_______________________

Name:
_
3.3.2 Environmental, social
and economic challenges _______________________
Class:
_

_______________________
Date:
_

Time: 81 minutes

Marks: 79 marks

Comments:

Page 1 of 20
Q1.
Designers sometimes choose materials according to their impact on society and the
environment.

Examples include the use of fair trade cotton, recycled components and biodegradable
packaging.

Evaluate how the use of such materials might be seen as the ethical choice.
(Total 10 marks)

Q2.
Quality of Written Communication will be tested in this question.

Designers have a responsibility to the environment.

Explain what is meant by the term sustainable design. Give example(s) to support your
answer.

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(Total 8 marks)

Page 2 of 20
Q3.
Discuss how Planned Obsolescence might be harmful for the environment. Give
examples of products in your answer.
Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in your answer.

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(Total 8 marks)

Q4.
Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in your answer.

Explain what is meant by the term ‘sustainability’. Give examples of products where
sustainability has been considered during their design, manufacture or use.

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Page 3 of 20
 _______________________________________________________________________

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(Total 10 marks)

Q5.
Explain how manufacturers can design sustainability into a product.

Give examples in your answer.

You will be tested for quality of written communication in this part of the question.

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Page 4 of 20
 _______________________________________________________________________

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(Total 8 marks)

Q6.
The lady in the photograph below is wearing an eco-friendly dress.

(a)     Explain why some consumers prefer to buy sustainable fashion clothing.

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(3)

Page 5 of 20
 (b)     Name and describe some sustainable fabrics and components that can be used to
make fashionable clothing.

You will be assessed on Quality of Written Communication (QWC) in this question.

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(8)
(Total 11 marks)

Q7.
This logo is on product labels for some decorative cushions.

(a)     List three principles of Fairtrade.

Page 6 of 20
 Principle 1 __________________________________________________________

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Principle 2 __________________________________________________________

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Principle 3 __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     Name and describe three different sustainable fabrics.

Fabric 1

Name _____________________________________________________________

Describe ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Fabric 2

Name _____________________________________________________________

Describe ___________________________________________________________

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Fabric 3

Name _____________________________________________________________

Describe ___________________________________________________________

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(6)
(Total 9 marks)

Q8.
The images in the chart below show tools and equipment for cutting fabric.

(a)     Fill in the table by completing the empty boxes. An example has been done for you.
 
  Tool or equipment Reason for using this tool
or equipment

Small sharp scissors To cut detailed work

accurately by hand.

Page 7 of 20
    

   

   

   

(8)

(b)     Name the machine that both cuts and stitches over the edge of fabric to neaten it.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q9.
Study the Fairtrade organic cotton baby vest in the photograph below.

Page 8 of 20
  

(a)      Explain what is meant by Fairtrade cotton.

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(2)

(b)     Explain what is meant by organic cotton.

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(2)

(c)    Explain why some parents might prefer to buy organic cotton products.

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 9 of 20
Mark schemes

Q1.
9 - 10 marks
A fully coherent and logical discussion which features a range of points with excellent
understanding of issues surrounding the use of materials, detailed analysis and evaluation
of these issues and reasoned conclusions drawn as to why they are seen as ethical.

7 - 8 marks
A logical discussion which includes good understanding of the issues surrounding the use
of materials and demonstrates a good range of well analysed and evaluated points and
some conclusions drawn as to why they are seen as ethical.

5 - 6 marks
Response shows good understanding of the issues surrounding the use of materials
demonstrating a range of points with some analysis / evaluation. Argument may lack some
coherency and conclusions drawn may be unsubstantiated.

3 - 4 marks
Some understanding of the issues and some worthy discussion. Limited analysis and
evaluation, lacking coherency and limited conclusions which may also be unsubstantiated.

1 - 2 marks
One or two brief valid points or one point with some explanation. Answer shows limited
understanding of the issues with no coherent argument. Analysis only rather than
evaluation. No conclusions drawn.

0 marks
Nothing worthy of credit.

Indicative content:

The indicative content below is intended to illustrate points that students may make with
regard to the examples given in the question, which would demonstrate their
understanding of why these materials are seen as ethical. Students may discuss some or
all of these examples or may bring other materials into their answer. There is no
requirement for them to discuss the examples given. You should award marks for anything
worthy of credit.

Biodegradable Packaging
•        Decomposes much more quickly so that less waste is left in landfill.
•        Does not use up as many finite resources such as oil.
•        Is not as harmful to the environment when extracted.
•        They require less energy to process into a useable material.
•        They are easier to recycle / use less energy to recycle.
•        They are non-toxic when they break down.
•        Biopolymers reduce our reliance on imported oil.

Fairtrade cotton
•        Cotton farmers are paid a living wage which allows them to survive and earn enough
money to feed their families.
•        Ensures workers / farmers get a fair price for their labour / products.
•        Communities are often given help in setting up local amenities such as schools wells
etc.
•        It gives smallscale farmers access to global markets.

Page 10 of 20
 •        Buying this product shows your support for these communities.

Recycled Components
•        Components often contain valuable materials such as gold, copper, aluminium.
•        These materials are difficult to extract and take a large amount of energy to extract
and refine.
•        These materials are non-renewable and are becoming more difficult and costly to
find.
•        Many components contain harmful materials that should not be left in landfill.
•        Saves landfill space.
8 (A03)
2 (A04)
[10]

Q2.
Sustainable design (in context of question)

A fully detailed and comprehensive response that includes details of most of

the examples below. The answer is well structured, with good use of appropriate
design & technology terminology and showing a good grasp of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
7-8

A detailed and comprehensive response that includes several of the examples

below. The answer is well structured, with good use of appropriate design &
technology terminology and showing a good grasp of grammar, punctuation and
spelling.
5-6

A fairly detailed response which refers to some of the examples below. The
answer is fairly well structured, with some use of design & technology terminology
and with a small number of errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling.
3-4

A response which contains very limited reference to any of the examples

below. The answer is vague or poorly structured, with little use of design &
technology terminology and with a considerable number of errors in grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
1-2

A response which is poorly structured with no relevant examples. There is very

little or no use of design technology terminology and with many errors in grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
0

Points for sustainable design:

Sustainable future, 6 Rߣs (rethink, refuse, reduce, re-use, repair and recycle). eg
reduce environmental impact, advantages and disadvantages of recycling and
reusing materials.
Damage to environment. Eg non renewable
Energy waste and production.
Environmentally friendly.
Alternative materials Eg potato starch / bioplastics
[8]

Page 11 of 20
Q3.
Planned obsolescence is the conscious decision on the part of a manufacturer to
produce a consumer product that will become obsolete and/or non-functional in a
defined time frame. Planned obsolescence has great benefits for a producer in that
it means a consumer will buy their product repeatedly, as their old one is no longer
functional or desirable and not economical to repair.

Planned obsolescence has an obvious detrimental effect on the environment as it is

a planned waste of resources, particularly as typical products might use high levels
of non-renewable or difficult to recycle materials. Planned obsolescence encourages
use of more non-renewable materials, energy for processing raw materials and
production processes, transport, pollution, packaging materials and disposal in land
fill. Products could be built to last and be repairable − reference to 5 R’s.

A concise and detailed response showing a good understanding of the above

factors. Examples of relevant products used to illustrate points. Response well
structured with good use of appropriate design and technology terminology and
showing a good grasp of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
7-8 marks

A sound response showing a basic understanding of the above factors. At least one
example of relevant products used. Response fairly well structured with some use of
design and technology terminology with small number of errors in grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
5-6 marks

A reasonable response although may be simplistic and lacking in detail, examples of

products or understanding of planned obsolescence. Response has simple structure
with limited use of design and technology terminology and some errors in grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
3-4 marks

A simplistic statement which mentions one point only. Response may not include
examples of relevant products or products selected may not be appropriate to
argument. Response poorly structured with little or no use of design and technology
terminology and with numerous errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling.
1-2 marks

No relevant argument presented.

0 marks

No credit for consumable products such as disposable razors or batteries

[8]

Q4.
Initially, mark the answer based on the technical content.

Look for details relating to:

Sustainability is the ability of a product to be used indefinitely with limited impact on

the environment.

A product manufactured from wood is considered to be very sustainable as it is

renewable, can be recycled, reused and has limited effect on the environment when
being processed.

A product manufactured from metal can be sustainable if it is recycled and / or

Page 12 of 20
 reused at the end of its life. However, metal is a non renewable resource and harms
the environment when it is being processed.

A product manufactured from plastic can be sustainable if it is recycled and / or

reused at the end of its life. However, plastic is a non renewable resource and
harms the environment when it is being processed.

Now refine your mark depending on the QWC.

A technically correct response that displays poor QWC may lose 1 or 2 marks.
A technically incorrect response that displays good QWC may gain 1 or 2
marks.

A fully detailed and comprehensive response. The answer is well−structured, with

good use of appropriate design & technology terminology and showing a good grasp
of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
9 − 10 marks

A detailed and comprehensive response. The answer is well−structured, with good

use of appropriate design & technology terminology and showing a good grasp of
grammar, punctuation and spelling.
7 − 8 marks

A detailed response. The answer is well−structured, with good use of appropriate

design & technology terminology and showing a good grasp of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
5 − 6 marks

A fairly detailed response. The answer is fairly well structured, with some use of
design & technology terminology and with a small number of errors in grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
3 − 4 marks

A limited response. The answer is vague or poorly structured, with little use of
design & technology terminology and with a considerable number of errors in
grammar, punctuation and spelling.
1 − 2 marks

A response which is poorly structured with no relevant examples. There is very little
or no use of design technology terminology and with many errors in grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
0 marks
[10]

Q5.
Give examples in your answer.

A high level response with a full and comprehensive explanation of all aspects of a
suitable process. Response well structured with good use of appropriate design and
technology terminology and showing a good grasp of grammar, punctuation and
spelling.
(7 – 8 marks)

A medium level response with a good explanation of a suitable process, however

with some aspects of the process omitted. Response fairly well structured with some
use of design and technology terminology with a small number of errors in grammar,
punctuation.
(5 – 6 marks)

Page 13 of 20
 A low level response with a limited explanation of one part of the process with
several errors. Response poorly structured with little or no use of design and
technology terminology and with several errors in grammar, punctuation and
spelling.
(3 – 4 marks)

An attempt at a response, no relevant description presented. No use of design and

technology terminology and multiple errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling.
(1 – 2 marks)

e.g. An 8 Mark response;

A vacuum cleaner manufacturer can design sustainability into their products by

making it simple for the user / owner to replace parts that may wear out before the
whole unit is scrap (belts, filters, bags, etc.)
By having access panels and removable covers that can be safely opened /
removed, the user can swap them without them coming to harm.
They must ensure that there are clear instructions on how to replace these parts.
They should also ensure that the spare parts are easily identifiable and readily
available to buy on the High Street or the Internet.
They could make 1 part fit many models to make it simpler to stock and identify.
Another angle on sustainability is fashion. If the manufacturer did not regularly
change the design of the product, the users would not feel the need to scrap their
existing cleaner before the end of its working life, just to trade up to a newer, more
fashionable model.
[8]

Q6.
(a)     Marks awarded as follows:
No answer worthy of credit.
(0 marks)

Consumers wish to have less impact on the environment / eco friendly / green,
reusing / recycling resources and reducing the need to use up the earth’s
natural resources. They want to reduce packaging and transportation distance
of new clothing. They want to protect the environment from damage from toxic
chemicals, waste in landfill sites and litter from plastics. Consumers are
concerned that the textile workers are safe from dangers, paid a fair wage and
their communities are supported so that a continued employment is made
possible. Following a trend toward sustainable clothing. Want a quality product
that will be durable / last a long time.

1 mark for each correct point up to 3 marks or

3 marks for 2 points plus expansion.

No to cheaper or costs less.

(Max 3 marks)

(b)     Use recycled / reclaimed materials from deconstructed products

•        Select fabric which is made from recycled plastic / polyester
•        Use end of fabric rolls or waste fabric
•        Customise / upcycle existing textile products
•        Reuse second hand / vintage textile products, fabrics, components.
•        Reclaim wool fibres and re-spin into new yarn
•        Organic cotton grown without use of toxic chemicals such as pesticides,
herbicides and chemical fertilisers
•        Fairtrade cotton

Page 14 of 20
 •        Biodegradable fabric
•        Modern fabric which has less impact on the environment e.g. Tencel
•        Biofibres which can be grown sustainably e.g. Bamboo
•        Easy-care finishes that will reduce laundering
•        Reduction of waste and pollution during fabric and component
manufacturing
•        No toxic chemicals e.g. bleach, toxic dyes
•        Reduced carbon emissions in distribution e.g. fabric made locally.

Marks awarded as follows:

•        No answer worthy of credit.

(0 marks)

•        Simple statements or those that only include one or two basic ideas
such as recycled fabric and components.
Candidate will tend to concentrate superficially on only a few ideas and
offers little information, little variety in or detail about sustainable fabrics
and components suggested. There may be some confusion. Candidate
may refer only to environmental issues. Response is structured poorly
with little or no use of Design and Technology terminology and with
numerous errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling.
(1 - 2 marks)

•        More detailed information. May only include a few different aspects of

recycling and one other aspect e.g. organic cotton but some variety is
described. This candidate has some understanding of different types of
recycling and gives details. Response is fairly well structured with some
use of Design and Technology terminology and with a small number of
errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling.
(3 - 4 marks)

•        Sound understanding of a variety of both environmental and also ethical

aspects with detailed information. Sustainable fabric and components
are described or named. Response is well structured with good use of
appropriate Design and Technology terminology and shows a good
grasp of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
(5 - 6 marks)

•        Excellent understanding of a wide variety of environmental and ethical

aspects with accurate and detailed information.
Candidate will refer to sustainable fabric and component choice linked to
the fashionable clothing. Response is well structured with good use of
appropriate Design and Technology terminology and shows a good
grasp of grammar, punctuation and spelling. If bullet points are used to
structure answer, then full, detailed sentences must be employed.
(7 - 8 marks)

No to standard cotton or any other standard plant / animal fibres unless a

reason linked to being natural / can re-grow is given.

Reference to organic / produced without toxic chemicals / peace silk is

required to gain 8 marks if plant / animal fibres have been included.
8
[11]

Q7.

Page 15 of 20
 (a)      No child labour, fair wage, good working conditions / environment / regular
breaks, support for families / community, promotion of country and its people,
sustainable sourcing of materials, environmentally friendly, fair price paid to
producer, design and manufacturing, ethical products and production
methods.

Marks awarded as follows:

•        No answer worthy of credit
0
•        1 mark for each correct point, up to 3 marks.

    Do not accept against gender discrimination

Max 3 marks

(b)     May describe fabrics or fibres. May describe reason for sustainability or

properties and characteristics of fabric or fibres.
•        Organic cotton fabric - grown without use of herbicides or pesticides,
organic linen / organic wool
•        Fairtrade fabric - produced without exploitation of labour
•        Bamboo / soy / hemp / bio fabric - fibres that can be harvested with
reduced impact on the environment
•        Tencel / regenerated fibre / lyocell from renewable source. Recycled
polyester / PET - made from existing polyester so reduced use of coal /
oil, or recycled plastic bottles. No to polyester unless linked to recycling
•        Peace silk, ahimsa silk - produced without harm to silk worms. No to just
‘silk’.
•        Faux fur / leather - made from synthetic materials
•        Recycled / reclaimed / reused fabric - existing fabrics reused rather than
manufacturing more from raw materials
•        Natural dyed fabric / natural pigmented fabric / unbleached fabric - use
of toxic chemicals reduced / avoided
•        Biodegradable fabric - will break down in time naturally.

Marks awarded as follows:

•        No answer worthy of credit - if just wool, cotton, linen etc. no marks
0
•        1 mark for each sustainable fabric / fibre named
•        1 mark for wool / cotton / linen with natural fibre / can regrow or
properties and characteristics given
•        1 mark for each answer, if name or description is correct but fabric
named does not match description
•        2 marks for each sustainable fabric / fibre if it is named and described or
expansion to provide further detail about the listed fabric / fibre
sustainability or properties and characteristics. Up to 6 marks.
Max 6 marks
[9]

Q8.
(a)
Tool or equipment Reason for using
  this tool or
equipment

  Straight knife, band To cut fabric in

saw / band knife, multiple layers to
vertical blade, jig saw, speed cutting.

Page 16 of 20
 straight knife cutting
machine, mass saw
cutter.

Allow machine cutter

if reasoning given.

No to scroll saw, giant

cutter, pattern cutter.

Pinking shears To cut to give a zigzag

edge that will prevent
fabric from fraying
  Allow zig zag scissors
and so neaten edge,
to give a decorative
edge.

Laser cutting / CAM To cut intricate

cutter designs in fabric,
accurately and
consistently, and to
 
seal cut edges.

Also allow to cut a

stencil

Large / long scissors,

Long scissors to cut
shears, fabric
fabric quickly by hand
  scissors, tailor
scissors or shears
No to cut paper

(8 marks)

Marks awarded as follows:

No answer worthy of credit
0 marks

(b)     Marks awarded as follows:

No answer worthy of credit

0 marks

Overlocker
1 mark
(1 mark)
[9]

Q9.
(a)      Marks awarded as follows:
No answer worthy of credit
0 marks

A partnership between producers and consumers that ensures the workers

Page 17 of 20
 receive a fair / correct wage, fair working conditions, better access to markets
in developed countries and community support, no child labour.
Candidate has basic understanding
1 mark

Candidate has more in depth understanding including more than 1 point.

2 marks
(2 marks)

(b)     Marks awarded as follows:

No answer worthy of credit
0 marks

Cotton produced using natural fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides to protect

the biodiversity of the environment, workers’ health and consumers’ health.
Regulations prohibit the use of genetically engineered seed for organic
farming.
Candidate has basic understanding including idea of no toxic chemicals being
used during cotton production.
1 mark

Candidate has more in depth understanding including more points than just no
toxic chemicals being used during cotton production. Refers to fertiliser /
pesticide / herbicide rather than just ‘chemicals’.
2 marks
(2 marks)

(c)    Marks awarded as follows:

No answer worthy of credit
0 marks

Parents are concerned for the health and wellbeing of their child and of the
workers producing the cotton. Parents believe organic cotton to be a safer
product than standard cotton.

Candidate has basic understanding that parents wish to protect their child
from the toxic chemicals used in cotton production
1 mark

Candidate has more in depth understanding including that parents wish to

protect their child from allergic reaction / skin irritation, or includes reference to
danger to the workers from the toxic chemicals used in cotton production.
2 marks
(2 marks)
[6]

Page 18 of 20
Examiner reports

Q2.
Some centres had covered this issue, but the majority of candidates seemed to think that
sustainability was about the shelf life of a product. The level of QWC was very variable.

Q3.
This question was designed to assess the quality of written communication. When
attempted, candidates responded at length detailing how products with built in
obsolescence were detrimental to the environment. Quality responses considered the
consumption of finite resources, use of landfill, atmospheric pollution and the destruction
of wildlife and ecosystems. Candidates need reminding that this type of question can gain
marks for spelling, punctuation and grammar, in addition to factual content.

Q4.
This was the least well answered question on the paper. The term ‘sustainability’ was not
understood by the majority of candidates. Candidates gained some marks be producing
superficial responses referring to the longevity of a product, but very few gained over half
marks. This question also examined the candidates Quality of Written Communication.
This varied considerably. Teachers and candidates are reminded of the need for good
English, particularly in this question.

Q5.
This was a very weak question and this was due to candidates not fully understanding
‘sustainability’ and also not giving a sufficiently comprehensive response to gain full
marks.

Q6.
(a)     Some good answers provided by candidates including reference to environmentally
friendly fashion clothing and fair-trade textile products. Some candidates were very
influenced by the photograph and keen to point out that many celebrities wanted to
be seen as eco-friendly as it improved their image and made them more popular, but
this was only one aspect and so full marks could not be given for answers that only
concerned this point.

(b)     Candidates did not gain as expected across the full range of marks. part (a) showed
a photograph with caption of an eco-friendly dress and went on to use the word
‘sustainable’ and although candidates responded with relevant information to this
first question, some of these candidates failed to follow the same line of thought to
support their answer to part (b). Many wrote about fashion in general terms and
failed to show any understanding of sustainability and so no marks were awarded. In
contrast a small percentage of candidates displayed in depth subject knowledge and
gained very high or full marks. This was a challenging question and many responses
failed to gain more than a few of the marks available because answers were general
rather than specific. Quality of written communication was assessed in this question
and for those that wrote at some length, the QWC was very good. Some candidates
described only one or two sustainable fabrics and components and although they
may have written at length the breadth of their answer was limited and so the
highest marks could not be awarded. Cotton, wool, linen, silk described as natural
was a popular answer and worth one or two marks but most candidates did not state

Page 19 of 20
 organic fibres, refer to fair trade cotton, or consider peace or Ahimsa silk and so did
not demonstrate a higher level of understanding. To gain a mark for polyester,
candidates needed to state that to be sustainable it would be a recycled fibre or
made from plastic bottles.

Q7.
(a)      Candidates generally had a good understanding of fairtrade and many gained two
or three marks.

(b)     This was a challenging question and many candidates failed to gain more than a
few of the marks available because responses were general rather than specific.
Cotton described as natural was a popular answer but most candidates did not state
organic cotton and so only gained one of the two marks for this answer. To gain a
mark for polyester, candidates needed to state that to be sustainable it would be a
recycled fibre or made from plastic bottles.

Q8.
(a)      Candidates generally showed good subject knowledge in answer to this question
but some failed to gain marks because simple one word answers gave insufficient
information to award a mark.

(b)     Some candidates gave correct answers, whilst others were too vague in their
responses generally.

Q9.
Most candidates had an understanding of the terms Fair-trade and organic, those
providing full and detailed answers were likely to gain full marks.

Page 20 of 20