2.6 Lec

Properties of Logarithms Logarithmic Equations
Logarithms: Properties and Equations Involving

Them
Mathematics 20 – Precalculus: Functions and Their Graphs
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
Precalculus: Functions and Their Graphs Logarithms: Properties and Equations Involving Them 1/ 26
L OGARITHMS : P ROPERTIES AND

E QUATIONS I NVOLVING T HEM
At the end of this lecture, a student must be able to:
1 Determine the properties of a function that involves logarithms

2 Demonstrate the properties of logarithms
3 Solve equations involving logarithmic expressions
Quick Check
Find the domain of f ( x ) = logπ ( x2 − 1).
Solution:
Quick Check
Solution:
We can try getting f −1 ( x ) and use dom f = ran f −1 .
Quick Check
Solution:
This fails since f is not one-to-one e.g.
f (−2) = f (2) = logπ 3.
Quick Check
Solution:
f (−2) = f (2) = logπ 3.
However, when is f ( x ) defined?
Quick Check
Solution:
f (−2) = f (2) = logπ 3.
However, when is f ( x ) defined? It is defined when x2 − 1 > 0.
Quick Check
Solution:
f (−2) = f (2) = logπ 3.
However, when is f ( x ) defined? It is defined when x2 − 1 > 0. Thus,

solving the inequality,
dom f = (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, +∞).
Logarithm of a Product
Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.
Then x = bm and y = bn .
Then x = bm and y = bn .Thus,

xy = bm bn

xy = bm bn = bm+n

xy = bm bn = bm+n ⇐⇒ logb ( xy) = m + n

= logb x + logb y.

= logb x + logb y.
Theorem
If b, x, y > 0 and b 6= 1 then
logb ( xy) = logb x + logb y.
Examples
Evaluate log5 25 + log5 5.
Solution:
log5 25 + log5 5 =
Examples
Solution:
log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) =
Examples
Solution:
log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) = log5 125 = 3
Examples
Solution:
log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) = log5 125 = 3
Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 =
Examples
Solution:
log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) = log5 125 = 3
Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 · 9) =
Examples
Solution:
log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) = log5 125 = 3
Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 · 9) = log6 (36) =
Examples
Solution:
log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) = log5 125 = 3
Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 · 9) = log6 (36) = 2
Logarithm of a Quotient
Similarly, if m = logb x and n = logb y,

x bm
y = bn

bm
x
y = bn = bm−n

m
x
y = b
bn = bm−n ⇐⇒ logb x
y = m−n

m
x
y = b
y = m−n
= logb x − logb y.

m
x
y = b
y = m−n
= logb x − logb y.
Theorem
If b, x, y > 0 and b 6= 1 then

x
logb = logb x − logb y.
y
Logarithm of a Power
Let x = bm ⇔ logb x = m
x p = (bm ) p
x p = (bm ) p = bmp
x p = (bm ) p = bmp ⇐⇒ logb ( x p ) = p · m
x p = (bm ) p = bmp ⇐⇒ logb ( x p ) = p · m = p · logb x.
x p = (bm ) p = bmp ⇐⇒ logb ( x p ) = p · m = p · logb x.
Theorem
If b, x > 0, b 6= 1, and p ∈ R then
logb x p = p · logb x.
Examples
Evaluate log2 42012 .
Solution:
log2 42012 =
Examples
Solution:
log2 42012 = 2012 · log2 4
Examples
Solution:
log2 42012 = 2012 · log2 4 = 2012 · 2
Examples
Solution:
log2 42012 = 2012 · log2 4 = 2012 · 2

= 4024
Examples
Solution:
log2 42012 = 2012 · log2 4 = 2012 · 2

= 4024
Evaluate log9 150 − log9 2 − 2 log9 5.
Solution:
log9 150 − log9 2 − 2 log9 5 =
Examples
Solution:
log2 42012 = 2012 · log2 4 = 2012 · 2

= 4024
Solution:
log9 150 − log9 2 − 2 log9 5 = log9 150− log9 2− log9 25
Examples
Solution:
log2 42012 = 2012 · log2 4 = 2012 · 2

= 4024
Solution:
log9 150 − log9 2 − 2 log9 5 = − log
log9 150 9 2− log9 25
150
= log9
2(25)
Examples
Solution:
log2 42012 = 2012 · log2 4 = 2012 · 2

= 4024
Solution:
log9 150 − log9 2 − 2 log9 5 = − log
log9 150 9 2− log9 25
150
= log9
2(25)
= log9 3
Examples
Solution:
log2 42012 = 2012 · log2 4 = 2012 · 2

= 4024
Solution:
log9 150 − log9 2 − 2 log9 5 = − log
log9 150 9 2− log9 25
150
= log9
2(25)
1
= log9 3 =
2
Examples
Express log7 x2 +7 xy as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7

log7 x2 + xy
=
Examples

7

log7 x2 + xy
= log7 7−
Examples

7
log7 7− log7 ( x2 + xy)

log7 x2 + xy
=
Examples

7
log7 7− log7 ( x2 + xy)

log7 x2 + xy
=
= log7 7−
Examples

7
log7 7− log7 ( x2 + xy)

log7 x2 + xy
=
= log7 7− log7 x ( x + y)
Examples

7
log7 7− log7 ( x2 + xy)

log7 x2 + xy
=
= log7 7− log7 x ( x + y)
= 1−
Examples

7
log7 7− log7 ( x2 + xy)

log7 x2 + xy
=
= log7 7− log7 x ( x + y)
= 1− (log7 x + log7 ( x + y))
Examples

7
log7 7− log7 ( x2 + xy)

log7 x2 + xy
=
= log7 7− log7 x ( x + y)
= 1− (log7 x + log7 ( x + y))
= 1 − log7 x − log7 ( x + y)
Examples

7
log7 7− log7 ( x2 + xy)

log7 x2 + xy
=
= log7 7− log7 x ( x + y)
= 1− (log7 x + log7 ( x + y))
= 1 − log7 x − log7 ( x + y)
Express 21 logb m + 32 logb 2n − logb m2 n as a single logarithm with a

coefficient 1.
1
logb m 2
Examples

7
log7 7− log7 ( x2 + xy)

log7 x2 + xy
=
= log7 7− log7 x ( x + y)
= 1− (log7 x + log7 ( x + y))
= 1 − log7 x − log7 ( x + y)

coefficient 1.
1 3 1 3
logb m 2 + logb (2n) 2 − logb m2 n = logb (m 2 (2n) 2 )− logb m2 n
Examples

7
log7 7− log7 ( x2 + xy)

log7 x2 + xy
=
= log7 7− log7 x ( x + y)
= 1− (log7 x + log7 ( x + y))
= 1 − log7 x − log7 ( x + y)

coefficient 1.
1 3 1 3
1 3
m 2 (2n) 2
= logb m2 n
Examples

7
log7 7− log7 ( x2 + xy)

log7 x2 + xy
=
= log7 7− log7 x ( x + y)
= 1− (log7 x + log7 ( x + y))
= 1 − log7 x − log7 ( x + y)

coefficient 1.
1 3 1 3
1 3 √
m 2 (2n) 2
= logb m2 n
= logb 2 2n
3
m2
Examples
Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.
Solution:
loga 72 = loga 8 · 9
Examples
Solution:
= loga (23 32 )
Examples
Solution:
= loga (23 32 )
= loga 23 + loga 32
Examples
Solution:
= loga (23 32 )
= loga 23 + loga 32
= 3 loga 2 + 2 loga 3
Examples
Solution:
= loga (23 32 )
= loga 23 + loga 32
= 3 loga 2 + 2 loga 3
= 3(0.3)+
Examples
Solution:
= loga (23 32 )
= loga 23 + loga 32
= 3 loga 2 + 2 loga 3
= 3(0.3)+ 2(0.48)
Examples
Solution:
= loga (23 32 )
= loga 23 + loga 32
= 3 loga 2 + 2 loga 3
= 3(0.3)+ 2(0.48)
= 1.86
Examples
Is the function defined by f ( x ) = log5 ( x − 2)2 the same as

the function defined by g( x ) = 2 log5 ( x − 2)?
Solution:
Examples

Solution:
Two functions f and g are equal if f ( x ) = g( x ) and dom f =
dom g.
Examples

Solution:
dom g.
dom g =
Examples

Solution:
dom g.
dom g = (2, +∞)
Examples

Solution:
dom g.
dom g = (2, +∞) since x − 2 must be positive.
Examples

Solution:
dom g.
dom f =
Examples

Solution:
dom g.
dom f = R\{2}
Examples

Solution:
dom g.
dom f = R\{2} since ( x − 2)2 must be positive.
Examples

Solution:
dom g.
dom f = R\{2} since ( x − 2)2 must be positive.
Thus, f and g are different functions.
Change of Base Formula
Since y = logb x ⇔ by = x,
get logarithms of both sides of the equation:
loga by = loga x (for a ∈ R, a > 0, a 6= 1)
y loga b = loga x (logarithm of a power)
loga x
y = loga b (multiplicative property)
loga x
y = loga b (multiplicative property)
Theorem
If a, b, x ∈ R with a, b, x > 0 and a, b 6= 1 then
loga x
logb x =
loga b
Examples
Express log7 3 as a logarithm to the base 5.
Solution:
log7 3 =
Examples
Solution:
log5 3
log7 3 =
log5 7
Examples
Solution:
log5 3
log7 3 =
log5 7
Express logb x in terms of common and natural logarithms.
Solution:
logb x =
Examples
Solution:
log5 3
log7 3 =
log5 7
Solution:
log x
logb x =
log b
Examples
Solution:
log5 3
log7 3 =
log5 7
Solution:
log x ln x
logb x = =
log b ln b
Examples
2 log3 4+1
Write 2−log3 4 as a single logarithm.
Solution:
Examples
2 log3 4+1
Solution:
2 log3 4 + 1 log3 (42 ) + 1

=
2 − log3 4 2 − log3 4
Examples
2 log3 4+1
Solution:
2 log3 4 + 1 log3 (42 ) + 1

=
2 − log3 4 2 − log3 4
log3 (42 ) +
=
Examples
2 log3 4+1
Solution:
2 log3 4 + 1 log3 (42 ) + 1

=
2 − log3 4 2 − log3 4
log3 (42 ) + log3 3
=
Examples
2 log3 4+1
Solution:
2 log3 4 + 1 log3 (42 ) + 1

=
2 − log3 4 2 − log3 4
log3 (42 ) + log3 3
=
log3 9 − log3 4
Examples
2 log3 4+1
Solution:
2 log3 4 + 1 log3 (42 ) + 1

=
2 − log3 4 2 − log3 4
log3 (42 ) + log3 3
=
log3 9 − log3 4
log3 (42 · 3)
=
Examples
2 log3 4+1
Solution:
2 log3 4 + 1 log3 (42 ) + 1

=
2 − log3 4 2 − log3 4
log3 (42 ) + log3 3
=
log3 9 − log3 4
log3 (42 · 3)
= 9
log3 4
Examples
2 log3 4+1
Solution:
2 log3 4 + 1 log3 (42 ) + 1

=
2 − log3 4 2 − log3 4
log3 (42 ) + log3 3
=
log3 9 − log3 4
log3 (42 · 3)
= 9
log3 4
= log 9 (42 · 3)
4
Properties of Logarithms Logarithmic Equations Exercises
Equations involving Logarithmic Expressions

Recall:
Logarithms and exponential expressions are two ways to write thesame
piece of information:
logb x = y ⇔ x = by

Recall:
Since the the logarithmic function with base b is one-to-one,
logb x1 = logb x2 ⇔ x1 = x2

Recall:
Since the the logarithmic function with base b is one-to-one,
logb x1 = logb x2 ⇔ x1 = x2
In the expression logb x, both b and x must be positive and b 6= 1
Examples
Solve for x: log8 32 = x
Examples
8x = 32
Examples
8x = 32
2
Examples
8x = 32
23x
Examples
8x = 32
23x = 2
Examples
8x = 32
23x = 25
Examples
8x = 32
23x = 25
3x = 5
Examples
8x = 32
23x = 25
3x = 5
5
x=
3
Examples
Solve for x: log2 (log2 (log2 x )) = 1
Examples
log2 (log2 x ) =
Examples
log2 (log2 x ) = 21
Examples
log2 (log2 x ) = 21 = 2
Examples
log2 (log2 x ) = 21 = 2
log2 x =
Examples
log2 (log2 x ) = 21 = 2
log2 x = 22
Examples
log2 (log2 x ) = 21 = 2
log2 x = 22 = 4
Examples
log2 (log2 x ) = 21 = 2
log2 x = 22 = 4
x = 24
Examples
log2 (log2 x ) = 21 = 2
log2 x = 22 = 4
x = 24
x = 16
Examples
Solve for x: log( x+1) (3x + 1) = 2
Examples
3x + 1 =
Examples
3x + 1 = ( x + 1)2
Examples
3x + 1 = ( x + 1)2
3x + 1 =
Examples
3x + 1 = ( x + 1)2
3x + 1 = x2 + 2x + 1
Examples
3x + 1 = ( x + 1)2
3x + 1 = x2 + 2x + 1
0 = x2 − x
Examples
3x + 1 = ( x + 1)2
3x + 1 = x2 + 2x + 1
0 = x2 − x
0 = x ( x − 1)
Examples
3x + 1 = ( x + 1)2
3x + 1 = x2 + 2x + 1
0 = x2 − x
0 = x ( x − 1)
⇒ x = 0 or x = 1
Examples
3x + 1 = ( x + 1)2
3x + 1 = x2 + 2x + 1
0 = x2 − x
0 = x ( x − 1)
⇒ x = 0 or x = 1
But if x = 0, the base of the logarithm would be 1.
Examples
3x + 1 = ( x + 1)2
3x + 1 = x2 + 2x + 1
0 = x2 − x
0 = x ( x − 1)
⇒ x = 0 or x = 1
But if x = 0, the base of the logarithm would be 1.
After checking: x=1
Examples
1
Solve for x: logx 2 + logx 5 = 2
Examples
1
1
logx 10 =
2
Examples
1
1
logx 10 =
2
1
x2 = 10
Examples
1
1
logx 10 =
2
1
x 2 = 10
x = 100
Examples
1
1
logx 10 =
2
1
x 2 = 10
x = 100
After checking:
Examples
1
1
logx 10 =
2
1
x 2 = 10
x = 100
After checking:
x = 100
Examples
Solve for x: 2 log5 ( x − 2) − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)
Examples
log5 ( x − 2)2 − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)
Examples
log5 ( x − 2)2 − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)

(x − 2)2
log5 = log5 ( x + 1)
x
Examples
log5 ( x − 2)2 − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)

(x − 2)2
log5 = log5 ( x + 1)
x
( x − 2)2
= x+1
x
Examples
log5 ( x − 2)2 − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)

(x − 2)2
log5 = log5 ( x + 1)
x
( x − 2)2
= x+1
x
( x − 2)2 = x ( x + 1)
Examples
log5 ( x − 2)2 − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)

(x − 2)2
log5 = log5 ( x + 1)
x
( x − 2)2
= x+1
x
( x − 2)2
= x ( x + 1)
2
x − 4x + 4 =
Examples
log5 ( x − 2)2 − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)

(x − 2)2
log5 = log5 ( x + 1)
x
( x − 2)2
= x+1
x
( x − 2)2
= x ( x + 1)
x − 4x + 4 = x2 + x
2
Examples
log5 ( x − 2)2 − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)

(x − 2)2
log5 = log5 ( x + 1)
x
( x − 2)2
= x+1
x
( x − 2)2
= x ( x + 1)
x − 4x + 4 = x2 + x
2
4 = 5x
Examples
log5 ( x − 2)2 − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)

(x − 2)2
log5 = log5 ( x + 1)
x
( x − 2)2
= x+1
x
( x − 2)2
= x ( x + 1)
x − 4x + 4 = x2 + x
2
4
4 = 5x =⇒ x =
5
Examples
log5 ( x − 2)2 − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)

(x − 2)2
log5 = log5 ( x + 1)
x
( x − 2)2
= x+1
x
( x − 2)2
= x ( x + 1)
x − 4x + 4 = x2 + x
2
4
4 = 5x =⇒ x =
5
But if x = 45 , then log5 ( x − 2) would be undefined.
Examples
log5 ( x − 2)2 − log5 x = log5 ( x + 1)

(x − 2)2
log5 = log5 ( x + 1)
x
( x − 2)2
= x+1
x
( x − 2)2
= x ( x + 1)
x − 4x + 4 = x2 + x
2
4
4 = 5x =⇒ x =
5
But if x = 45 , then log5 ( x − 2) would be undefined.

The equation has no solution.
Examples
Solve for x: 12 log3 ( x2 + 6) = log3 4 − log3 x
Examples
1
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 =
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
p 4
x2 + 6 =
x
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
p 4
x2 + 6 =
p x
x x2 + 6 = 4
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
p 4
x2 + 6 =
p x
x x2 + 6 = 4
2 2
x ( x + 6) = 16
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
p 4
x2 + 6 =
p x
x x2 + 6 = 4
2 2
x ( x + 6) = 16
x4 + 6x2 − 16 = 0
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
p 4
x2 + 6 =
p x
x x2 + 6 = 4
2 2
x ( x + 6) = 16
x4 + 6x2 − 16= 0
( x + 8)( x2 − 2) = 0 ⇒ x2 = −8 or x2 = 2
2
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
p 4
x2 + 6 =
p x
x x2 + 6 = 4
2 2
x ( x + 6) = 16
x4 + 6x2 − 16= 0
( x + 8)( x2 − 2) = 0 ⇒ x2 = −8 or x2 = 2
2
But x2 = −8 has only imaginary solutions.
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
p 4
x2 + 6 =
p x
x x2 + 6 = 4
2 2
x ( x + 6) = 16
x4 + 6x2 − 16= 0
( x + 8)( x2 − 2) = 0 ⇒ x2 = −8 or x2 = 2
2
√
But x2 = −8 has only imaginary solutions. If x2 = 2 ⇒ x = ± 2.
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
p 4
x2 + 6 =
p x
x x2 + 6 = 4
2 2
x ( x + 6) = 16
x4 + 6x2 − 16= 0
( x + 8)( x2 − 2) = 0 ⇒ x2 = −8 or x2 = 2
2
√
But x2 = −8√
has only imaginary solutions. If x2 = 2 ⇒ x = ± 2. But
when x = − 2,
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
p 4
x2 + 6 =
p x
x x2 + 6 = 4
2 2
x ( x + 6) = 16
x4 + 6x2 − 16= 0
( x + 8)( x2 − 2) = 0 ⇒ x2 = −8 or x2 = 2
2
√
But x2 = −8√
when x = − 2, log3 x is undefined.
Examples
1 4
log3 ( x2 + 6) 2 = log3
x
p 4
x2 + 6 =
p x
x x2 + 6 = 4
2 2
x ( x + 6) = 16
x4 + 6x2 − 16= 0
( x + 8)( x2 − 2) = 0 ⇒ x2 = −8 or x2 = 2
2
√
But x2 = −8√
when x = − 2, log3 x is undefined.
√
The solution set is { 2}
Examples
Solve for x: log4 ( xlog4 x ) = 4
Examples
(log4 x )(log4 x ) = 4
Examples
(log4 x )(log4 x ) = 4
(log4 x )2 = 4
Examples
(log4 x )(log4 x ) = 4
(log4 x )2 = 4
log4 x = ±2
Examples
(log4 x )(log4 x ) = 4
(log4 x )2 = 4
log4 x = ±2
x = 42 or x = 4−2
Examples
(log4 x )(log4 x ) = 4
(log4 x )2 = 4
log4 x = ±2
x = 42 or x = 4−2
1
x = 16 or x =
16
Examples
(log4 x )(log4 x ) = 4
(log4 x )2 = 4
log4 x = ±2
x = 42 or x = 4−2
1
x = 16 or x =
16
1
The solution set is {16, 16 }
Examples
Solve for x: (log3 x )2 − log3 x2 = log2 8
Examples
(log3 x )2 − 2 log3 x
Examples
(log3 x )2 − 2 log3 x = 3
Examples
(log3 x )2 − 2 log3 x = 3 (Let y = log3 x )
Examples

y2 − 2y − 3 = 0
Examples

y2 − 2y − 3
= 0
(y − 3)(y + 1) = 0
Examples

y2 − 2y − 3
= 0
(y − 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = −1
Examples

y2 − 2y − 3
= 0
(y − 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = −1
log3 x = 3 or log3 x = −1
Examples

y2 − 2y − 3
= 0
(y − 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = −1
x = 33 or
Examples

y2 − 2y − 3
= 0
(y − 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = −1
x = 33 or x = 3−1
Examples

y2 − 2y − 3
= 0
(y − 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = −1
x = 33 or x = 3−1
1
x = 27 or x= .
3
Examples

y2 − 2y − 3
= 0
(y − 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = −1
x = 33 or x = 3−1
1
x = 27 or x= .
3
1
The solution set is {27, }
3
Examples
Solve for x: 32x−1 = 4x+2
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
( x + 2) log3 4 =
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
( x + 2) log3 4 = 2x − 1
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
( x + 2) log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 + 2 log3 4 =
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
( x + 2) log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 + 2 log3 4 = 2x − 1
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
( x + 2) log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 + 2 log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 − 2x =
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
( x + 2) log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 + 2 log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 − 2x = − 1 − 2 log3 4
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
( x + 2) log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 + 2 log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 − 2x = − 1 − 2 log3 4
x (log3 4 − 2) =
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
( x + 2) log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 + 2 log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 − 2x = − 1 − 2 log3 4
x (log3 4 − 2) = − 1 − 2 log3 4
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
( x + 2) log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 + 2 log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 − 2x = − 1 − 2 log3 4
x (log3 4 − 2) = − 1 − 2 log3 4
−1 − 2 log3 4
x =
log3 4 − 2
Examples
log3 (4x+2 ) = 2x − 1
( x + 2) log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 + 2 log3 4 = 2x − 1
x log3 4 − 2x = − 1 − 2 log3 4
x (log3 4 − 2) = − 1 − 2 log3 4
−1 − 2 log3 4
x =
log3 4 − 2
Examples
Solve for x: e2x − e x = 6
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
y2 − y − 6 = 0
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
y2 − y − 6 = 0
(y − 3)(y + 2) = 0
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
y2 − y − 6 = 0
(y − 3)(y + 2) = 0
y = 3 or y = −2
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
y2 − y − 6 = 0
(y − 3)(y + 2) = 0
y=3 or y = −2
ex = 3 or e x = −2
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
y2 − y − 6 = 0
(y − 3)(y + 2) = 0
y=3 or y = −2
ex = 3 or e x = −2
ex = 3 ⇒ x =
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
y2 − y − 6 = 0
(y − 3)(y + 2) = 0
y=3 or y = −2
ex = 3 or e x = −2
e x = 3 ⇒ x = loge 3
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
y2 − y − 6 = 0
(y − 3)(y + 2) = 0
y=3 or y = −2
ex = 3 or e x = −2
e x = 3 ⇒ x = loge 3 = ln 3
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
y2 − y − 6 = 0
(y − 3)(y + 2) = 0
y=3 or y = −2
ex = 3 or e x = −2
e x = 3 ⇒ x = loge 3 = ln 3
e x = −2
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
y2 − y − 6 = 0
(y − 3)(y + 2) = 0
y=3 or y = −2
ex = 3 or e x = −2
e x = 3 ⇒ x = loge 3 = ln 3
e x = −2 has no solution
Examples
e2x − e x − 6 = 0 (Let y = e x )
y2 − y − 6 = 0
(y − 3)(y + 2) = 0
y=3 or y = −2
ex = 3 or e x = −2
e x = 3 ⇒ x = loge 3 = ln 3
e x = −2 has no solution
The solution set is x = ln 3
Exercises
1. Determine the solution set of the following equations:
√ √
a. ln x = ln x e. 3log3 ( x+2) = 8
b. log3 x + log9 x + log27 x = 5.5 f. 32− x − 108 · 2x−1 = 0
√
3
√
4 log2 (7x −12)
c. loga x2 + loga x3 = loga 2−3 g. log x 2
=2
d. 3x + 3x = 32x h. 5x = 9
√
√ x3 y
2. Write loga x2 3 y and loga a in terms of loga x and loga y.
1
3. Write 2 loga ( x − 1) + 4 loga y as a single logarithm with coefficient 1.
4. Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find the numerical value of: .
8
√
5
a. loga 6 b. loga 3 c. loga 4.5 d. log2 3
5. Write ln 8 as a logarithm to the base 2 and log2 10 as a common logarithm.

2.6 Lec

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Properties of Logarithms Logarithmic Equations

Logarithms: Properties and Equations Involving

L OGARITHMS : P ROPERTIES AND

1 Determine the properties of a function that involves logarithms

Find the domain of f ( x ) = logπ ( x2 − 1).

Find the domain of f ( x ) = logπ ( x2 − 1).

Find the domain of f ( x ) = logπ ( x2 − 1).

f (−2) = f (2) = logπ 3.

Find the domain of f ( x ) = logπ ( x2 − 1).

f (−2) = f (2) = logπ 3.

However, when is f ( x ) defined?

Find the domain of f ( x ) = logπ ( x2 − 1).

f (−2) = f (2) = logπ 3.

However, when is f ( x ) defined? It is defined when x2 − 1 > 0.

Find the domain of f ( x ) = logπ ( x2 − 1).

f (−2) = f (2) = logπ 3.

However, when is f ( x ) defined? It is defined when x2 − 1 > 0. Thus,

dom f = (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, +∞).

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bn .Thus,

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bn .Thus,

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bn .Thus,

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bn .Thus,

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bn .Thus,

logb ( xy) = logb x + logb y.

Evaluate log5 25 + log5 5.

Evaluate log5 25 + log5 5.

log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) =

Evaluate log5 25 + log5 5.

log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) = log5 125 = 3

Evaluate log5 25 + log5 5.

log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) = log5 125 = 3

Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9.

Evaluate log5 25 + log5 5.

log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) = log5 125 = 3

Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9.

log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 · 9) =

Evaluate log5 25 + log5 5.

log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) = log5 125 = 3

Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9.

log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 · 9) = log6 (36) =

Evaluate log5 25 + log5 5.

log5 25 + log5 5 = log5 (25 · 5) = log5 125 = 3

Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9.

log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 · 9) = log6 (36) = 2

Similarly, if m = logb x and n = logb y,

Similarly, if m = logb x and n = logb y,

Similarly, if m = logb x and n = logb y,

Similarly, if m = logb x and n = logb y,

Similarly, if m = logb x and n = logb y,

x p = (bm ) p = bmp ⇐⇒ logb ( x p ) = p · m

x p = (bm ) p = bmp ⇐⇒ logb ( x p ) = p · m = p · logb x.

x p = (bm ) p = bmp ⇐⇒ logb ( x p ) = p · m = p · logb x.

Evaluate log2 42012 .

Evaluate log2 42012 .

log2 42012 = 2012 · log2 4

Similarly, if m = logb x and n = logb y,

Similarly, if m = logb x and n = logb y,

Similarly, if m = logb x and n = logb y,