ELMI LIRA LOUISE S.
BRAGANZA - 3B epithelium, pyloric-type
GASTRITIS
(Inflammation of the gastric or stomach
mucosa.)
Gastritis is the general term used to
describe diffuse inflammatory lesions in
the mucosal layer of the stomach.
Common causes of gastritis include
Helicobacter pylori infection, use of
aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, alcohol use, radiation, Crohn's
disease, and sarcoidosis.
Types of Gastritis
Erythematous
It's a sign that an underlying condition or
irritation has caused inflammation, which
has increased blood flow to the mucosa
and made it red.Inflammation in the
mucosal lining of the digestive tract.
Erosive
Gastric mucosal erosion caused by
damage to mucosal defenses
Hemorrhagic
Diffuse loss of the superficial gastric
mucosa. Characterized by active
bleeding from erosions, superficial
ulcers, or areas of easy friability.
Atrophic
Loss of the gastric glandular cells and
replacement by intestinal-type
glands, and
fibrous tissue.
Hypertrophic
Marked by inflammation and ulcers of
the mucosa of the stomach and by
overgrowth of the cells that make up the
mucosa.
Nodular
(Antral gastritis) usually characterized
endoscopically by a miliary pattern
resembling gooseflesh and
pathologically by prominent lymphoid
follicles and infiltration of mononuclear
cells.
Pathophysiology
Gastric mucous membrane becomes
edematous and hyperemic and
undergoes superficial erosion. It secretes
a scanty amount of gastric juice,
containing very little acid but much
mucus. Superficial ulceration may occur
as a result of erosive disease and may
lead to hemorrhage.
Risk Factors
 Bacterial Infection. Doctors
believe vulnerability to the
bacterium could be inherited.
 Stress. Severe stress due to
major surgery, injury, burns or
severe infections can cause acute
gastritis.
  Excessive Alcohol use. Alcohol
can irritate and erode your
stomach lining, which makes your
stomach more vulnerable to
digestive juices.
 Old Age. Older adults have an
increased risk of gastritis because
the stomach lining tends to thin
with age and because older adults
are more likely to have H. pylori
infection or autoimmune disorders
than younger people are.
 Autoimmune Reaction. Called
autoimmune gastritis, this type of
gastritis occurs when your body
attacks the cells that make up your
stomach lining. This reaction can
wear away at your stomach's
protective barrier.
Signs & Symptoms
 Abdominal discomfort
 Headache
 Lassitude
 Nausea & vomiting
 Anorexia
 Hiccupping
 Pernicious anemia
 No symptoms
 Bleeding, which may manifest as
blood in vomit or as black, tarry
stools (i.e., melena) or bright red,
bloody stools.
Diagnostic Test
Endoscopy
In cases of active H. pylori infection,
nodularity on the antrum, hemorrhagic
spots on the fundus, and thickened
gastric folds are common endoscopic
findings.
Biopsy
Gastric biopsy tissues are needed for
histological staining, cultures, rapid
urease test, and molecular detection
(PCR DNA) in detecting the causative
agent (H. pylori).
Medical History
A diagnosis for mild gastritis can be
made by taking a history of your
symptoms and an examination of your
tummy (abdomen).
Medical/Surgical Management
For bleeding:
Endoscopic hemostasis
For Acid suppression:
Proton pump inhibitor or H2 blocker
Mild Gastritis:
Removing the offending agent and using
drugs to reduce gastric acidity
Severe Gastritis:
Bleeding is managed with IV fluids and
blood transfusions.
.
Nursing Management
 Elevate the head of the bed.
To reduce acid reflux since
sleeping in an upright position
sets the esophagus over the
stomach, making it harder for
stomach acid to escape.
 Reduce anxiety. Anxiety may
reduce pressure in the lower
esophageal sphincter, which
is the band of muscle that
keeps the stomach closed
and prevents acid from
leaking into the esophagus.
 Provide emesis basin within
easy reach. To have
containers that are used to
collect the vomit.
 Maintain fluid balance. Often
patients cannot take in oral
fluids. Patients then receive
fluids intravenously to replace
lost fluid volume.
 Allow patient to do
relaxation, guided imagery,
music therapy, distraction,
or deep breathing
exercises. Stress responses
and anxiety may cause long
lasting muscle tension. If this
affects the muscles around
the stomach, it could increase
pressure in this organ and
push the acid up.
 Monitor vital signs including
pain assessment, and signs
of bleeding. Vital signs,
especially blood pressure,
urine output, and skin turgor,
provide information about the
patient’s hydration status.
 Prepare for and assist with
upper endoscopy. It’s
important to prepare for an
upper GI endoscopy to ensure
the procedure goes smoothly.
 Relieve pain. Pain meds can
restore your ability to do
activities.
Health Education
 Obtain information about
the patient’s eating habits.
Some food items can
exacerbate the symptoms of
gastritis. Acidic or citrus food
items may worsen symptoms.
 Discourage the patient from
consuming spicy foods,
caffeine, and alcohol. Acidic
food items, such as tomatoes,
or citrus items, may worsen
the patient’s condition and
 interfere with the treatment
and the healing process.

 Encourage small, frequent

meals rather than three full
meals. The patient might
tolerate frequent small
portions better.

 Educate the patient about

medications’ indication,
possible adverse reactions,
and contraindications.
Patients might be sent home
with new medications.
Knowledge about newly
prescribed medication
promotes patient safety.