1.2 Lec

Equations Involving Radicals Quadratic Form Absolute Value Word Problems
Equations involving Radicals, Absolute Values,

and those in Quadratic Form
Mathematics 20 – Precalculus: Functions and Their Graphs
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
Precalculus: Functions and Their Graphs, IMath UP Diliman Equations in One Variable 1/ 28
E QUATIONS IN O NE VARIABLE
At the end of this lecture, a student must be able to:
1 Solve equations involving radicals
2 Recognize and solve equations in quadratic form
3 Solve equations involving absolute values
4 Recognize equations that can be solved using factoring
5 Solve word problems
Equations involving Radicals
Illustration:
x+1 = 2
x = 1
Illustration:
x+1 = 2
x = 1
What if we square both sides first?
Illustration:
x+1 = 2 ( x + 1)2 = 22
x = 1
Illustration:
x+1 = 2 ( x + 1)2 = 22
x = 1
x2 + 2x + 1 = 4
Illustration:
x+1 = 2 ( x + 1)2 = 22
x = 1
x2 + 2x + 1 = 4
What if we square both sides first? x2 + 2x − 3 = 0
Illustration:
x+1 = 2 ( x + 1)2 = 22
x = 1
x2 + 2x + 1 = 4
( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0
Illustration:
x+1 = 2 ( x + 1)2 = 22
x = 1
x2 + 2x + 1 = 4
( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0
x = −3 or x=1
Illustration:
x+1 = 2 ( x + 1)2 = 22
x = 1
x2 + 2x + 1 = 4
( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0
x = −3 or x=1
−3 is an extraneous solution to
x+1 = 2
Illustration:
x+1 = 2 ( x + 1)2 = 22
x = 1
x2 + 2x + 1 = 4
( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0
x = −3 or x=1
−3 is an extraneous solution to
x+1 = 2
Theorem
Let A and B be expressions and let n ∈ N.
The solution set of the equation A = B is a subset of the
solution set of An = Bn .
Solving Equations involving Radicals
The equation obtained by raising both sides of an equation may have a

solution that is not a solution of the original equation.

To solve equations involving radicals:


1. Raise both sides of the equations to the appropriate power.


2. Solve the equation that arises.


3. Check for extraneous solutions.


3. Check for extraneous solutions.
Note: In solving equations, we check for extraneous solutions whenever

we raise both sides of an equation to a power.
Equations in x involving Radicals

p √
Example: Solve for x in x+ x−2 = 2

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
x+ x−2 = 4 Square both sides

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
√
x−2 = 4−x A.P.E.

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
√
x−2 = 4−x A.P.E.
x−2 = 16 − 8x + x2 Square both sides

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
√
x−2 = 4−x A.P.E.
x2 − 9x + 18 = 0

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
√
x−2 = 4−x A.P.E.
x2 − 9x + 18 = 0
( x − 6)( x − 3) = 0 Factoring

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
√
x−2 = 4−x A.P.E.
x2 − 9x + 18 = 0
( x − 6)( x − 3) = 0 Factoring
x−6 = 0 or x−3 = 0 ab = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or b = 0

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
√
x−2 = 4−x A.P.E.
x2 − 9x + 18 = 0
( x − 6)( x − 3) = 0 Factoring
x−6 = 0 or x−3 = 0 ab = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or b = 0
x=6 or x=3

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
√
x−2 = 4−x A.P.E.
x2 − 9x + 18 = 0
( x − 6)( x − 3) = 0 Factoring
x−6 = 0 or x−3 = 0 ab = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or b = 0
x=6 or x=3
p √
if x = 3, 3+ 3−2 = 2
Checking:

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
√
x−2 = 4−x A.P.E.
x2 − 9x + 18 = 0
( x − 6)( x − 3) = 0 Factoring
x−6 = 0 or x−3 = 0 ab = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or b = 0
x=6 or x=3
p √
Checking:
if x = 3, p3 + √3 − 2 = 2
√ √
if x = 6, 6+ 6−2 = 8=2 2

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
√
x−2 = 4−x A.P.E.
x2 − 9x + 18 = 0
( x − 6)( x − 3) = 0 Factoring
x−6 = 0 or x−3 = 0 ab = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or b = 0
x=6 or x=3
p √
Checking:
if x = 3, p3 + √3 − 2 = 2
√ √
if x = 6, 6+ 6−2 = 8 = 2 26 = 2

p √
Solution:
p √
x+ x−2 = 2 Given
√
√
x−2 = 4−x A.P.E.
x2 − 9x + 18 = 0
( x − 6)( x − 3) = 0 Factoring
x−6 = 0 or x−3 = 0 ab = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or b = 0
x=6 or x=3
p √
Checking:
if x = 3, p3 + √3 − 2 = 2
√ √
if x = 6, 6+ 6−2 = 8 = 2 26 = 2
Hence, the solution set is {3}.
√ √
Example: Solve for x in 2x + 5 + x−1 = 4
Solution:
√ √
2x + 5 = 4− x−1
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√
2x + 5 = x + 15 − 8 x − 1
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√
2x + 5 = x + 15 − 8 x − 1
√
x − 10 = −8 x−1
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√
2x + 5 = x + 15 − 8 x − 1
2
√
( x − 10) = ( − 8 x − 1)2
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√
2x + 5 = x + 15 − 8 x − 1
2
√
( x − 10) = ( − 8 x − 1)2
x2 − 20x + 100 = 64( x − 1)
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√
2x + 5 = x + 15 − 8 x − 1
2
√
( x − 10) = ( − 8 x − 1)2
x2 − 20x + 100 = 64( x − 1)
x2 − 84x + 164 = 0
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√
2x + 5 = x + 15 − 8 x − 1
2
√
( x − 10) = ( − 8 x − 1)2
x2 − 20x + 100 = 64( x − 1)
x2 − 84x + 164 = 0
( x − 2)( x − 82) = 0
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√
2x + 5 = x + 15 − 8 x − 1
2
√
( x − 10) = ( − 8 x − 1)2
x2 − 20x + 100 = 64( x − 1)
x2 − 84x + 164 = 0
( x − 2)( x − 82) = 0 =⇒ x = 2 or x = 82
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√
2x + 5 = x + 15 − 8 x − 1
2
√
( x − 10) = ( − 8 x − 1)2
x2 − 20x + 100 = 64( x − 1)
x2 − 84x + 164 = 0
( x − 2)( x − 82) = 0 =⇒ x = 2 or x = 82
p √
if x = 2, 2(2) + 5 + 2−1 = 4
Checking:
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√
2x + 5 = x + 15 − 8 x − 1
2
√
( x − 10) = ( − 8 x − 1)2
x2 − 20x + 100 = 64( x − 1)
x2 − 84x + 164 = 0
( x − 2)( x − 82) = 0 =⇒ x = 2 or x = 82
p √
if x = 2, 2(2) + 5 + 2−1 = 4
Checking: p √
if x = 82, 2(82) + 5 + 82 − 1 = 13 + 96= 4
√ √
Solution:
√ √
( 2x + 5)2 = (4 − x − 1)2
√
2x + 5 = 16 − 8 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
√
2x + 5 = x + 15 − 8 x − 1
2
√
( x − 10) = ( − 8 x − 1)2
x2 − 20x + 100 = 64( x − 1)
x2 − 84x + 164 = 0
( x − 2)( x − 82) = 0 =⇒ x = 2 or x = 82
p √
if x = 2, 2(2) + 5 + 2−1 = 4
Checking: p √
if x = 82, 2(82) + 5 + 82 − 1 = 13 + 96= 4
Hence, the solution set is {2}.
Equations in Quadratic Form
Definition
An equation is in quadratic form if it can be written in the form
aω 2 + bω + c = 0,
where a, b, c ∈ R and a 6= 0.
Definition
aω 2 + bω + c = 0,
2
Example: 2 x + 1x + x + 1x − 10 = 0
Definition
aω 2 + bω + c = 0,
2
Example: 2 x + 1x + x + 1x − 10 = 0
The equation is in quadratic form if we set ω = x + 1x .
Solving Equations in Quadratic Form
2
Example: Solve for x in 2 x + 1x = 10 − x − 1x .
2
Solution: 2
Equation is equivalent to 2 x + 1x + x + 1x − 10 = 0.
2
Solution: 2
If ω = x + 1x , equation has the form 2ω 2 + ω − 10 = 0.
2
Solution: 2
2ω 2 + ω − 10 = 0 quadratic form
2
Solution: 2
(2ω + 5)(ω − 2) = 0 factoring
2
Solution: 2
(2ω + 5)(ω − 2) = 0 factoring
ω = − 52 or ω=2
2
Solution: 2
(2ω + 5)(ω − 2) = 0 factoring
ω = − 52 or ω=2
To solve for x, we replace ω with the expression involving x.
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

x + 1x − 52

=
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52

=
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52

=
2x2 + 2 = −5x
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52

=
2x2 + 2 = −5x
2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52

=
2x2 + 2 = −5x
2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
(2x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52

=
2x2 + 2 = −5x
2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
(2x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
x= − 12 or x = −2
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52 1

= x+ x = (2)
2x2 + 2 = −5x
2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
(2x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
x= − 12 or x = −2
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52 x x + 1x

= = x (2)
2x2 + 2 = −5x
2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
(2x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
x= − 12 or x = −2
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52 x x + 1x

= = x (2)
2x2 + 2 = −5x x2 + 1 = 2x
2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
(2x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
x= − 12 or x = −2
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52 x x + 1x

= = x (2)
2x2 + 2 = −5x x2 + 1 = 2x
2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
(2x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
x= − 12 or x = −2
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52 x x + 1x

= = x (2)
2x2 + 2 = −5x x2 + 1 = 2x
2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
(2x + 1)( x + 2) = 0 (x − 1)2 = 0
x= − 12 or x = −2
2
Solution (cont):
ω = − 25 or ω=2

2x x + 1x 2x − 52 x x + 1x

= = x (2)
2x2 + 2 = −5x x2 + 1 = 2x
2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
(2x + 1)( x + 2) = 0 (x − 1)2 = 0
x= − 12 or x = −2 x = 1
2
1
Solution (cont): x = − , −2, 1
2
2
1
2
2
if x = − 12 , 2 x + 1x = 25
2 and 10 − x − 1
x = 25
2 .
2
Checking: if x = −2, 2 x + 1x = 25
2 and 10 − x − 1
x = 25
2 .
2
if x = 1, 2 x + 1x = 8 and 10 − x − 1
x = 8.
2
1
2
2
if x = − 12 , 2 x + 1x = 25
2 and 10 − x − 1
x = 25
2 .
2
Checking: if x = −2, 2 x + 1x = 25
2 and 10 − x − 1
x = 25
2 .
2
if x = 1, 2 x + 1x = 8 and 10 − x − 1
x = 8.
n o
Hence, the solution set is − 21 , −2, 1 .
√
3 2
Example: Solve for x in 6 + x + 1 = ( x + 1) 3 .
√
3 2
2 1
Solution: It is equivalent to ( x + 1) 3 − ( x + 1) 3 − 6 = 0.
√
3 2
2 1
1
If ω = ( x + 1) 3 , equation has the form ω 2 − ω − 6 = 0.
√
3 2
2 1
1
ω2 − ω − 6 = 0 = 0 quadratic form
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
1
( x + 1) 3 = 3
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
1
(( x + 1) 3 )3 = (3)3
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
1
(( x + 1) 3 )3 = (3)3
x+1 = 27
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
1
(( x + 1) 3 )3 = (3)3
x+1 = 27
x = 26
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
1 1
(( x + 1) 3 )3 = (3)3 ( x + 1) 3 = −2
x+1 = 27
x = 26
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
1 1
(( x + 1) 3 )3 = (3)3 (( x + 1) 3 )3 = (−2)3
x+1 = 27
x = 26
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
1 1
(( x + 1) 3 )3 = (3)3 (( x + 1) 3 )3 = (−2)3
x+1 = 27 x+1 = −8
x = 26
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
1 1
(( x + 1) 3 )3 = (3)3 (( x + 1) 3 )3 = (−2)3
x+1 = 27 x+1 = −8
x = 26 x = −9
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
1 1
(( x + 1) 3 )3 = (3)3 (( x + 1) 3 )3 = (−2)3
x+1 = 27 x+1 = −8
x = 26 x = −9
√
3 2
if x = 26, 6+ x+1 = 9 and ( x + 1) 3 = 9.
Checking: √
3 2
if x = −9, 6+ x+1 = 4 and ( x + 1) 3 = 4.
√
3 2
2 1
1
(ω − 3)(ω + 2) = 0 factoring
ω=3 or ω = −2
1 1
(( x + 1) 3 )3 = (3)3 (( x + 1) 3 )3 = (−2)3
x+1 = 27 x+1 = −8
x = 26 x = −9
√
3 2
if x = 26, 6+ x+1 = 9 and ( x + 1) 3 = 9.
Checking: √
3 2
if x = −9, 6+ x+1 = 4 and ( x + 1) 3 = 4.
Hence, the solution set is {26, −9}.
Equations Involving Absolute Value
Let E be an expression and a ∈ R.
If a > 0, then | E| = a if and only if E = a or E = − a.
If a = 0, then | E| = a if and only if E = 0.
If a < 0, then | E| = a has no solution.
Equations involving Absolute Value

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:
x x
= 2 = −2
2x − 3 2x − 3

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:
x x
= 2 = −2
2x − 3 2x − 3

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:

x x
(2x − 3) = 2(2x − 3) = −2
2x − 3 2x − 3
x = 4x − 6

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:
x x
= 2 = −2
2x − 3 2x − 3
x = 4x − 6
− 3x = −6

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:
x x
= 2 = −2
2x − 3 2x − 3
x = 4x − 6
− 3x = −6
x = 2

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:
x x
= 2 = −2
2x − 3 2x − 3
x = 4x − 6
− 3x = −6
x = 2

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:

x x
= 2 (2x − 3) = − 2(2x − 3)
2x − 3 2x − 3
x = 4x − 6 x = − 4x + 6
− 3x = −6
x = 2

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:
x x
= 2 = −2
2x − 3 2x − 3
x = 4x − 6 x = − 4x + 6
− 3x = −6 5x = 6
x = 2

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:
x x
= 2 = −2
2x − 3 2x − 3
x = 4x − 6 x = − 4x + 6
− 3x = −6 5x = 6
6
x = 5
x = 2

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:
x x
= 2 = −2
2x − 3 2x − 3
x = 4x − 6 x = − 4x + 6
− 3x = −6 5x = 6
6
x = 5
x = 2

x 6
x
Checking: if x = 2, = 2. if x = 5, 2x − 3 = 2.

2x − 3

x
Example: Solve
= 2.
2x − 3
Solution:
x x
= 2 = −2
2x − 3 2x − 3
x = 4x − 6 x = − 4x + 6
− 3x = −6 5x = 6
6
x = 5
x = 2

x 6
x
Checking: if x = 2, = 2. if x = 5, 2x − 3 = 2.

2x − 3
6
The solution set is 5, 2
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Example: Solve for x in | x + 1| = 2x + 5.
Solution:
| x + 1| = 2x + 5
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Solution:
| x + 1|2 = (2x + 5)2
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Solution:
| x + 1|2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 = (2x + 5)2
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Solution:
| x + 1|2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 − (2x + 5)2 = 0
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Solution:
| x + 1|2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 − (2x + 5)2 = 0
[( x + 1) + (2x + 5)][( x + 1) − (2x + 5)] = 0
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Solution:
| x + 1|2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 − (2x + 5)2 = 0
[( x + 1) + (2x + 5)][( x + 1) − (2x + 5)] = 0
3x + 6 = 0 or x+4 = 0
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Solution:
| x + 1|2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 − (2x + 5)2 = 0
[( x + 1) + (2x + 5)][( x + 1) − (2x + 5)] = 0
3x + 6 = 0 or x+4 = 0
x = −2 or x = −4
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Solution:
| x + 1|2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 − (2x + 5)2 = 0
[( x + 1) + (2x + 5)][( x + 1) − (2x + 5)] = 0
3x + 6 = 0 or x+4 = 0
x = −2 or x = −4
Checking:
if x = −2, | − 2 + 1| = | − 1| = 1, and 2(−2) + 5 = 1
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Solution:
| x + 1|2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 − (2x + 5)2 = 0
[( x + 1) + (2x + 5)][( x + 1) − (2x + 5)] = 0
3x + 6 = 0 or x+4 = 0
x = −2 or x = −4
Checking:
if x = −2, | − 2 + 1| = | − 1| = 1, and 2(−2) + 5 = 1
if x = −4, | − 4 + 1| = 3, and 2(−4) + 5 = −3 (extraneous)
Theorem
Let a ∈ R. Then | a|2 = a2 .
Solution:
| x + 1|2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 = (2x + 5)2
( x + 1)2 − (2x + 5)2 = 0
[( x + 1) + (2x + 5)][( x + 1) − (2x + 5)] = 0
3x + 6 = 0 or x+4 = 0
x = −2 or x = −4
Checking:
if x = −2, | − 2 + 1| = | − 1| = 1, and 2(−2) + 5 = 1
if x = −4, | − 4 + 1| = 3, and 2(−4) + 5 = −3 (extraneous)
The solution set is {−2}.
Theorem
Let a, b ∈ R.
Then, | a| = |b| if and only if a2 = b2 .
Theorem
Let a, b ∈ R.
Then, | a| = |b| if and only if a2 = b2 .
Thus, if A and B are expressions, the solution set of | A| = | B| is the

same as that of A2 = B2 .
Example: Solve for x in |4x − 3| = | x + 6|.
Solution:
|4x − 3| = | x + 6|
Solution:
|4x − 3|2 = | x + 6|2
Solution:
|4x − 3|2 = | x + 6|2
(4x − 3)2 = ( x + 6)2
Solution:
|4x − 3|2 = | x + 6|2
(4x − 3)2 = ( x + 6)2
(4x − 3) − ( x + 6)2 =
2 0
Solution:
|4x − 3|2 = | x + 6|2
(4x − 3)2 = ( x + 6)2
(4x − 3) − ( x + 6)2 =
2 0
((4x − 3) + ( x + 6))((4x − 3) − ( x + 6)) = 0
Solution:
|4x − 3|2 = | x + 6|2
(4x − 3)2 = ( x + 6)2
(4x − 3) − ( x + 6)2 =
2 0
((4x − 3) + ( x + 6))((4x − 3) − ( x + 6)) = 0
5x + 3 = 0 or 3x − 9 = 0
Solution:
|4x − 3|2 = | x + 6|2
(4x − 3)2 = ( x + 6)2
(4x − 3) − ( x + 6)2 =
2 0
((4x − 3) + ( x + 6))((4x − 3) − ( x + 6)) = 0
5x + 3 = 0 or 3x − 9 = 0
x = − 53 or x=3
Solution:
|4x − 3|2 = | x + 6|2
(4x − 3)2 = ( x + 6)2
(4x − 3) − ( x + 6)2 = 0
2
((4x − 3) + ( x + 6))((4x − 3) − ( x + 6)) = 0

5x + 3 = 0 or 3x − 9 = 0
x = − 53 or x = 3
After checking, the solution set is − 35 , 3 .

Solving Equations via Factoring
Theorem
For all x1 , x2 , ..., xn ∈ R,
x1 · x2 · ... · xn = 0
m
x1 = 0 or x2 = 0 or ... or xn = 0
Solving Equations via Factoring
Theorem
For all x1 , x2 , ..., xn ∈ R,
x1 · x2 · ... · xn = 0
m
x1 = 0 or x2 = 0 or ... or xn = 0
Let E be an expression. For equations with the form E = 0, we try to

factor E and equate each of its factors to 0.
Example: Find all complex solutions of x4 − 81 = 0
Solution:
x4 − 81 = 0
Solution:
x4 − 81 = 0
( x2 − 9)( x2 + 9) = 0
Solution:
x4 − 81 = 0
( x2
− 9)( x2 + 9) = 0
( x − 3)( x + 3)( x2 + 9) = 0
Solution:
x4 − 81 = 0
( x2
− 9)( x2 + 9) = 0
( x − 3)( x + 3)( x2 + 9) = 0
then equate each factor to 0:
Solution:
x4 − 81 = 0
( x2
− 9)( x2 + 9) = 0
( x − 3)( x + 3)( x2 + 9) = 0
x+3 = 0
x = −3
Solution:
x4 − 81 = 0
( x2
− 9)( x2 + 9) = 0
( x − 3)( x + 3)( x2 + 9) = 0
x+3 = 0 x−3 = 0
x = −3 x = 3
Solution:
x4 − 81 = 0
( x2
− 9)( x2 + 9) = 0
( x − 3)( x + 3)( x2 + 9) = 0
x+3 = 0 x−3 = 0
x = −3 x = 3 x2 + 9 = 0
x2 = −9√
x = ± −9
x = 3i or x = −3i
Solution:
x4 − 81 = 0
( x2
− 9)( x2 + 9) = 0
( x − 3)( x + 3)( x2 + 9) = 0
x+3 = 0 x−3 = 0
x = −3 x = 3 x2 + 9 = 0
x2 = −9√
x = ± −9
x = 3i or x = −3i
if x = 3, x4 − 81 = 0 if x = −3, x4 − 81 = 0
Checking:
if x = 3i, x4 − 81 = 0 if x = −3i, x4 − 81 = 0
The solution set is {3, −3, 3i, −3i }.
Steps in Solving Word Problems
1. Read the problem carefully. Determine the quantity(ies) that are

known and those that are unknown.

2. Represent the unknown quantity using a variable.

3. If possible (and/or necessary), construct a table or diagram showing
the relationships behind quantities involved.

4. Set-up the equation(s) that would accurately relate the variable
expressions.

expressions.
5. Solve the equation(s) for all required quantities. Identify them
properly, including the appropriate unit of measurement.

expressions.
5. Solve the equation(s) for all required quantities. Identify them
properly, including the appropriate unit of measurement.
6. Verify that your solution indeed satisfies the conditions of the
problem.
Example
1. Thrice a number less four is twenty deducted by that number.
Example
Solution:
Let x be the desired number.
Example
Solution:
3x − 4 = 20 − x
Example
Solution:
3x − 4 = 20 − x
4x = 24
Example
Solution:
3x − 4 = 20 − x
4x = 24
x = 6
Example
Solution:
3x − 4 = 20 − x
4x = 24
x = 6
Hence, the desired number is 6.
Example
2. Find three consecutive odd numbers whose sum is the square of the
second odd number.
Example
second odd number.
Solution:
Let x be the first odd number.
Example
second odd number.
Solution:
Let x be the first odd number. Then the other two odd numbers are x + 2
and x + 4.
Example
second odd number.
Solution:
and x + 4.
x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4) = ( x + 2)2
Example
second odd number.
Solution:
and x + 4.
x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4) = ( x + 2)2
3x + 6 = x2 + 4x + 4
Example
second odd number.
Solution:
and x + 4.
x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4) = ( x + 2)2
3x + 6 = x2 + 4x + 4
x2 + x − 2 = 0
Example
second odd number.
Solution:
and x + 4.
x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4) = ( x + 2)2
3x + 6 = x2 + 4x + 4
x2 + x − 2 = 0
( x − 1)( x + 2) = 0
Example
second odd number.
Solution:
and x + 4.
x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4) = ( x + 2)2
3x + 6 = x2 + 4x + 4
x2 + x − 2 = 0
( x − 1)( x + 2) = 0
We get the values x = 1 or x = −2. Since x should be odd, choose
x = 1. Hence, the three consecutive integers are 1, 3 and 5.
Example
3. The denominator of a fraction is 3 more than its numerator. If we
double the denominator, the sum of the original and resulting fraction is
3
4 . Determine the numerator of the original fraction.
Example
3
Solution:
Let x be the numerator of the original fraction.
Example
3
Solution:
x
Original Fraction
x+3
Example
3
Solution:
x
Original Fraction
x+3
x
Resulting Fraction
2( x + 3)
Example
3
Solution:
x
Original Fraction
x+3
x Hence,
Resulting Fraction
2( x + 3)
x x 3
+ =
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4
Example
3
Solution:
x
Original Fraction
x+3
x Hence,
Resulting Fraction
2( x + 3)
x x 3
+ =
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4

x x 3
4( x + 3) · + = · 4( x + 3)
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4
Example
3
Solution:
x
Original Fraction
x+3
x Hence,
Resulting Fraction
2( x + 3)
x x 3
+ =
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4

x x 3
4( x + 3) · + = · 4( x + 3)
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4
4x + 2x = 3( x + 3)
Example
3
Solution:
x
Original Fraction
x+3
x Hence,
Resulting Fraction
2( x + 3)
x x 3
+ =
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4

x x 3
4( x + 3) · + = · 4( x + 3)
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4
4x + 2x = 3( x + 3)
3x = 9
Example
3
Solution:
x
Original Fraction
x+3
x Hence,
Resulting Fraction
2( x + 3)
x x 3
+ =
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4

x x 3
4( x + 3) · + = · 4( x + 3)
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4
4x + 2x = 3( x + 3)
3x = 9
x = 3.
Example
3
Solution:
x
Original Fraction
x+3
x Hence,
Resulting Fraction
2( x + 3)
x x 3
+ =
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4

x x 3
4( x + 3) · + = · 4( x + 3)
x + 3 2( x + 3) 4
4x + 2x = 3( x + 3)
3x = 9
x = 3.
Thus, the numerator of the original fraction is 3.
Example
4. Six years ago, Daniel’s mother was 8 less than twice the age of Daniel
then. Four years from now, twice her age will be four more than thrice his
age. How old is Daniel now?
Example
Solution. Let x be Daniel’s present age.
Example
6 years ago Present 4 years from now

Daniel x−6 x x+4
Mother 2( x − 6) − 8 2( x − 6) − 2 2( x − 6) + 2
Example

Daniel x−6 x x+4
Mother 2( x − 6) − 8 2( x − 6) − 2 2( x − 6) + 2
2[2( x − 6) + 2] = 3( x + 4) + 4
Example

Daniel x−6 x x+4
Mother 2( x − 6) − 8 2( x − 6) − 2 2( x − 6) + 2
2[2( x − 6) + 2] = 3( x + 4) + 4
4x − 24 + 4 = 3x + 12 + 4
Example

Daniel x−6 x x+4
Mother 2( x − 6) − 8 2( x − 6) − 2 2( x − 6) + 2
2[2( x − 6) + 2] = 3( x + 4) + 4
4x − 24 + 4 = 3x + 12 + 4
x = 36
Example

Daniel x−6 x x+4
Mother 2( x − 6) − 8 2( x − 6) − 2 2( x − 6) + 2
2[2( x − 6) + 2] = 3( x + 4) + 4
4x − 24 + 4 = 3x + 12 + 4
x = 36
Hence, Daniel’s present age is 36.
Example
5. Two airplanes traveling in opposite directions leave an airport at the
same time. If one plane averages 480 mph and the other averages 520
mph, how long will it take until they are 2000 miles apart?
Example
Note: Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Example
Distance travelled (in miles)

Plane 1 480t
Plane 2 520t
Total distance between them 480t + 520t
Example

Plane 1 480t
Plane 2 520t
480t + 520t = 2000
Example

Plane 1 480t
Plane 2 520t
480t + 520t = 2000

1000t = 2000
Example

Plane 1 480t
Plane 2 520t
480t + 520t = 2000

1000t = 2000
t = 2
Example

Plane 1 480t
Plane 2 520t
480t + 520t = 2000

1000t = 2000
t = 2
If t = 2, then 480(2) + 520(2) = 2000. Thus, the planes will be 2000

miles apart after 2 hours.
Example
6. Solution X is 20% acid while Solution Y is 50% of the same acid. How
much of Solution X must be added to 100 liters of Solution Y to get a
solution that is 30% acid?
Example
Solution.
Note that:
A MOUNT OF S OLVENT × C ONCENTRATION (%) OF THE S OLUTE =
A MOUNT OF S OLUTE IN A S OLUTION
A MOUNT OF S OLUTE IN S OLUTION 1 + A MOUNT OF S OLUTE IN
S OLUTION 2
= A MOUNT OF S OLUTE IN THE C OMBINED S OLUTION
VOLUME OF S OLUTION 1 + VOLUME OF S OLUTION 2
= VOLUME OF C OMBINED S OLUTION
Example
Example
Let x be the amount of Solution X needed (in liters). The given data
could be presented in the following way:
Example
Amt of Sol’n(L) Amt of Acid (%) Amt of Acid(L)

Soln X x 20 0.20x
Soln Y 100 50 50
Resulting Soln x + 100 30 0.30( x + 100)
Example

Soln X x 20 0.20x
Soln Y 100 50 50
0.20x + 50 = 0.30( x + 100)
Example

Soln X x 20 0.20x
Soln Y 100 50 50
0.20x + 50 = 0.30( x + 100)

0.20x + 50 = 0.30x + 30
Example

Soln X x 20 0.20x
Soln Y 100 50 50
0.20x + 50 = 0.30( x + 100)

0.20x + 50 = 0.30x + 30
20 = 0.10x
Example

Soln X x 20 0.20x
Soln Y 100 50 50
0.20x + 50 = 0.30( x + 100)

0.20x + 50 = 0.30x + 30
20 = 0.10x
200 = x
Example

Soln X x 20 0.20x
Soln Y 100 50 50
0.20x + 50 = 0.30( x + 100)

0.20x + 50 = 0.30x + 30
20 = 0.10x
200 = x
Thus, the amount of Solution X needed is 200 liters.
Example
7. If Edgar can finish a job in 3 hours and Mercedes can finish the same
job in 2 hours, then how many hours will it take them to finish the job
working together?
Example
working together?
Let x be the number of hours that it will take Edgar and Mercedes to
finish the job working together.
Example
working together?
Assuming uniform rate of work,
1
rate of Edgar =
3
Example
working together?
1 1
rate of Edgar = and rate of Mercedes =
3 2
Example
working together?
1 1
3 2
Thus,
1 1 1
+ =
3 2 x
Example
working together?
1 1
3 2
Thus,
1 1 1
+ =
3 2 x
2x + 3x = 6
Example
working together?
1 1
3 2
Thus,
1 1 1
+ =
3 2 x
2x + 3x = 6
5x = 6
Example
working together?
1 1
3 2
Thus,
1 1 1
+ =
3 2 x
2x + 3x = 6
5x = 6
6
x = .
5
Example
working together?
1 1
3 2
Thus,
1 1 1
+ =
3 2 x
2x + 3x = 6
5x = 6
6
x = .
5
6
They can finish the job in of an hour (1 hour and 12 mins).
5
Exercises
Solve for x:
√ √ √
1. 2x + 3 − x − 2 = x + 1
√
2. 1 = x + 2x − 3

3x − 4
3. =1
2x + 3
4. | x3 + 5| + 1 = 0
2
5. −7 1x − 1 = 4 − 2 1x − 1
6. x2 ( x2 − 1) − 9( x2 − 1) = 0
√
7. 2( x2 + x + 1) + x2 + x + 1 − 3 = 0
8. x6 = 8 − 7x3

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Equations Involving Radicals Quadratic Form Absolute Value Word Problems

Equations involving Radicals, Absolute Values,

1 Solve equations involving radicals

2 Recognize and solve equations in quadratic form

3 Solve equations involving absolute values

4 Recognize equations that can be solved using factoring

5 Solve word problems

Equations involving Radicals

Equations involving Radicals

Equations involving Radicals

Equations involving Radicals

Equations involving Radicals

Equations involving Radicals

Equations involving Radicals

Equations involving Radicals

Equations involving Radicals

Equations involving Radicals

Solving Equations involving Radicals

The equation obtained by raising both sides of an equation may have a

Solving Equations involving Radicals

The equation obtained by raising both sides of an equation may have a

To solve equations involving radicals:

Solving Equations involving Radicals

The equation obtained by raising both sides of an equation may have a

To solve equations involving radicals:

Solving Equations involving Radicals

The equation obtained by raising both sides of an equation may have a

To solve equations involving radicals:

Solving Equations involving Radicals

The equation obtained by raising both sides of an equation may have a

To solve equations involving radicals:

Solving Equations involving Radicals

The equation obtained by raising both sides of an equation may have a

To solve equations involving radicals:

Note: In solving equations, we check for extraneous solutions whenever

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Equations in x involving Radicals

Hence, the solution set is {2}.