Study

POLITICS & SOCIETY
Women in India
Table of Contents
01 Demographic overview Share of women-owned MSMEs in India FY 2016 22

Share of seats held by women in PRI India 2014-2019 23
India's gender ratio 2005-2021 04
Number of women elected in Lok Sabha elections 1957-2019 24
India's gender ratio 2015-16 by state 05
Leading start-ups of female entrepreneurs in India in 2020, by funding value 25
Life expectancy of women in India 2020 06
Literacy rate in India 2018, by gender 07
04 Health and child-bearing
Employability in India 2014-2022, by gender 08
Unemployment rate in rural and urban India 2018-19, by gender 09 Health risk assessment among Indians 2020, by gender 27
Financial institution account female ownership rate India 2011-2017 10 Number of suicides in India 1971-2020, by gender 28
Number of ministries and states having GBC India FY 2016-2022 11 Share of mental disorders among adult females India 2017 by classification 29
Fertility rate in India 2010-2020 30
02 Education Modeled estimate maternal mortality ratio India 2000-2017 31

Pregnant women registered for ANCs in India 2019-2020, by state 32
GPI in India 2018, by level 13
Number of births by type in India FY 2015-2020 33
Gender parity index at primary school level India FY 2016-2019 14
Home births by unskilled birth attendants in Indian states 2019-2020 34
Diploma awardees in India 2019, by gender 15
Undergraduate degree awardees in India 2019, by gender 16
05 Crime against women
Postgraduate degree awardees in India 2019, by gender 17
Gender parity index at tertiary school level India FY 2016-2019 18 Reported rate of crime against women in India 2020, by state 36
Share of students attending private unaided school India 2019, by gender 19 Reported crimes against women in India 2020, by type 37
Number of reported rape cases in India 2005-2020 38
03 Work life Number of reported dowry death cases in India 2005-2020 39

Women harassment cases in India 2020, by major city 40
Employment rate of urban women India 2016-2021 21
1
Table of Contents
Number of cyber crimes related to sexual harassment India 2016-2020 41
06 COVID-19 impact and public opinion

Impact on employment due to COVID-19 pandemic India 2020, by gender 43
Impact on mental health of Indian women during COVID-19 lockdown 2020 by age group 44
Domestic violence during COVID-19 lockdown in India 2020, by gender 45
Most important focus areas to achieve gender equality in future India 2019 46
Factors hindering women's equality India 2019 47
Opinion on equal pay for men and women in India 2019-2020 48
Daily time spent on unpaid household work India 2019, by gender and state 49
2
CHAPTER 01
Demographic overview
Gender ratio in India from 2005 to 2021 (females per 1,000 males)
India's gender ratio 2005-2021
1,200
1,020
1,000
901 904 906 905 906 908 909 906 900
800
Gender ratio
600
400
200
0
2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010 2009-2011 2010-2012 2011-2013 2012-2014 2013-2015 2019-2021
4 Description: The gender ratio in India was 900 between 2013 and 2015. This meant, for every 1,000 males, 900 females were present. Among its states, Chhattisgarh had the highest gender ratio at 961 in 2015 and 2016, while Haryana recorded the least at 833.
Read
more
Note(s): India; 2005 to 2021
Source(s): Business Standard; MOSPI; NITI Aayog
Gender ratio in India in 2015 and 2016, by select state
India's gender ratio 2015-16 by state
Gender ratio
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100
Chhattisgarh 961
Kerala 948
West Bengal 939
Puducherry 939
Odisha 938
Karnataka 929
Himachal Pradesh 918
Jammu and Kashmir 917
Jharkhand 916
Andhra Pradesh 916
Madhya Pradesh 916
Assam 915
Tamil Nadu 907
Bihar 900
Telangana 897
5 Description: The northern state of Chhattisgarh had the highest gender ratio based on registered births, with 961 females per 1,000 males in 2015 and 2016. In contrast, Haryana had a gender ratio of 833 females for every 1,000 males. India's average gender ratio
was 954 during the measured time period. Read more
Note(s): India; 2015 and 2016
Source(s): NITI Aayog; United Nations; Various sources
India: Life expectancy of women at birth from 2010 to 2020 (in years)
Life expectancy of women in India 2020
80
69.84 70.14 70.43 70.69 70.95 71.2

68.22 68.68 69.11 69.49
70 67.73
Life expectancy at birth in years
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
6 Description: In 2020, the average life expectancy of women at birth in India was about 71.2 years. This was a marked increase compared to the last decade.Read more
Source(s): World Bank
India: Literacy rate in 2011, 2015 and 2018, by gender
Literacy rate in India 2018, by gender
Overall Men Women

90%
80.94% 82.37%
78.88%
80% 74.37%
71.96%
69.3%
70% 65.79%
62.98%
59.28%
60%
Literacy rate
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2011 2015 2018
7 Description: Literacy in India has been increasing as more and more people receive a better education, but it is still far from all-encompassing. In 2018, the degree of literacy in India was about 74.4 percent, with the majority of literate Indians being men. It is estimated
that the global literacy rate for people aged 15 and above is about 86 percent. Read more
Note(s): India
Rate of employability across India from 2014 to 2022, by gender
Employability in India 2014-2022, by gender
Male Female
60%
51.44%
50% 47% 48% 47.39% 47%
46% 45.6% 46% 45.97%
42.1% 41.25%
38.88% 39.95% 38.91%
38%
Rate of employability
40% 36.01%
34.26%
30.3%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
8 Description: The share of employable men and women in India in 2022 saw an increase from the previous year. Women accounted for slightly more than 51 percent of employability that year. In fact, a larger share of women than men have constituted India`s
employable talent since 2016. This marked a rather positive growth for both the business sector as well as the social structures in the country.Read more
Note(s): India; 2014 to 2022; 300,000 respondents; students
Source(s): AICTE (India); AIU; Confederation of Indian Industry; PeopleStrong; UNDP; Wheebox
Rate of unemployment in rural and urban India from July 2018 to June 2019,
by gender
Unemployment rate in rural and urban India 2018-19, by gender
Female Male
12%
9.9%
10%
Rate of unemployment
8%
7.1%
6% 5.6%
4% 3.5%
2%
0%
Rural Urban
9 Description: In rural India, close to four percent of females and close to six percent of males were unemployed, while the unemployment rate was higher in urban India. However, urban women had a higher unemployment rate than rural women in the country.Read
more
Note(s): India; July 2018 to June 2019
Source(s): MOSPI
Share of women owning an account at a financial institution in India from
2011 to 2017
Financial institution account female ownership rate India 2011-2017
90%
80% 77%
70%
60%
Share of females
50%
43%
40%
30% 26%
20%
10%
0%
2011 2014 2017
10 Description: About 77 percent of women surveyed in India reported to own an account at a financial institution in 2017. This was an significant increase compared to only 26 percent in 2011. The reason for these could be increasing urbanization and rapid digitization
following the Digital India campaign by the Narendra Modi-led government. Read more
Note(s): India; 2011 to 2017; 15 years and older
Source(s): BIS; Gates Foundation; World Bank
Number of ministries and states having Gender Budget Cells (GBC) in India
from financial year 2016 to 2022
Number of ministries and states having GBC India FY 2016-2022
Central ministries States and Union territories

60 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
Number of central and state ministries
50
40
30
23 23 23 23 23 23
20
14
10
0
FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022
11 Description: In financial year 2022, about 57 central and 23 state-level ministries across India possessed gender budget cells. Over the last five fiscal years, this figure did not go through any change. Gender budget cells are formed to improve gender balance by
integrating gender analysis into the government budget. Read more
Note(s): India; FY 2016 to FY 2022
Source(s): Ministry of Women and Child Development (India); MOSPI
CHAPTER 02
Education
Gender Parity Index across India in 2018, by level
GPI in India 2018, by level
1.2
1.11
1.05 1.03
1.02 1.02
1.0 0.97
0.8
Gender Parity Index
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Primary I-V Upper Primary VI-VIII Elementary I-VIII Secondary IX-X Senior Secondary XI-XII Higher Education
13 Description: Among upper primary or middle schools in India, the gender parity index was highest at 1.11, while it was the lowest at 0.97 for higher education in 2018. In the school levels of Primary, Upper Primary and Secondary, gross enrolment has been favorable
to females. Read more
Note(s): India; 2018; based on academic year
Source(s): MOSPI
Gender parity index at primary school level in India from financial year 2016
to 2019
Gender parity index at primary school level India FY 2016-2019
1.4
1.18
1.2
1.09
1.05
1.0 0.95
Gender parity index
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019
14 Description: In financial year 2019, the Gender Parity Index (GPI) at the primary school level in India was 0.95. It was less than the value obtained in the last fiscal year. The Gender Parity Index is the ratio of the number of females by the number of males enrolled in a
given stage of education. A GPI of greater than one signifies education access in favor of female students. Read more
Source(s): MHRD (India); MOSPI
Number of diploma awardees across India in 2019, by gender (in 1,000s)
Diploma awardees in India 2019, by gender
500 469.93
450
400
Number of awardees in thousands
350 337.4
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Female Male
15 Description: As per the results of a survey across India, around 469 thousand male students were awarded their diploma during academic year 2019. The number of female graduates was considerably lesser that year compared to male graduates.Read more
Note(s): India; 2019; 993 universities, 38,102 colleges and 8,631 stand-alone institutions; based on academic year
Source(s): AICTE (India); MHRD (India)
Number of undergraduate degree awardees across India in 2019, by gender
(in millions)
Undergraduate degree awardees in India 2019, by gender
4.0
3.55
3.5
3.1
Number of awardees in millions
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Male Female
16 Description: As per the results of a survey across India, around 3.5 million female students were awarded their undergraduate degree during academic year 2018-2019. The number of female graduates was considerably higher that year compared to male graduates.
Read more
Number of postgraduate degree awardees across India in 2019, by gender (in
1,000s)
Postgraduate degree awardees in India 2019, by gender
1,000
921.01
900
800
Number of awardees in thousands
700 656.69
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Male Female
17 Description: As per the results of a survey across India, around 921 thousand female students were awarded their postgraduate degree during academic year 2018-2019. The number of female graduates was considerably higher that year compared to male
graduates. Read more
Gender parity index at tertiary school level in India from financial year 2016
to 2019
Gender parity index at tertiary school level India FY 2016-2019
1.2
1
1.0 0.97
0.92 0.94
0.8
Gender parity index
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019
18 Description: In financial year 2019, the Gender Parity Index (GPI) at the tertiary school level in India was one. In the last four fiscal years, a continuous increase in the index was seen. A GPI equal to one signifies same access to education for male and female students.
Read more
Source(s): MHRD (India); MOSPI
Share of students attending private unaided school in India in 2019, by
gender
Share of students attending private unaided school India 2019, by gender
40% 38%
35%
32%
30%
Share of students
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Girls Boys
19 Description: In 2019, the share of boys attending private school in India exceed the share of girls by five percent. This gender gap could be attributed to the fact that education hinges on the Indian social system where the male child could tend to be given more
advantage because he is seen as a potential contributor to household earnings. Read more
Note(s): India; 2019
Source(s): Central Square Foundation; Unified District Information System for Education
CHAPTER 03
Work life
Employment rate of urban women in India from March 2016 to February
2021
Employment rate of urban women India 2016-2021
12.0%
11.1%11.2%
11.1%
11%
10.9%
10.8%10.8%
11.0% 10.4%
10.2% 10.3%
10% 10% 9.9%
9.9% 9.9%
9.8%
10.0% 9.6%
9.3%
9.3%
9.3% 9.2%
9% 9.1%
8.9% 8.9% 8.9%
Employment rate
8.7% 8.6%
8.6%
9.0% 8.5% 8.5%
8.4% 8.3% 8.3%
8.1%
7.8% 7.9%
7.7%
7.7% 7.7%
8.0% 7.4% 7.5% 7.5%
7.3% 7.3%
7.1% 7.1%
6.9% 6.9%
7.0% 6.6%
6.2% 6.2% 6.3%
6% 6.1%
5.7% 5.6%
6.0% 5.5% 5.4%
5%
5.0%
4.0%
be 16
be 17
be 18
be 19
be 20
ar 16
ar 17
ar 18
ar 19
ar 20
16
16
M 017
ly 7
M 018
ly 8
M 019
ly 9
M 020
ly 0
be 16
ov er 7
ov er 8
ov er 9
ov er 0
ar 017
ar 018
ar 019
ar 020
21
1
2
1
2
em r 20
em 20
em 20
em 20
em 20
nu 20
nu 20
nu 20
nu 20
nu 20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
em 20
em 20
em 20
em 20
20
2
2
2
2
r
r
ch
ay
ch
ay
ch
ay
ch
ay
ch
ay
ly
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Ju
Ju
Ju
Ju
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b
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ar
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M
M
Ja
Ja
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pt
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Se
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N
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21 Description: The employment rate of urban Indian women was about 5.4 percent in February 2021. With the onset of the coronavirus pandemic and subsequent lockdown across the country, employment rate among urban women took a hit from over seven percent
in March 2020 to five percent the following month, fluctuating constantly through the pandemic.Read more
Note(s): India; March 2016 to February 2021
Source(s): CMIE
Distribution of micro, small and medium enterprises owned by women
across India in financial year 2016
Share of women-owned MSMEs in India FY 2016
25%
20.44% 20.37%
20%
Share of MSMEs
15%
10%
5.26%
5%
2.67%
0%
Micro Small Medium Total
22 Description: Women owned a little over 20 percent of all micro, small and medium businesses across India compared to nearly 80 percent among men in financial year 2016. Furthermore, women had the highest share of micro businesses within business sizes, with
more enterprises in rural areas than urban parts of the country during the measured time period. Read more
Note(s): India; FY 2016; based on figures from NSS round 73.
Source(s): Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (India); MOSPI
Share of seats held by women in the Pancahyati Raj Institution (PRI) in India
in 2014 and 2019
Share of seats held by women in PRI India 2014-2019
50%
46.14%
44.37%
45%
40%
35%
30%
Share of seats
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
2014 2019
23 Description: In 2019, women held more than 44 percent of the seats in India's Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI). Compared to the figures obtained in 2014, the participation of women decreased slightly. However, the local self-government showed much more
involvement of women than Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Read more
Note(s): India; 2014 and 2019
Source(s): ECI (India); MOSPI; Various sources (Ministry of Panchayati Raj)
Number of women elected to the Lok Sabha elections in India from 1957 to
2019
Number of women elected in Lok Sabha elections 1957-2019
90
78
80
70
62
Number of women elected
59
60
49
50 45
43 43
40
38
40
31
29 28 29
30
22 21
19
20
10
0
1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984-85 1989 1991-92 1996 1998 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019
24 Description: About 78 women were elected to the 17th Lok Sabha in 2019, making it the highest number of female parliamentarians in 2019. This was a significant increase compared to recent years for the south Asian country.Read more
Source(s): ECI (India); IndiaSpend; PIB; PRS Legislative Research
Leading start-ups of female entrepreneurs in India in 2020, by funding value
(in million U.S. dollars)
Leading start-ups of female entrepreneurs in India in 2020, by funding value
Funding value in million U.S. dollars

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600
Divya Gokulnath - BYJU'S 1,500
Radhika Ghai Aggarwal - Shopclues 279
Falguni Nayar - Nykaa 145
Upsana Taku - Mobikwik 131
Malini Agarwal - Miss Malini Entertainment 104
Isha Choudhry - ZoloStays 98
Richa Kar - Zivame 69
Suchi Mukherjee - Limeroad 50
Farah Nathani Menzies & Shreya Lamba - The Mumum Co. 34
Shubhra Chadda - Chumbak 27
Sayli Karanjkar - Paysense 25.6
Ashwani Asokana - Mad Street Den 21.2
25 Description: As of 2020, the Indian edtech start-up BYJU'S attracted a total funding of around 1.5 billion U.S. dollars. Thereby, its co-founder Divya Gokulnath heads the list of female entrepreneurs in India by total funding. Radhika Ghai Aggarwal, the co-founder of e-
commerce marketplace Shopclues, comes second, followed by Falguni Nayar, the founder of beauty-retailer Nykaa. Read more
Note(s): India; As of July 2020
Source(s): Website (Smart Business Box)
CHAPTER 04
Health and child-bearing

Health risk assessment among Indians as of 2020, by gender
Health risk assessment among Indians 2020, by gender
Healthy Unhealthy
70%
60.18%
60%
52.68%
50% 47.32%
39.82%
Share of users
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Men Women
27 Description: As per the results of a large scale survey in 2020, over 60 percent of Indian women and 47 percent Indian men were found to be unhealthy. The health risk assessment took into account multiple health aspects like nutrition, lifestyle, physical activity levels,
immunity, disease affliction and others to draw this conclusion. Overall, the south Asian country had a high share of people with diabetes and heart problems.Read more
Note(s): India; 2020; 11,000 respondents; among GOQii app users.
Source(s): GOQii
Number of suicides in India from 1971 to 2020, by gender (in 1,000s)
Number of suicides in India 1971-2020, by gender
Male Female Transgender

120
108.53
97.61
100 91.53 92.11
88.45 90.54 89.13 89 89.02
87.18 87.84
Number of deaths in thousands
80 72.92
66.03
60
47.48 47.42 47.75 46.99
42.56 44.26 42.52 42.09 42 42.39 44.5
41 40.85 41.49
40 32.67
26.33
17.35
20
0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02

0
1971 1992 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
28 Description: In 2020, there were more than 44 thousand female deaths due to suicides in India, while the incidents were more than 108 thousand for males. Some of the causes for suicides in the country were due to professional problems, abuse, violence, family
problems, financial loss, sense of isolation and mental disorders. Read more
Source(s): NCRB (India)
Share of mental disorders among adult females in India 2017, by
classification
Share of mental disorders among adult females India 2017 by classification
Share of adult females

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16%
All mental disorders 14.4%
Idiopathic developmental intellectual disability 4.3%
Depressive disorders 3.9%
Anxiety disorders 3.9%
Other mental disorders 1.4%
Conduct disorder 0.6%
Bipolar disorder 0.6%
Eating disorders 0.3%
Autism spectrum disorders 0.2%
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 0.2%
Schizophrenia 0.2%
29 Description: In 2017, the share of all mental health disorders among adult females in India was 14.4 percent. Among all the classifications of mental disorders, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, followed by depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders
reflected the highest shares with 4.3, 3.9, and 3.9 percent of female adults suffering from these disorders respectively. By contrast, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and schizophrenia represented the lowest shares.Read more
Source(s): Lancet
Fertility rate across India from 2010 to 2020 (number of children born per
woman)
Fertility rate in India 2010-2020
3.0
2.58
2.51
2.44
2.5 2.38 2.33 2.3 2.27
Number of children born per woman
2.24 2.22 2.2 2.18
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
30 Description: In 2020, the average fertility rate for Indian women stood at around 2.18, that is, there were close to two children born per woman in the country that year. Despite a decreasing fertility rate, the total population of India is expected to increase over the
next few years. Read more
Modeled estimate maternal mortality ratio in India from 2000 to 2017 (per
100,000 live births)
Modeled estimate maternal mortality ratio India 2000-2017
400
370
354
350 336
319
303
300 286
Deaths per 100,000 live births
270
255
250 240
225
210
197
200 185
175
166
158
150 145
150
100
50
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
31 Description: In 2017, the maternal mortality ratio in India was around 154 deaths per 100,000 live births. This was a drastic decrease from the year 2000 where the estimated materal mortality ratio in the country was at approximately 370 deaths per 100,000 live
births. Read more
Source(s): UNFPA; WHO; World Bank
States with the highest number of pregnant women registered for antenatal
checks across India from April 2019 to June 2020 (in 1,000s)
Pregnant women registered for ANCs in India 2019-2020, by state
Number of registered checks in thousands

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
Uttar Pradesh 1,569.56
Bihar 904.86
Maharashtra 540.29
Madhya Pradesh 496.87
Rajasthan 460.46
West Bengal 450.48
Gujarat 350.23
Karnataka 285.38
Tamil Nadu 272.85
Jharkhand 237.8
Andhra Pradesh 215.6
Telangana 210.9
Delhi 199.82
Assam 196.39
Odisha 191.91
32 Description: The state of Uttar Pradesh had registered over 1.5 million women for antenatal checks, making it the leading state to administer these facilities in India between April 2019 and June 2020. Bihar and Maharashtra followed with around 900 thousand and
540 thousand antenatal checks registered respectively in the measured time period. Read more
Note(s): India; as on June 12, 2020
Source(s): HMIS (India); Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)
Number of births in India between financial year 2015 and 2020, by type
Number of births by type in India FY 2015-2020
Home births Institutional deliveries

25
20 18.83 18.72 19.17

Number of births by delivery type
18.3
17.62
15
10
4.43
5
2.66 2.35 1.99 1.61 1.4
0.28
0
FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020*
33 Description: In fiscal year 2020, over four million children in India were born through institutional deliveries, and a little over 277 thousand were home births. The overall data shows a growing trend of institutional deliveries at hospitals or primary health centres,
compared to ones at home. This indicated an improvement in India`s efforts at improving maternity care facilities. Read more
Note(s): India; FY 2015 to FY 2020; *As on June 12, 2020. India's financial year begins in April and ends in March. For example, FY 2017 started in April 2016 and ended in March 2017. Values have been rounded. Note: Previous editions of the report [...]Read more
Source(s): HMIS (India)
States with highest number of home births performed by unskilled birth
attendants in India from April 2019 to June 2020
Home births by unskilled birth attendants in Indian states 2019-2020
Number of home births

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 110,000
Uttar Pradesh 95,854
Bihar 66,740
Madhya Pradesh 11,725
Meghalaya 8,363
Assam 7,816
Jharkhand 4,583
West Bengal 4,045
Haryana 4,038
Rajasthan 3,708
Odisha 3,019
Uttarakhand 2,766
Jammu & Kashmir 2,336
Delhi 2,117
Maharashtra 1,661
Himachal Pradesh 1,440
34 Description: The state of Uttar Pradesh in India reported close to 95,854 home births assisted by unqualified birth attendants between April and June 2020. The state of Bihar followed with 66 thousand home births by unskilled attendants during the measured time
period. Read more
Note(s): India; April 2019 to June 2020; *Skilled Birth Attendant (SBA) can be a midwife, physician, obstetrician, nurse, or other health care professional. Values have been rounded. Figures are provisional.Read more
Source(s): HMIS (India); Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)
CHAPTER 05
Crime against women

Rate of crime against women reported across India in 2020, by state
Reported rate of crime against women in India 2020, by state
Crime rate
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Assam
Odisha
Delhi
Telangana
Haryana
Rajasthan
West Bengal
Andaman & Nicobar islands
Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
India
Kerala
Chandigarh
Maharashtra
Jammu & Kashmir
36 Description: Assam had the highest rates of crime against women in India in 2020 with about 154.3 crimes reported for every 100,000 women. Among the union territories, Delhi had a crime rate against women of 106.4 that year.Read more
Number of reported crimes against women across India in 2020, by type of
crime
Reported crimes against women in India 2020, by type
Number of cases reported

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000
Cruelty by husband or relatives

Assault
Kidnapping and abduction
Protection of Children from Sexual Violence Act
Rape
Dowry Prohibition Act
Insults
Dowry deaths
Abetment to suicide of women
Attempt to commit rape
Cyber crime
Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act
Human trafficking
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act
Miscarriage
37 Description: Domestic abuse or cruelty by husband and/or relatives was the highest reported crime against women across India in 2020. Assault ranked second that year, with over 85 thousand cases filed. Rape, which makes headlines regularly in the country
recorded over 28 thousand. This was from a total of over 371 thousand cases of crime reported against women that year. Read more
Total number of rape cases reported in India from 2005 to 2020
Number of reported rape cases in India 2005-2020
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
38 Description: In 2020, the total number of rape cases reported in India amounted to over 28 thousand. This was a decrease in rape cases compared to the previous year. Even though many rapes are not reported in the country, it is an issue that continuously makes
news headlines, some leading to public protests. Although reports of rape have increased in recent years, it was still associated with shame for the victim, rather than the perpetrator.Read more
Total number of reported dowry death cases in India from 2005 to 2020
Number of reported dowry death cases in India 2005-2020
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
39 Description: In 2020, reported dowry death cases in India amounted to nearly seven thousand. This was a gradual decrease from the 2014, in which this number was approximately 8.5 thousand. The dowry system in India incorporates payments in the form of capital,
durable goods, real estate among others, made to the bridegroom from the family of the bride as a condition for marriage. Read more
Number of women harassment cases reported across major cities in India in
2020
Women harassment cases in India 2020, by major city

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Delhi 322
Mumbai 267
Bengaluru 103
Ahmedabad 87
Pune 53
Hyderabad 44
Kolkata 37
Chennai 10
40 Description: The Indian capital city of Delhi reported the highest number of harassment cases against women of over 320 cases in India in 2020. Among its major cities, Mumbai and Bengaluru followed in the country during the measured time period. According to a
survey in 2019, India ranked highest in the list of dangerous countries for women. This comes as no surprise, with over 400 thousand reported crimes against women in that year alone.Read more
Number of cyber crimes related to sexual harassment and exploitation
across India from 2016 to 2020
Number of cyber crimes related to sexual harassment India 2016-2020
3,500 3,293
3,000
2,500
2,266
Number of cyber crimes
2,030
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
51 81
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
41 Description: There were over 3.2 thousand cases of cyber crime related to sexual harassment or exploitation reported across India in 2020. This was a stark jump in the number of such cyber crimes in the country compared to the year 2016 and 2017. Although the
crime rate had indeed gone up in the country from 2018 to 2020, the Indian government's efforts to establish new mechanisms to tackle cyber crime, along with more awareness among people were some of the factors causing such a big spike [...]Read more
Source(s): EY; FICCI; NCRB (India)
CHAPTER 06
COVID-19 impact and public

opinion
Impact on employment due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in India
as of April 2020, by gender
Impact on employment due to COVID-19 pandemic India 2020, by gender
I have been forced to take paid leave I have been forced to take unpaid leave I lost my job
My commitment and wages remain unchanged My wages has been reduced My work hours have been reduced
None of the above apply to me
120%
100% 26% 26% 27%

Share of respondents
80% 17% 14%

17%
60% 15% 16% 20%
40%
37% 32%
36%
20% 7%
5% 2%
7% 9% 11%
0% 4% 5% 2%
Female Male Prefer not to say
43 Description: According to a survey among Indian urban youth about life in lockdown, a majority of people stated that their work hours and wages remained unchanged due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in April 2020. Over seven percent of male
respondents lost their jobs at that time. Read more
Note(s): India; April 8 to 27, 2020; 5,922 respondents; 18 to 32 years; among urban youth across Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, Chennai and Hyderabad.
Source(s): Observer Research Foundation; Youth Ki Awaaz
Impact on mental health of Indian women during the coronavirus (COVID-19)
pandemic lockdown as of April 2020, by age group
Impact on mental health of Indian women during COVID-19 lockdown 2020 by age group
Not impacted at all Somewhat impacted Strongly impacted

120%
100%
35%
80% 42%
60%
40% 54%
50%
20%
8% 11%
0%
18 to 25 years 26 to 32 years
44 Description: According to a survey among Indian urban youth about life in lockdown, a majority of respondents across all age groups felt that their mental health was somewhat impacted during the coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown in April 2020. About 42 percent of
female respondents between the ages of 18 and 25 years of age stated that their well-being was strongly affected at that time.Read more
Domestic violence during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic lockdown in
India as of April 2020, by gender
Domestic violence during COVID-19 lockdown in India 2020, by gender
Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree

120%
100% 5%
6%
14% 16%
80%
60%
47% 48%
40%
20%
33% 31%
0%
Male Female
45 Description: According to a survey among Indian urban youth about life in lockdown, 48 percent of female respondents strongly agreed to feeling safe from domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in April 2020.Read more
Most important focus areas to achieve gender equality in the future in India
as of November 2019
Most important focus areas to achieve gender equality in future India 2019
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
Women being represented in government and politics 42%
Women having equal access to education 36%
Women having senior positions in business 36%
Women having jobs in science and technology 34%
Women having reached CEO/board positions 32%
Women's participation in sport 25%
Women's representation in the media 23%
Looking after children and the home 18%
There is no need to achieve equality 2%
46 Description: According to a survey conducted by Ipsos regarding the areas to focus on for gender equality in India, a majority of respondents stated that women's representation in politics was the most important area to bride the gender gap. At the same time,
around 18 percent of the respondents felt that gender disparity would reduce if men shared the childcare and home responsibilities.Read more
Note(s): India; Septermber 20 to October 4, 2019; 500+ respondents; 16 to 74
Source(s): Ipsos
Leading factors hindering women from achieving equality with men in India
as of November 2019
Factors hindering women's equality India 2019
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Women lacking financial independence 22%
Lack of education for men and boys 21%
Employers not helping women to balance work & care responsibilities 17%
Employers not promoting women to senior positions 17%
Police not taking VAW seriously 17%
Too few women in positions of political power 17%
Lack of knowledge around issues faced 16%
Employers not addressing gender pay gap 15%
Lack of access to education for women/girls 15%
Women not doing enough to help themselves 14%
Men not helping achieve equality 14%
Government not promoting equality 13%
Media portraying women in unfair way 12%
Lack of access to good healthcare 11%
Lack of access to family planning 10%
47 Description: According to a survey conducted by Ipsos on the factors hindering women from achieving equality with men in India, at 22 percent, most respondents felt that the lack of financial independence was the most important factor. While thirteen percent of the
respondents felt that the government failed to promote women's equality. Globally only 12 percent of respondents viewed financial independence as a key factor which could help women's equality.Read more
Note(s): India; Septermber 20 to October 4, 2019; 500+ respondents; 16 to 74
Source(s): Ipsos
Opinion on likelihood of closing gender pay gap in India in 2019 and 2020
Opinion on equal pay for men and women in India 2019-2020
Unlikely Likely
80%
71%
68%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
30% 26%
20%
10%
0%
2019 2020
48 Description: According to a survey conducted by Ipsos on predictions for global issues in 2020, 71 percent of Indian respondents thought it likely that women will be paid the same as men for the same work that year. Only 26 percent of the respondents felt this was
unlikely. Read more
Note(s): India; November 26 to December 6, 2019; 500 respondents; 16-64 years; survey sample was more urban and educated, and with higher income than the national average.
Source(s): Ipsos
Daily time spent on unpaid household work by Indians as of 2019, by gender
and state (in minutes)
Daily time spent on unpaid household work India 2019, by gender and state
Time spent in minutes
Male Female
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Bihar 40 366
Daman & Diu 40 340
Assam 63 339
Punjab 22 324
West Bengal 34 322
Jharkhand 30 321
Tripura 50 320
Odisha 29 310
Uttar Pradesh 29 301
Uttarakhand 38 294
Delhi 29 292
Gujarat 20 291
Karnataka 23 289
Madhya Pradesh 30 287
49 Description: According to time use in India survey conducted in 2019, women from the north Indian state of Bihar spent the most amount of time of about 366 minutes per day on unpaid household work. Men from the same state spent about 40 minutes per day on
household work. In general, women spent more time on unpaid household work than men in the country.Read more
Note(s): India; 2019; 450,000 respondents; 6 years and above
Source(s): Livemint; MOSPI
Sources
AICTE (India) MOSPI (Periodic Labour Force Survey)

AIU NCRB (India)
BIS NITI Aayog
Business Standard Observer Research Foundation
Central Square Foundation PeopleStrong
CMIE PIB
Confederation of Indian Industry PRS Legislative Research
ECI (India) UNDP
EY UNFPA
FICCI Unified District Information System for Education
Gates Foundation United Nations
GOQii Various sources
HMIS (India) Various sources (Ministry of Panchayati Raj)
IndiaSpend Website (Smart Business Box)
Ipsos Wheebox
Lancet WHO
Livemint World Bank
MHRD (India) Youth Ki Awaaz
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (India)
Ministry of Women and Child Development (India)
MOSPI
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POLITICS & SOCIETY

01 Demographic overview Share of women-owned MSMEs in India FY 2016 22

02 Education Modeled estimate maternal mortality ratio India 2000-2017 31

03 Work life Number of reported dowry death cases in India 2005-2020 39

Number of cyber crimes related to sexual harassment India 2016-2020 41

06 COVID-19 impact and public opinion

West Bengal 939

Himachal Pradesh 918

Jammu and Kashmir 917

Andhra Pradesh 916

Madhya Pradesh 916

Tamil Nadu 907

69.84 70.14 70.43 70.69 70.95 71.2

Overall Men Women

Central ministries States and Union territories

Funding value in million U.S. dollars

Divya Gokulnath - BYJU'S 1,500

Radhika Ghai Aggarwal - Shopclues 279

Falguni Nayar - Nykaa 145

Upsana Taku - Mobikwik 131

Malini Agarwal - Miss Malini Entertainment 104

Isha Choudhry - ZoloStays 98

Richa Kar - Zivame 69

Suchi Mukherjee - Limeroad 50

Farah Nathani Menzies & Shreya Lamba - The Mumum Co. 34

Shubhra Chadda - Chumbak 27

Sayli Karanjkar - Paysense 25.6

Ashwani Asokana - Mad Street Den 21.2

Health and child-bearing

Male Female Transgender

0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02

Share of adult females

All mental disorders 14.4%

Idiopathic developmental intellectual disability 4.3%

Depressive disorders 3.9%

Anxiety disorders 3.9%

Other mental disorders 1.4%

Conduct disorder 0.6%

Bipolar disorder 0.6%

Eating disorders 0.3%

Autism spectrum disorders 0.2%

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 0.2%

2.24 2.22 2.2 2.18

Number of registered checks in thousands

Uttar Pradesh 1,569.56

Madhya Pradesh 496.87

West Bengal 450.48

Tamil Nadu 272.85

Andhra Pradesh 215.6

Home births Institutional deliveries

20 18.83 18.72 19.17

Number of home births

Uttar Pradesh 95,854

Madhya Pradesh 11,725

West Bengal 4,045

Jammu & Kashmir 2,336

Himachal Pradesh 1,440

Crime against women

Number of cases reported

Cruelty by husband or relatives

Number of cases reported

COVID-19 impact and public