were producing new
trombones. No, it was neutron bombs." (Doug Stone, quoted by Rosemarie Jarski
in Dim Wit: The Funniest, Stupidest Things Ever Said. Ebury, 2008
 "As far as input processing is concerned, we may also recognize slips of the ear, as
when we start to hear a particular sequence and then realize that we have
misperceived it in some way; e.g. perceiving the ambulance at the start of the yam
balanced delicately on the top . . .." (Michael Garman, Psycholinguistics.
Cambridge University Press, 2000

- Compound words has 3 types:

§ Compound verbs
§ Compound nouns
§ Compound adjectives

- Etymology is the study of words’ origin, history. (their sources and how they were formed)

Give the original words from which these clipped words were formed. Complete the table given
below:

EXERCISE 15: What is CLIPPING? Are CLIPPED WORDS considered as free forms? Give
examples to illustrate your presentation.
ANSWER:
Clipping is the removal of a small bit → advert / ad, fanatic → fan; → bus, airplane → plane; →
flu, refrigerator → fridge.
In English, clipped words are considered as free forms: they can occur on their own right. For
example, ‘I saw an interesting help-wanted ad in Youth yesterday.’ or ‘There is nothing beer left
in the fridge.’

EXERCISE 16: As far as structure is concerned, how do COMPLEX WORDS differ from
COMPOUND WORDS. Give appropriate examples to illustrate that.
ANSWER:
COMPLEX WORDS contain at least one bound morpheme as an immediate
constituent (an IC). They fall into two subclasses: lioness, uncertain, rainy, rebirth, deepen,
disappear, etc.televise, terminate, rupture, matricide, preclude, extract, somniferous, etc.

EXERCISE 18: Name the word formation process of each of the following words:
1. doorknob: compounding
2. telly: clipping
3. nylon: coinage
4. porter: suffixation
5. silence (v.): conversion
6. radar: acronymy
7. chunnel: blending
8. cantata: borrowing
9. ESL: acronymy
10. televise: back-formation
EXERCISE 9: Indicate the meaning relation between the parts of the following English
compound words. Complete the table given below:
1 chessboard = board for playing chess on
2 flycatcher = bird that catches flies for food = light
3 sunlight given by the sun
4 daybreak = break of the day
5 frostbite = bite from frost
6 driftwood = wood that drifts
7 popcorn = corn that has popped
8 handshake = shake by the hand
9 brainwashing (fig) = washing of the brain
10 match maker = one who makes matches
11 mince-meat = meat that has been minced
12 drinking-water = water for drinking
13 typing-paper = paper for typing on
14 sleepwalking = walking in one’s sleep
15 sunbather = one who bathes in the sun
16 homework = work done at home
17 workbench = bench for working at
18 motorcycle = cycle powered by a motor
19 silkworm = worm that produces silk
20 sawdust = dust produced by sawing
21 doorknob = knob on a door
22 tape-measure = tape used for measuring
23 soap-flake = flake of soap
24 cowshed = shed for cow
25 butterfingers = person with butter on his fingers, person
who is likely to drop things.
EXERCISE 8: These verbs are back-formations. Write the words from which they are formed.
Complete the table given below:
1 bootleg ← bootlegger
2 typewrite ← typewriter
3 coronate ← coronation
4 resurrect ← resurrection
5 baby-sit ← baby-sitter
6 advance-register ← advance-registration
7 laze ← lazy
8 jell ← jelly
9 escalate ← escalator
10 reminisce ← reminiscence
11 orate ← oration
12 donate ← donation
13 televise ← television

EXERCISE 5: Give the original of each of the following blends. Complete the
table given below:
smog
telecast
electrocute
splatter
Amerindian
Eurasian
newsboy
medicare