1.6 Lec

Introduction Parabola Ellipse
Conic Sections
(Parabola and Ellipse)
Mathematics 20 – Precalculus: Functions and Their Graphs
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
Precalculus: Functions and Their Graphs Conic Sections (Parabola & Ellipse) 1/ 38
C ONIC S ECTIONS (PARABOLA AND

E LLIPSE )
At the end of this lecture, a student must be able to:
1 identify the parabola and ellipse and their properties

2 sketch parabolas and ellipses
3 determine equations for parabolas and ellipses given their properties
Introduction
A conic section is a plane figure formed when a right circular cone is cut
by a plane. Below are samples of conic sections.
Anton, H., Bivens, I.C., Davis, S., Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
Introduction Parabola Ellipse Exercises
Parabola
Parabola – set of all points in the plane whose distance from a fixed
point (focus) is equal to its distance from a fixed line (directrix)
focus
b
x
directrix
Parabola
focus
b
x
directrix
Parabola
focus
b
x
directrix
Parabola
b
b
focus
b
x
directrix
Parabola
b
b
b
focus
b
x
directrix
Parabola
b
b
b
b
focus
b
x
directrix
Parabola
b
b
b
b
b
focus
b
x
directrix
Parabola
b
b
b
b
b
focus
b b
x
directrix
Parabola
b
b
b
b
b
focus
b b
x
b
directrix
Parabola
b
b
b
b
b
focus
b b
x
b
b
directrix
Parabola
b
b
b
b
b
focus
b b
x
b
b
b
directrix
Parabola
b
b
b
b
b
focus
b b
x
b
b
b
directrix
Parabola
b
b
b
b
b
focus
b b
x
b
b
b
directrix
b
b
Parabola
b
parabola
b
b
b
b
focus
b b
x
b
b
b
directrix
b
b
Equation of a Parabola
Consider the following parabola: y
b
P( x, y)
b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p
b
P( x, y)
b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p
A point P( x, y) is on the parabola if

distance of P from F = distance of P from D
b
P( x, y)
b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p

√
( x − p)2 + (y − 0)2 = | x − (− p)|
b
P( x, y)
b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p

√
( x − p)2 + (y − 0)2 = | x − (− p)|
√
( x − p )2 + y2 = | x + p |
b
P( x, y)
b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p

√
( x − p)2 + (y − 0)2 = | x − (− p)|
√
( x − p )2 + y2 = | x + p |
( x − p )2 + y2 = ( x + p )2
b
P( x, y)
b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p

√
( x − p)2 + (y − 0)2 = | x − (− p)|
√
( x − p )2 + y2 = | x + p |
( x − p )2 + y2 = ( x + p )2
x2 − 2px + p2 + y2 = x2 + 2px + p2
b
P( x, y)
b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p

√
( x − p)2 + (y − 0)2 = | x − (− p)|
√
( x − p )2 + y2 = | x + p |
( x − p )2 + y2 = ( x + p )2
x2 − 2px + p2 + y2 = x2 + 2px + p2
y2 = 4px.
y2 = 4px, focus: F ( p, 0), directrix: D : x = − p
y
b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p
y
b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p
line through the focus that is perpendicular to the directrix: axis of

symmetry
y
V b b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p

symmetry
intersection of the axis and the parabola: vertex
y
V b b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
D : x = −p

symmetry
distance of vertex from focus/directrix: | p|
y
V b b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
b
D : x = −p

symmetry
line segment with endpoints on the parabola and parallel to the directrix
that contains the focus: latus rectum
y
V b b
F ( p, 0)
x
directrix
b
D : x = −p

symmetry
line segment with endpoints on the parabola and parallel to the directrix
that contains the focus: latus rectum
endpoints of latus rectum: ( p, 2p), ( p, −2p)
y y
b
F Fb
x x
D p>0 p<0 D
x2 = 4py, focus: F (0, p), directrix: D : y = − p

y y
D
p>0
b
x
F
b
x F
p<0
D
Example
x2
Sketch the graph of y = .
12
Example
x2
12
Solution: y
4
3
2
1
x
−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−−11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−2
−3
−4
Example
x2
12
Solution: y
equation: x2 = 4(3)y
4
3
2
1
x
−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−−11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−2
−3
−4
Example
x2
12
Solution: y
p = 3 ⇒ parabola opens 4
upward 3
2
1
x
−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−−11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−2
−3
−4
Example
x2
12
Solution: y
upward 3
2
vertex: V (0, 0) 1
b
V x
−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−−11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−2
−3
−4
Example
x2
12
Solution: y
F
b
upward 3
2
vertex: V (0, 0) 1
V x
focus: F (0, 3) b
−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−−11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−2
−3
−4
Example
x2
12
Solution: y
F
b b b
upward 3
B1 2 B2
vertex: V (0, 0) 1
V x
focus: F (0, 3) b
endpoints of the latus rectum: −8−7−6−5−4−3−2−−11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

−2
B1 (−6, 3) and B2 (6, 3) −3
−4
Example
x2
12
Solution: y
F
b b b
upward 3
B1 2 B2
vertex: V (0, 0) 1
V x
focus: F (0, 3) b

−2
B1 (−6, 3) and B2 (6, 3) −3
−4
Example
x2
12
Solution: y
F
b b b
upward 3
B1 2 B2
vertex: V (0, 0) 1
V x
focus: F (0, 3) b

−2
B1 (−6, 3) and B2 (6, 3) −3
−4
Example
x2
12
Solution: y
F
b b b
upward 3
B1 2 B2
vertex: V (0, 0) 1
V x
focus: F (0, 3) b

−2
B1 (−6, 3) and B2 (6, 3) −3
directrix D : y = −3 −4 D
Example
Sketch the graph of 4x + 3y2 = 0.
Example
Solution:
y
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
−2
Example
Solution:
( 4x)= −3y , or
equation: 2
y
y2 =4 − 13 x
2
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
−2
Example
Solution:
( 4x)= −3y , or
equation: 2
y
y2 =4 − 13 x
p= − 13 ⇒ parabola opens 2
to the left 1
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
−2
Example
Solution:
( 4x)= −3y , or
equation: 2
y
y2 =4 − 13 x
to the left 1
vertex: V (0, 0)
b
V x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
−2
Example
Solution:
( 4x)= −3y , or
equation: 2
y
y2 =4 − 13 x
to the left 1
vertex: V((0, 0) )
Fb bV x
focus: F − 13 , 0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
−2
Example
Solution:
( 4x)= −3y , or
equation: 2
y
y2 =4 − 13 x
to the left 1
vertex: V((0, 0) ) B2 b
Fb bV x
focus: F − 13 , 0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −B
11 b 1
endpoints
( of)the latus (rectum:) −1
B1 − 31 , − 23 and B2 − 13 , 23
−2
Example
Solution:
( 4x)= −3y , or
equation: 2
y
y2 =4 − 13 x
to the left 1
vertex: V((0, 0) ) B2 b
Fb bV x
focus: F − 13 , 0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −B
11 b 1
endpoints
B1 − 31 , − 23 and B2 − 13 , 23
−2
Example
Solution:
( 4x)= −3y , or
equation: 2
y
y2 =4 − 13 x
to the left 1
vertex: V((0, 0) ) B2 b
Fb bV x
focus: F − 13 , 0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −B
11 b 1
endpoints
B1 − 31 , − 23 and B2 − 13 , 23
−2
Example
Solution:
( 4x)= −3y , or
equation: 2
y
y2 =4 − 13 x
to the left 1
vertex: V((0, 0) ) B2 b
Fb bV x
focus: F − 13 , 0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −B
11 b 1
endpoints
B1 − 31 , − 23 and B2 − 13 , 23 D
−2
1
directrix D : x = 3
In general, if the vertex of a parabola is at the point ( h, k ), then it has

either of the form
(y − k)2 = 4p( x − h) or ( x − h)2 = 4p(y − k).
Parabola opening to the right
(y − k)2 = 4p( x − h), p > 0
b
B2 vertex: V ( h, k )
focus: F ( h + p, k )
b V b
F
x endpoints of latus rectum:
D
B1 B1 (h + p, k − 2p) and
b
B2 (h + p, k + 2p)
directrix D : x = h − p
Parabola opening to the left
(y − k)2 = 4p( x − h), p < 0
B1
b
vertex: V ( h, k )
focus: F ( h + p, k )
F b V b

D
B2 B1 (h + p, k − 2p) and
b
B2 (h + p, k + 2p)
directrix D : x = h − p
Parabola opening upward
( x − h)2 = 4p(y − k), p > 0
vertex: V ( h, k )
B1 Fb B2
b b
focus: F ( h, k + p)
Vb
D B1 (h − 2p, k + p) and
B2 (h + 2p, k + p)
directrix D : y = k − p
Parabola opening downward
( x − h)2 = 4p(y − k), p < 0
vertex: V ( h, k )
focus: F ( h, k + p)
D
b
V B1 (h − 2p, k + p) and
b b b
B2 (h + 2p, k + p)
B2 F B1
directrix D : y = k − p
Example
Sketch the graph of y2 + 4x + 8y = 0. Identify the focus, endpoints of
latus rectum, and the directrix.
Example
Solution: y
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
Example
Solution: y
equation:
y2 + 8y + 16 = −4x + 16, or 2
(y − (−4))2 = 4(−1)( x − 4) x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
Example
Solution: y
equation:
y2 + 8y + 16 = −4x + 16, or 2
(y − (−4))2 = 4(−1)( x − 4) x
p = −1 (opens to the left) −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
Example
Solution: y
equation:
y2 + 8y + 16 = −4x + 16, or 2
(y − (−4))2 = 4(−1)( x − 4) x
−2
vertex: V (4, −4)
−4 b V
−6
−8
−10
Example
Solution: y
equation:
y2 + 8y + 16 = −4x + 16, or 2
(y − (−4))2 = 4(−1)( x − 4) x
−2
vertex: V (4, −4)
−4 F b b V
focus: F (3, −4)
−6
−8
−10
Example
Solution: y
equation:
y2 + 8y + 16 = −4x + 16, or 2
(y − (−4))2 = 4(−1)( x − 4) x
−2 B2 b
vertex: V (4, −4)

−4 F b b V
focus: F (3, −4)
−6 B1 b
endpoints of the latus rectum:
B1 (3, −6) and B2 (3, −2) −8
−10
Example
Solution: y
equation:
y2 + 8y + 16 = −4x + 16, or 2
(y − (−4))2 = 4(−1)( x − 4) x
−2 B2 b
vertex: V (4, −4)

−4 F b b V
focus: F (3, −4)
−6 B1 b
B1 (3, −6) and B2 (3, −2) −8
−10
Example
Solution: y
equation:
y2 + 8y + 16 = −4x + 16, or 2
(y − (−4))2 = 4(−1)( x − 4) x
−2 B2 b
vertex: V (4, −4)

−4 F b b V
focus: F (3, −4)
−6 B1 b
B1 (3, −6) and B2 (3, −2) −8
−10
Example
Solution: y
equation:
y2 + 8y + 16 = −4x + 16, or 2
(y − (−4))2 = 4(−1)( x − 4) x
−2 B2 b
vertex: V (4, −4)

−4 F b b V
focus: F (3, −4)
−6 B1 b
B1 (3, −6) and B2 (3, −2) −8 D
directrix D : x = 5 −10
Example
Find an equation of the parabola given that the focus is at (3, 2) and the
directrix is the line y = 4.
Example
Solution: y
5
4
3
2
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution: y
F (3, 2),
5
4
3
b
2
F
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution: y
F (3, 2), D : y = 4
5
4
D
3
b
2
F
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution: y
F (3, 2), D : y = 4 ⇒ vertex is
5
V (3, 3)
4
Vb D
3
b
2
F
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution: y
F (3, 2), D : y = 4 ⇒ vertex is
5
V (3, 3) and the parabola opens
4
downward ( p < 0) Vb D
3
b
2
F
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution: y
F (3, 2), D : y = 4 ⇒ vertex is
5
4
3
b b b
2
F
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution: y
F (3, 2), D : y = 4 ⇒ vertex is
5
4
3
p = −1 ⇒ 4p = −4 2 b b b
F
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution: y
F (3, 2), D : y = 4 ⇒ vertex is
5
4
3
p = −1 ⇒ 4p = −4 2 b b b
F
Thus, an equation of the desired 1
parabola is given by x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
( x − 3)2 = −4( y − 3). −2
−3
−4
Some Applications of the Parabola
projectile motion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile_motion
reflection property of parabolas
Exercises
1. Determine the vertex and orientation of the following parabolas.
(a) 4y2 + 4y + x = 2
(b) x2 − 6x − 2y = 7
(c) 2y2 − 6y − 9x = 0
2. Sketch the graph of the following parabolas.
(a) 3y2 = 8x
(b) x2 − 8x + 4y = −10
3. Sketch the graph of y = − x2 + 6x − 8. Label the vertex, x and y

intercepts.
Ellipse
Ellipse – set of points in the plane whose distances from two fixed points
(foci) sum up to a constant
b
P
F1 b F2
b
x
Ellipse
b
P
F1 b F2
b
x
Ellipse
center
F1 b Cb F2
b
x
Ellipse
vertices
V1 F1 b Cb F2 V2
b b b
x
Ellipse
major axis
V1 F1 b Cb F2 V2
b b b
x
Ellipse
minor axis B2
b
V1 F1 b Cb F2 V2
b b b
x
B1
Equation of an Ellipse
y
C
b
x
y
F1 C F2
b b b
x
foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)
y
V1 F1 C F2 V2
b b b b b
x
foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

vertices: V1 (− a, 0) and V2 ( a, 0)
y
b
B2
V1 F1 C F2 V2
b b b b b
x
b
B1
foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

endpoints of minor axis: B1 (0, −b) and B2 (0, b)
y
B2
b
b
P
V1 F1 C F2 V2
b b b b b
x
b
B1
foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

A point P( x, y) is on the ellipse if
distance of P to F1 + distance of P to F2 = constant.
y
B2
b
b
P
V1 F1 C F2 V2
b b b b b
x
b
B1
foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

distance of P to F1 + distance of P to F2 = 2a.
y
B2
b
b
P
V1 F1 C F2 V2
b b b b b
x
b
B1
foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

distance of P to F1 + distance of P to F2 = 2a.

√ √
⇒ ( x + c )2 + y2 + ( x − c)2 + y2 = 2a
(√ )2 ( √ )2
( x + c )2 + y2 = 2a − ( x − c )2 + y2
(√ )2 ( √ )2
( x + c )2 + y2 = 2a − ( x − c )2 + y2
√
x2 + 2cx + c2 + y2 = 4a2 − 4a ( x − c)2 + y2 + x2 − 2cx + c2 + y2
(√ )2 ( √ )2
( x + c )2 + y2 = 2a − ( x − c )2 + y2
√
√
4a ( x − c)2 + y2 = 4a2 − 4cx
(√ )2 ( √ )2
( x + c )2 + y2 = 2a − ( x − c )2 + y2
√
√
4a ( x − c)2 + y2 = 4a2 − 4cx
( )
a2 x2 − 2cx + c2 + y2 = a4 − 2a2 cx + c2 x2
(√ )2 ( √ )2
( x + c )2 + y2 = 2a − ( x − c )2 + y2
√
√
4a ( x − c)2 + y2 = 4a2 − 4cx
( )
a2 x2 − 2cx + c2 + y2 = a4 − 2a2 cx + c2 x2
( ) ( )
a2 − c2 x 2 + a2 y2 = a2 a2 − c2
(√ )2 ( √ )2
( x + c )2 + y2 = 2a − ( x − c )2 + y2
√
√
4a ( x − c)2 + y2 = 4a2 − 4cx
( )
a2 x2 − 2cx + c2 + y2 = a4 − 2a2 cx + c2 x2
( ) ( )
a2 − c2 x 2 + a2 y2 = a2 a2 − c2
x2 y2
+ 2 =1
a 2 a − c2
y
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 a2 − c2
b
B2
F1 b Cb F2
b
x
y
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 a2 − c2
b
B2
F1 b Cb F2
b
x
y
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 a2 − c2
b
B2
a
F1 b Cb F2
b
x
y
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 a2 − c2
b
B2
a
F1 b bC F2
b b
x
y
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 a2 − c2
b
B2
a
F1 b bC F2
b b
x
c
y
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 a2 − c2
b
B2
Notice that b2 = a2 − c2 . a
F1 b bC F2
b b
x
c
y
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 a2 − c2
b
B2
Notice that b2 = a2 − c2 . a
F1 b bC F2
b b
x
c
x2 y2
Thus, we have 2 + 2 = 1.
a b
Ellipse with horizontal major axis

An ellipse with horizontal major axis and center at (0, 0) has the form
x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
a b

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
a b
C
b
x

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
a b
y vertices: V1 (− a, 0) and V2 ( a, 0)
V1 C V2
b b b
x

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
a b
length of major axis: 2a
V1 C V2
b b b
x

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
a b
B2
b
endpoints of minor axis: B1 (0, −b)
V1 C V2 and B2 (0, b)
b b b
x
b
B1

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
a b
B2
b
V1 C V2 and B2 (0, b)
b b b
x
length of minor axis: 2b
b
B1

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
a b
B2
b
V1 F1 C F2 V2 and B2 (0, b)
b b b b b
x
b
B1 foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0),

where c2 = a2 − b2
Ellipse with vertical major axis

An ellipse with vertical major axis and center at (0, 0) has the form
x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
b a

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
b a
C
b
x

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
b a
y
vertices: V1 (0, − a) and V2 (0, a)
V2
b
C
b
x
V1

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
b a
y
V2
b length of major axis: 2a
C
b
x
V1

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
b a
y
V2
endpoints of minor axis: B1 (−b, 0)
and B2 (b, 0)
B1 C B2
b b b
x
V1

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
b a
y
V2
endpoints of minor axis: B1 (−b, 0)
and B2 (b, 0)
B1 C B2
b b b
x
V1

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, where a > b > 0.
b a
y
V2
b
F2 endpoints of minor axis: B1 (−b, 0)
and B2 (b, 0)
B1 C B2
b b b
x
b
F1 foci: F1 (0, −c) and F2 (0, c),
b where c2 = a2 − b2
V1
Example
x2 y2
Sketch the graph of + = 1.
25 9
Example
x2 y2
25 9
Solution.
4
3
2
1
x
−6−5−4−3−2−
−11 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−3
−4
Example
x2 y2
25 9
x2 y2
Solution. The above equation can be written as 2 + 2 = 1.
5 3
4
3
2
1
x
−6−5−4−3−2−
−11 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−3
−4
Example
x2 y2
25 9
x2 y2
5 3
Hence, a = 5, b = 3, major axis is horizontal,
y
4
3
2
1
x
−6−5−4−3−2−
−11 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−3
−4
Example
x2 y2
25 9
x2 y2
5 3
Hence, a = 5, b = 3, major axis is horizontal, with center at C (0, 0).
y
4
3
2
1
C
b
x
−6−5−4−3−2−
−11 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−3
−4
Example
x2 y2
25 9
x2 y2
5 3
y
vertices: V1 (−5, 0) and V2 (5, 0)
4
3
2
1
V1 b C V2
b b
x
−6−5−4−3−2−
−11 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−3
−4
Example
x2 y2
25 9
x2 y2
5 3
y
vertices: V1 (−5, 0) and V2 (5, 0)
4
endpoints of minor axis: B1 (0, −3) 3 b B2
and B2 (0, 3) 2
1
V1 b C V2
b b
x
−6−5−4−3−2−
−11 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−3 b
−4 B1
Example
x2 y2
25 9
x2 y2
5 3
y
vertices: V1 (−5, 0) and V2 (5, 0)
4
and B2 (0, 3) 2
1
V1 b C V2
c2 = a2 − b2 = 16 = 42
b b
x
−6−5−4−3−2−
−11 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−3 b
−4 B1
Example
x2 y2
25 9
x2 y2
5 3
y
vertices: V1 (−5, 0) and V2 (5, 0)
4
and B2 (0, 3) 2
1
V1 b F1 C F2 V2
c2 = a2 − b2 = 16 = 42
b b b b
x
−6−5−4−3−2−
−11 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
foci: F1 (−4, 0) and F2 (4, 0) −3 b
−4 B1
Example
x2 y2
25 9
x2 y2
5 3
y
vertices: V1 (−5, 0) and V2 (5, 0)
4
and B2 (0, 3) 2
1
V1 b F1 C F2 V2
c2 = a2 − b2 = 16 = 42
b b b b
x
−6−5−4−3−2−
−11 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
foci: F1 (−4, 0) and F2 (4, 0) −3 b
−4 B1
Example
Sketch the graph of 9x2 + 4y2 = 36.
Example
Solution.
3
2
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
Example
x2 y2
2 3
3
2
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
Example
x2 y2
2 3
Hence, a = 3, b = 2, major axis is vertical,
y
3
2
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
Example
x2 y2
2 3
Hence, a = 3, b = 2, major axis is vertical, with center at C (0, 0).
y
3
2
1
C
b
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
Example
x2 y2
2 3
y
vertices: V1 (0, −3) and V2 (0, 3)
b
V2
3
2
1
C
b
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3 b
V1
Example
x2 y2
2 3
y
vertices: V1 (0, −3) and V2 (0, 3)
b
V2
3
endpoints of minor axis: B1 (−2, 0)
and B2 (2, 0) 2
1
B1 b C B2
b b
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3 b
V1
Example
x2 y2
2 3
y
vertices: V1 (0, −3) and V2 (0, 3)
b
V2
3
and B2 (2, 0) 2
1
B1 b C B2
c2 = a2 − b2 = 32 − 22 =5 b b
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3 b
V1
Example
x2 y2
2 3
y
vertices: V1 (0, −3) and V2 (0, 3)
b
V2
3
2
b
F2
and B2 (2, 0)
1
B1 b C B2
c2 = a2 − b2 = 32 − 22 =5 b b
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
√ √
foci: F1 (0, − 5) and F2 (0, 5) −2 b F1
−3 b
V1
Example
x2 y2
2 3
y
vertices: V1 (0, −3) and V2 (0, 3)
b
V2
3
2
b
F2
and B2 (2, 0)
1
B1 b C B2
c2 = a2 − b2 = 32 − 22 =5 b b
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
√ √
foci: F1 (0, − 5) and F2 (0, 5) −2 b F1
−3 b
V1
In general, suppose the graph of an ellipse is translated so that the

center is at ( h, k ). The equation of the ellipse has either of the form
( x − h )2 ( y − k )2 ( x − h )2 ( y − k )2
(A) + =1 or (B) + = 1.
a2 b2 b2 a2
Major Axis Vertices Endpoints of Minor Axis Sample Graph
(A) horizontal (h ± a, k) (h, k ± b)
(B) vertical (h, k ± a) (h ± b, k)
Example
Sketch the graph of 25x2 + y2 − 4y − 21 = 0.
Example
Solution. y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
−2 −
−11 1
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution. y
25x + y − 4y − 21 = 0
2 2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
−2 −
−11 1
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution. y
25x + y − 4y − 21 = 0
2 2
7
=⇒ 25x2 + (y − 2)2 = 25
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
−2 −
−11 1
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution. y
25x + y − 4y − 21 = 0
2 2
7
=⇒ 25x2 + (y − 2)2 = 25
6
( x − 0)2 ( y − 2)2 5
=⇒ + =1
12 52 4
3
2
1
x
−2 −
−11 1
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution. y
25x + y − 4y − 21 = 0
2 2
7
=⇒ 25x2 + (y − 2)2 = 25
6
( x − 0)2 ( y − 2)2 5
=⇒ + =1
12 52 4
Hence, a = 5, b = 1, and the major axis is 3

vertical, 2
1
x
−2 −
−11 1
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution. y
25x + y − 4y − 21 = 0
2 2
7
=⇒ 25x2 + (y − 2)2 = 25
6
( x − 0)2 ( y − 2)2 5
=⇒ + =1
12 52 4

b C
vertical, with center at (0, 2). 2
1
x
−2 −
−11 1
−2
−3
−4
Example
Solution. y
25x + y − 4y − 21 = 0
2 2
7 b V2
=⇒ 25x2 + (y − 2)2 = 25
6
( x − 0)2 ( y − 2)2 5
=⇒ + =1
12 52 4

b C
vertical, with center at (0, 2). 2
1
vertices: V1 (0, −3) and V2 (0, 7)
x
−2 −
−11 1
−2
−3 b
V1
−4
Example
Solution. y
25x + y − 4y − 21 = 0
2 2
7 b V2
=⇒ 25x2 + (y − 2)2 = 25
6
( x − 0)2 ( y − 2)2 5
=⇒ + =1
12 52 4

vertical, with center at (0, 2). B1 b 2 b C b B2
1
vertices: V1 (0, −3) and V2 (0, 7)
x
endpoints of minor axis: B1 (−1, 2) and −2 −
−11 1
B2 (1, 2)
−2
−3 b
V1
−4
Example
Solution. y
25x + y − 4y − 21 = 0
2 2
7 b V2
=⇒ 25x2 + (y − 2)2 = 25
6
( x − 0)2 ( y − 2)2 5
=⇒ + =1
12 52 4

1
vertices: V1 (0, −3) and V2 (0, 7)
x
−11 1
B2 (1, 2)
−2
c2 = a2 − b2 = 52 − 12 = 24 −3 b
V1
−4
Example
Solution. y
25x + y − 4y − 21 = 0
2 2
7 V2bb
=⇒ 25x2 + (y − 2)2 = 25
6 F2
( x − 0)2 ( y − 2)2 5
=⇒ + =1
12 52 4

1
vertices: V1 (0, −3) and V2 (0, 7)
x
−11 1
B2 (1, 2)
−2
Fb 1
c2 = a2 − b2 = 52 − 12 = 24 −3
√ √
b
V1
foci: F1 (0, 2 − 24 ) and F2 (0, 2 + 24 ) −4
Example
Solution. y
25x + y − 4y − 21 = 0
2 2
7 V2bb
=⇒ 25x2 + (y − 2)2 = 25
6 F2
( x − 0)2 ( y − 2)2 5
=⇒ + =1
12 52 4

1
vertices: V1 (0, −3) and V2 (0, 7)
x
−11 1
B2 (1, 2)
−2
Fb 1
c2 = a2 − b2 = 52 − 12 = 24 −3
√ √
b
V1
foci: F1 (0, 2 − 24 ) and F2 (0, 2 + 24 ) −4
Remark:
y
b B2
V1 b F1 C F2 V2
b b b b
x
B1
Remark:
y
b B2
V1 b F1 C F2 V2
b b b b
x
B1
The lines which are perpendicular to the line containing the major axis
Remark:
y
b B2
V1 b F1 C F2 V2
b b b b
x
B1
a2
and of distance units from the center
c
Remark:
y
b B2
V1 b F1 C F2 V2
b b b b
x
B1
a2
and of distance units from the center are called the directrices of the
c
ellipse.
Remark:
y
b B2
V1 b F1 C F2 V2
b b b b
x
B1
a2
c
ellipse.
Remark:
y
b B2
V1 b F1 C F2 V2
b b b b
x
B1
a2
c
ellipse.
Some Applications of the Ellipse
planetary motion
planetary motion
reflection property of ellipses
lithotripsy
http://www.kidneyhospital.co.in/eswl/
lithotripsy
http://mazesmath.com/Precalc%20Powerpoint/08%20Conics%20&%20Polar/
70%20Off-center%20Ellipse_files/
Exercises
1. Sketch the graph of the following ellipses.
x2 ( y − 1)2
(a) + =1
4 9
( x − 3)2 y2 + 4y + 4
(b) + =1
25 9
(c) 2x2 + 3y2 + 16x − 18y = 13

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Introduction Parabola Ellipse

C ONIC S ECTIONS (PARABOLA AND

1 identify the parabola and ellipse and their properties

A point P( x, y) is on the parabola if

A point P( x, y) is on the parabola if

A point P( x, y) is on the parabola if

A point P( x, y) is on the parabola if

A point P( x, y) is on the parabola if

A point P( x, y) is on the parabola if

line through the focus that is perpendicular to the directrix: axis of

line through the focus that is perpendicular to the directrix: axis of

line through the focus that is perpendicular to the directrix: axis of

line through the focus that is perpendicular to the directrix: axis of

line through the focus that is perpendicular to the directrix: axis of

x2 = 4py, focus: F (0, p), directrix: D : y = − p

endpoints of the latus rectum: −8−7−6−5−4−3−2−−11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

endpoints of the latus rectum: −8−7−6−5−4−3−2−−11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

endpoints of the latus rectum: −8−7−6−5−4−3−2−−11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

endpoints of the latus rectum: −8−7−6−5−4−3−2−−11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

In general, if the vertex of a parabola is at the point ( h, k ), then it has

(y − k)2 = 4p( x − h) or ( x − h)2 = 4p(y − k).

Parabola opening to the right

(y − k)2 = 4p( x − h), p > 0

Parabola opening to the left

(y − k)2 = 4p( x − h), p < 0

x endpoints of latus rectum:

Parabola opening upward

( x − h)2 = 4p(y − k), p > 0

Parabola opening downward

( x − h)2 = 4p(y − k), p < 0

vertex: V (4, −4)

vertex: V (4, −4)

vertex: V (4, −4)

vertex: V (4, −4)

Some Applications of the Parabola

Some Applications of the Parabola

reflection property of parabolas

Some Applications of the Parabola

reflection property of parabolas

Some Applications of the Parabola

reflection property of parabolas

1. Determine the vertex and orientation of the following parabolas.

2. Sketch the graph of the following parabolas.

3. Sketch the graph of y = − x2 + 6x − 8. Label the vertex, x and y

foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

distance of P to F1 + distance of P to F2 = constant.

foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

distance of P to F1 + distance of P to F2 = 2a.

foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0)

distance of P to F1 + distance of P to F2 = 2a.

Ellipse with horizontal major axis

Ellipse with horizontal major axis

Ellipse with horizontal major axis

Ellipse with horizontal major axis

Ellipse with horizontal major axis

Ellipse with horizontal major axis

Ellipse with horizontal major axis

B1 foci: F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0),

Ellipse with vertical major axis

Ellipse with vertical major axis