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ASME Y14.5M
ADOPTION NOTICE
ASME Y14.5M, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, was adopted on 13 March 1994 for
use by the Department of Defense (DoD). Proposed changes by DoD activities must
be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity: Commanding Officer, Naval Aviation Supply
Office, ATTN: Code 051 1.07, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA. 1911 1 -5098. DoD
activities may obtain copies of this standard from the Standardization Document Order
Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111 -5094. The private
sector and other Government agencies may purchase copies from the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017.
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(Project DRPR-0297)
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Review activities:
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Army - AT, AV, CE, CR, EA, ER, GL, ME, MI, SC, TE
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Navy - AS, CH, EC, MC, OS, SH, TD, YD
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Air Force - 11,13, 19, 68,70,71, 80, 84,90,99
DLA - CS, ES, GS, IS
NSA - NS
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 W 0759670 0549429 T B 7 W
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ASME Y14.5M
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ADOPTION NOTICE
| ||||
ASME Y14.5M, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, was adopted on 13 March 1994 for use by the Department
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of Defense (DoD). Proposed changes by DoD activities must be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity:
| | |
Commanding Officer, Naval Aviation Supply Office, AlTN.: Code 0511.07,700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia,
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PA 19111-5098. DoD activities may obtain copies of this standard from the Standardization Document Order
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Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. The private sector and other govern-
ment agencies may purchase copies from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street,
New York, N Y 10017.
(Project DRPR-0297)
Review activities:
Army - AT, AV, CE, CR, EA, ER, GL, ME, MI, SC, TE
Navy - AS, CH, EC, MC, OS, SH, TD, YD
Air Force - 11, 13, 19, 68, 70, 71, 80, 84, 90, 99
DLA - CS, ES, GS, IS
NSA - NS
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 74 = 0757670 0547433 b37
Dimensioning and
To Iera ncing
ASME Yl4.5M-I994
[REVISION OF ANSI Y14.5M-1982 (R1988)l
I
345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 94 0759670 0 5 4 9 4 3 2 5 7 3
This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a
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This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for
American National Standards. The Consensus Committee that approved the code or standard was
balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportu-
nity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and
comment which provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,
regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or
activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in
connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone
utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable Leiters Patent, nor assume
any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the
validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own
responsibility.
Participation by federal agency representative(s)or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to
be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard,
ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations issued in accordance with governing
ASME procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual
volunteers.
Copyright O 1995 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All Rights Reserved
Printed in the U.S.A.
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0759b70 0549433 4 0 T
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FOREWORD
...
111
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 m 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549434 34b m
international meetings and have participated in all I S 0 standards projects on the subject
of dimensioning and tolerancing during this period.
In addition to past participation in developing and maintaining all of such I S 0 stan-
dards as I S 0 5458, I S 0 5459, I S 0 2692, I S 0 3040, I S 0 TR 5460, I S 0 1660, I S 0 406,
I S 0 129, I S 0 8015, and I S 0 7083, U.S. delegates have also participated in all new I S 0
standards development projects. U.S. delegates have provided convenership (chairman-
ship) to the development of IS0/2692: 1988 DAM1 on “Least Material Condition,” I S 0
10578 on “Projected Tolerance Zone,” and I S 0 10579 on “Nonrigid Parts.” Current
projects related to the revision of I S 0 1101, “Technical Drawings, Geometrical Toleranc-
ing” and I S 0 5458, “Positional Tolerancing” also have participation and input by U.S.
delegates. Current new work on a revision to I S 0 2692 includes consideration of the
“principle of reciprocity” (symbol 8)that was originally put forth by the U.S. and Japan
in the early 1970’s as a proposed standard. It was considered by some countries to be
premature for inclusion then and zero positional tolerancing was adopted as a near
substitute.
As a recent significant development, the United States, through its member body,
ANSI, has received the ISO/TClO/SC5 Secretariat. Thus, the U.S. inherits the world
leadership for standards development on “Technical drawings, product definition and
related documentation, geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing.” Work will continue
on maintenance of existing standards and the development of new standards related to
geometrical tolerancing.
The conflict in principle regarding limits of size between the “envelope principle”
(Taylor Principle, Rule #i) and the “independency principle” continues, although some-
what abated. Issuance of I S 0 8015: 1985, “Technical Drawings-Fundamental Tolerancing
Principle,” features the independency principle but allows the option of the envelope
principle by either reference to a national standard (for example, ASME Y 14.5M-1994)
on the drawing, or by invoking the symbol 0. The Y 14.5 Standard continues to advocate
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and use the envelope principle (boundary of perfect form at MMC of the individual
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feature) that has been traditionally used in the U.S. and widely accepted elsewhere.
The least material condition 0concept is expanded. More complete coverage on this
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subject is to be considered in future revisions as the state of the art progresses.
Significant steps are taken in this revision to resolve some long-standing differences
between the Y14.5 and IS0 practices. As U.S. delegates also play a significant role in
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the development and maintenance at the level of international standards, these differences
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are eventually tempered and resolved by a merging of these dual objectives. In addition,
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some long-range planning by the Y 14.5 activity has also now materialized in the transi-
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tion to eliminating these differences. Two significant changes found in this revision are --
adoption and extension of the universal datum feature symbol and discontinuance of the
use of the RFS symbol 0.Other changes, additions, extensions of principles, and resolu-
tion of differences are listed in Appendix A, “Principal Changes and Improvements.’’
The technical expertise and experience of the Y14.5 Subcommittee are provided by
the dedicated interests and resources of its personnel. Its members represent a broad
cross section of U.S. industry, the Department of Defense (DOD), educational institu-
tions, national laboratories, professional societies, and members of the private sector.
The Subcommittee encourages participation by all and works diligently to achieve a
consensus on all matters. It seeks a balance between past practices, state of the art,
national and international standards, new technology, computer and electronic integration,
and most importantly, the understandability of the technical data contained in the Stan-
dard itself. Since members are also users of the Standard, a “jury of peers” is constantly
present to ensure, as well as possible, that all voices are heard and satisfactory compro-
mises are made in the interests of ali users. Through the due process of final approval
iv
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 9 4 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549435 282
procedures via ASME, ANSI, DOD, and public review, the Standard achieves its final
make-up as the result of the voluntary consensus standard system.
The expansion and extension of principles of the composite positional tolerancing
concept occupied a sizable segment of the Subcommittee’s time and resources during
this revision. This valuable concept, originally bom out of need for a convenient method
to state two requirements together for a pattern of features, one the “pattern-locating
tolerance” (larger tolerance) and the other the “feature-relating tolerance” (smaller toler-
ance), gave rise to the need for further clarification and coverage in this revision. As
these principles are extended from the original examples, first introduced in ANSI Y 14.5-
1973, varying interpretations are possible where a secondary datum feature is added to
the feature-relating tolerance zone frame. Since the original coverage in ANSI Y14.5-
1973 made no attempt to indicate clearly an interpretation representing this extension of
principle, varied applications and interpretations have occurred during the interim, each
supposedly having some support from the original Standard example and text. ANSI
Y14.5M-1982 repeated the same examples, added two figures (Figs. 142 and 143), and
made a slight change of words in the text. The changes and additions in this revision
eventually highlighted the areas of question and the Subcommittee debated this issue
with many prolonged and in-depth discussions. As a result, the composite tolerancing
text and figures have now been expanded to enhance and clarífj~applicability. To effect
this clarification and expansion, and to “set the standard,” an explicit meaning has been
assigned to the feature-relating tolerance frame for composite positional tolerancing con-
trol. The feature-relating tolerance can no longer be interpreted as including location of
the pattern. Section 5 clarifies the application of composite tolerancing and contrasts it
with the use of two single-segment feature control frames.
Since profile composite tolerancing is now also introduced into the Standard, its fea-
ture-relating tolerance frame likewise controls the orientation of the profile to the datums
without regard to the basic dimensions that locate the profile. Section 6 further explains
the details of composite profile tolerancing.
Although the continuity and stability of the technical content of the Standard are
paramount, numerous changes, additions, and clarifications have taken place in this
revision. To meet the objectives and purposes of the Standard as before referenced, it
must remain dynamic and is, thus, subject to modification as deemed necessary. For help
in using this Standard and to isolate those areas and subjects involving any changes or
additions of consequence, refer to Appendix A. A detailed compendium of changes and
additions is provided.
Suggestions for improvement of this Standard will be welcomed. They should be sent
to The American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Attention: Secretary, Y14 Main
Committee; 345 East 47th Street; New York, NY 10017.
This revision was approved as an ASME National Standard on March 14, 1994.
V
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ASME Y L 4 0 5 M 9 4 m 0759h70 0.549436 119 m
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(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
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OFFICERS
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P. E. McKim. Chairman
F. Bakos, Jr., Vice Chairman
C. J. Gomez, Secretaly
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
A. R. Anderson, Trikon Corp.
F. Bakos, Jr., Eastman Kodak Co.
T. D. Benoit, Alternate, Pratt 8 Whitney CEB
D. E. Bowerman, Copeland Corp.
J. V. Burleigh, The Boeing Co.
L. Burns
R. A. Chadderdon, Southwest Consultants
F. A. Christiana, ASEA Brown Boveri Combustion Engineering Systems
M. E. Curtis, Jr., Rexnord Corp.
R. W. Debok, Motorola, Government & Systems Technology Group
H. L. Dubocq
L. W. Foster, L. W. Foster Associates, Inc.
C. J. Gomez, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
D. Hagler, E-Systems, Inc., Garland Division
E. L. Kardas, Pratt 8 Whitney CEB
C. G. Lance, Santa Cruz Technology Center
W. J. McGee, National Standards Educators Association
P. E. McKim, Caterpillar Inc.
C. D. Merkley, IBM Corp.
E. Niemiec, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
R. J. Polizzi
D. L. Ragon, Deere & Company, John Deere Dubuque Works
R. L. Tennis, Caterpillar Inc.
R. P. Tremblay, US. Department of the Army, ARDEC
R. K. Walker, Westinghouse Marine
G. H. Whitmire, TECITREND
K. E. Wiegandt, Sandia National Laboratory
P. Wreede, E-Systems, Inc.
vii
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A. R. Anderson, Secretary, General Motors Corp., Powertrain Divisionflrikon Corp.
F. Bakos, Jr., Eastman Kodak Co.
T. D. Benoit, Alternate, Pratt b Whitney CEB
D. E. Bowerman, Copeland Corp.
R. A. Chadderdon, Southwest Consultants
R. E. Coombes, Caterpillar Inc.
N. W. Cutler, Polaroid Corp.
G. P. Gooldy, GPG Consultants, Inc.
W. A. Haefele, Williams Creek Graphics
B. W. Heathcotte, Geometrics Consulting
A. M. Johnson, The Boeing Co.
E. L. Kardas, Pratt b Whitney CEB
D. P. Karl, Ford Motor Co.
K. S. King, Dahlgren Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center
C. D. Merkley, IBM Corp.
T. C. Miller, Los Alamos National Laboratory
A. G. Neumann, Technical Consultants, Inc.
E. Niemiec, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
J. M. Palmer, Jr., Garrett Turbine Engine Co.
D. L. Ragon, Deere & Company, John Deere Dubuque Works
D. W. Shepherd, Shepherd Industries/Northern Illinois University
G. S. Tokunaga, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
R. P. Tremblay, U.S. Department of the Army, ARDEC
B. A. Wilson, McDonnell Douglas Corp.
J. E. Winconek, Allied-Signal Aerospace
Vlll
...
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 9Y 0759670 0549438 T 9 L
CONTENTS
...
Foreword .................................................................... 111
Standards Committee Roster .................................................. vii
ix
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 74 0757670 0547437 728 H
4 Datum Referencing..................................................... 51
4.1 General ........................................................... 51
4.2 Immobilization of Part ............................................. 51
4.3 Datum Features .................................................... 52
4.4 Specifying Datum Features in an Order of Precedence ................ 52
4.5 Establishing Datums ............................................... 55
4.6 Datum Targets ..................................................... 70
5 Tolerances of Location ................................................. 81
5.1 General ........................................................... 81
5.2 Positional Tolerancing.............................................. 81
5.3 Fundamental Explanation of Positional Tolerancing .................. 81
5.4 Feature Pattern Location ............................................ 93
5.5 Projected Tolerance Zone ........................................... 115
5.6 Nonparallel Holes .................................................. 135
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149
6 Tolerances of Form, Profile, Orientation, and Runout ................. 157
6.1 General ........................................................... 157
6.2 Form and Orientation Control ....................................... 157
6.3 Specifying F o m and Orientation Tolerances ......................... 157
6.4 Form Tolerances ................................................... 157
6.5 Profile Control ..................................................... 163
6.6 Orientation Tolerances ............................................. 174
6.7 Runout ............................................................ 189
6.8 Free State Variation ................................................ 191
Appendices
A Principal Changes and Improvements .................................. 197
Al General ........................................................... 197
A2 Figures ............................................................ 197
A3 Section I. Scope. Definitions. and General Dimensioning ............. 197
A4 Section 2. General Tolerancing and Related Principles ............... 198
A5 Section 3. Symbology .............................................. 199
A6 Section 4. Datum Referencing ...................................... 199
A7 Section 5. Tolerances of Location ................................... 200
A8 Section 6. Tolerances of Form. Profile. Orientation. and Runout....... 202
A9 Appendix A. Principal Changes and Improvements ................... 202
A10 Appendix B. Formulas for Positional Tolerancing .................... 203
A l l Appendix C. Form. Proportion. and Comparison of Symbols .......... 203
A12 Appendix D. Former Practices ...................................... 203
X
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ASME Y14.51 9 4 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549440 6 4 T H
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C2 Form and Proportion ............................................... 209
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C3 Comparison ....................................................... 209
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D Former Practices ....................................................... 215
D1 General ........................................................... 215
D2 Definition for Feature of Size ....................................... 215
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D3 Applicability of RFS. MMC. and LMC .............................. 215
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D4 Tangent Radii ..................................................... 215
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D5 Datum Feature Symbol ............................................. 215
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D6 Projected Tolerance Zone ........................................... 215
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E Decision Diagrams for Geometric Control ............................. 219
El Purpose ........................................................... 219
E2 Functional Requirements ........................................... 219
E3 Reference to Standard .............................................. 219
E4 Geometric Controls ................................................ 219
E5 Choosing Other Controls ........................................... 219
E6 Use of Modifiers ................................................... 219
E7 Datums............................................................ 219
xi
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ASME Y34-5M 9 4 0759670 0549443 5 8 b
ASME Y14.5M-1994
standing the principles and methods of dimensioning ANSI B92.1-1970,l Involute Splines and Inspec-
and tolerancing described in the text. The absence of tion, Inch Version
a figure illustrating the desired application is neither ANSI B92.2M-1980,' Metric Module, Involute
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ing rejection. In some instances, figures show added ANSUASME B94.6-1984, hurling
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detail for emphasis. In other instances, figures are ANSI B94.11M-1979, Twist Drills
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incomplete by intent. Numerical values of dimen- ANSI Y14.1-1980, Drawing Sheet Size and
sions and tolerances are illustrative only. Format
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ASME YIi4.5M 94 = 0759b70 0 5 4 9 4 4 2 412
ASME Y14.2M-1992, Line Conventions and departure from its specified material condition. See
Lettering Figs. 2-9 through 2-12.
ASME Y14.5.1M-1994, Mathematical Definition 1.3.3 Datum. A theoretically exact point, axis, or
of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles plane defiled from the true geometric counterpart of
ANSI Y14.6-1978, Screw Thread Representation a specified datum feature. A datum is the origin from
ANSI Y14.6aM-1981, Screw Thread Representa- which the location or geometric characteristics of
tion (Metric Supplement) features of a part are established.
ANSI Y14.7.1-1971, Gear Drawing Standards -
Pari 1: For Spur, Helical, Double Helical, and Rack 1.3.4 Datum Feature. An actual feature of a part
ANSI Y14.7.2-1978, Gear and Spline Drawing that is used to establish a datum.
Standards - Part 2: Bevel and Hypoid Gears 1.3.5 Datum Feature Simulator. A surface of
ASME Y14.8M-1989, Castings and Forgings adequately precise form (such as a surface plate, a
ANSI Y14.36-1978, Surface Texture Symbols gage surface, or a mandrel) contacting the datum
ANSZ/IEE 268- 1992,*Metric Practice feature(s) and used to establish the simulated
1.2.1 Additional Sources (Not Cited) datum(s).
ANSUASME B1.2-1983, Gages and Gaging for NOTE: Simulated datum features are used as the practical em-
Unified Inch Screw Threads bodiment of the datums during manufacture and inspection.
ANSI B4.4M-1981 (R1987), Inspection of
Workpieces 1.3.6 Datum, Simulated. A point, axis, or plane
ASME Y 1.1-1989, Abbreviations - For Use on established by processing or inspection equipment,
Drawings and in Text such as the following simulators: a surface plate, a
ASME Y14.3M-1994, Multiview and Sectional gage surface, or a mandrel. See paras. 4.4.1 and
View Drawings 4.4.2.
1.3.7 Datum Target. A specified point, line, or
area on a part used to establish a datum.
1.3.8 Dimension. A numerical value expressed
in appropriate units of measure and used to define
the size, location, geometric characteristic, or surface
1.3 DEFINITIONS texture of a part or part feature.
The following terms are defined as their use ap- 1.3.9 Dimension, Basic. A numerical value used
plies in this Standard. Additionally, definitions to describe the theoretically exact size, profile, orien-
throughout the Standard of italicized terms are given tation, or location of a feature or datum target. See
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in sections describing their application. Their loca- Fig. 3-7. It is the basis from which permissible varia-
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tion may be identified by referring to the index. tions are established by tolerances on other dimen-
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sions, in notes, or in feature control frames. See Figs.
1.3.1 Boundary, Inner. A worst case boundary 2-14, 2-15, and 3-25.
(that is, locus) generated by the smallest feature
(MMC for an internal feature and LMC for an exter- 1.3.10 Dimension, Reference. A dimension,
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nal feature) minus the stated geometric tolerance and usually without tolerance, used for information pur-
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any additional geometric tolerance (if applicable) poses only. A reference dimension is a repeat of a
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from the feature’s departure from its specified mate- dimension or is derived from other values shown on
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rial condition. See Figs. 2-9 through 2-12. the drawing or on related drawings. It is considered
auxiliary information and does not govern production
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1.3.2 Boundary, Outer. A worst case boundary or inspection operations. See Figs. 1-17 and 1-18.
(that is, locus) generated by the largest feature (LMC
for an internal feature and MMC for an external fea- 1.3.11 Envelope, Actual Mating. This term is
ture) plus the geometric tolerance and any additional defined according to the type of feature, as follows:
geometric tolerance (if applicable) from the feature’s ( a ) For an External Feature. A similar perfect
feature counterpart of smallest size that can be cir-
cumscribed about the feature so that it just contacts
WEE standards are available from the institute of Electrical and the surface at the highest points. For example, a
Electronics Engineers, Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscata-
way, NJ 08854. smallest cylinder of perfect form or two parallel
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 7 4 m 0759b70 0 5 4 9 4 4 3 359 m
planes of perfect f o i at minimum separation that 1.3.20 Maximum Material Condition (MMC).
just contact(s) the highest points of the surface(s). The condition in which a feature of size contains the
For features controlled by orientation or positional maximum amount of material within the stated limits
tolerances, the actual mating envelope is oriented rel- of size - for example, minimum hole diameter,
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ative to the appropriate datum(s), for example, per- maximum shaft diameter.
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pendicular to a primary datum plane.
1.3.21 Plane, Tangent. A theoretically exact
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(b) For an Internai Feature. A similar perfect fea-
plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of
ture counterpart of largest size that can be inscribed
the specified feature surface.
within the feature so that it just contacts the surface
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at the highest points. For example, a largest cylinder 1.3.22 Regardless of Feature Size (RFS). The
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of perfect form or two parallel planes of perfect form term used to indicate that a geometric tolerance or
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at maximum separation that just contact(s) the high- datum reference applies at any increment of size of
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est points of the surface(s). the feature within its size tolerance.
For features controlled by orientation or positional
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1.3.23 Resultant Condition. The variable
tolerances, the actual mating envelope is oriented rel-
boundary generated by the collective effects of a size
ative to the appropriate datum(s).
feature’s specified MMC or LMC material condition,
1.3.12 Feature. The general term applied to a the geometric tolerance for that material condition,
physical portion of a part, such as a surface, pin, tab, the size tolerance, and the additional geometric toler-
hole, or slot. ance derived from the feature’s departure from its
specified material condition. See Figs. 2-9 through
1.3.13 Feature, Axis Of. A straight line that co- 2-12.
incides with the axis of the true geometric counter-
part of the specified feature. 1.3.24 Size, Actual. The general term for the size
of a produced feature. This term includes the actual
1.3.14 Feature, Center Plane Of. A plane that mating size and the actual local sizes.
coincides with the center plane of the true geometric
counterpart of the specified feature. 1.3.25 Size, Actual Local. The value of any indi-
vidual distance at any cross section of a feature.
1.3.15 Feature, Derived Median Plane Of. An
imperfect plane (abstract) that passes through the 1.3.26 Size, Actual Mating. The dimensional
center points of all line segments bounded by the value of the actual mating envelope.
feature. These line segments are normal to the actual 1.3.27 Size, Limits Of. The specified maximum
mating envelope. and minimum sizes. See para. 2.7.
1.3.16 Feature, Derived Median Line Of. An 1.3.28 Size, Nominal. The designation used for
imperfect line (abstract) that passes through the cen- purposes of general identification.
ter points of all cross sections of the feature. These 1.3.29 Size, Resultant Condition. The actual
cross sections are normal to the axis of the actual value of the resultant condition boundary.
mating envelope. The cross section center points are
determined as per ANSI B89.3.1. 1.3.30 Size, Virtual Condition. The actual value
of the virtual condition boundary.
1.3.17 Feature of Size. One cylindrical or spher-
ical surface, or a set of two opposed elements or 1.3.31 Tolerance. The total amount a specific
opposed parallel surfaces, associated with a size dimension is permitted to vary. The tolerance is the
dimension. difference between the maximum and minimum
limits.
1.3.18 Full Indicator Movement (FIM). The to-
tal movement of an indicator where appropriately 1.3.32 Tolerance, Bilateral. A tolerance in
applied to a surface to measure its variations. which variation is permitted in both directions from
the specified dimension.
1.3.19 Least Material Condition (LMC). The
1.3.33 Tolerance, Geometric. The general term
condition in which a feature of size contains the least
applied to the category of tolerances used to control
amount of material within the stated limits of size -
form, profile, orientation, location, and runout.
for example, maximum hole diameter, minimum
shaft diameter. 1.3.34 Tolerance, Unilateral. A tolerance in
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-
which variation is permitted in one direction from where manufacturing, processing, quality assurance,
the specified dimension. or environmental information is essential to the defi-
---
nition of engineering requirements, it shall be speci-
|||||||
1.3.35 True Geometric Counterpart. The theo-
fied on the drawing or in a document referenced on
retically perfect boundary (virtual condition or actual
|||| | || | || |||
the drawing.
mating envelope) or best-fit (tangent) plane of a
It is permissible to identify as nonmandatory
specified datum feature. See Figs. 4-11 and 4-10.
certain processing dimensions that provide for finish
Also see paras. 1.3.5 and 1.3.6 regarding the simu-
| ||||
allowance, shrink allowance, and other requirements,
lated datum.
provided the final dimensions are given on the draw-
||
| | |
1.3.36 True Position. The theoretically exact lo- ing. Nonmandatory processing dimensions shall be
|| |
cation of a feature established by basic dimensions. identified by an appropriate note, such as NON-
MANDATORY (MFG DATA).
--
1.3.37 Virtual Condition. A constant boundary (g) Dimensions should be arranged to provide re-
generated by the collective effects of a size feature's quired information for optimum readability. Dimen-
specified MMC or LMC material condition and the sions should be shown in true profile views and refer
geometric tolerance for that material condition. See to visible outlines.
Figs. 2-9through 2-12. (h) Wires, cables, sheets, rods, and other materials
manufactured to gage or code numbers shall be spec-
ified by linear dimensions indicating the diameter or
1.4 FUNDAMENTAL RULES thickness. Gage or code numbers may be shown in
Dimensioning and tolerancing shall clearly define parentheses following the dimension.
engineering intent and shall conform to the (i) A 90" angle applies where center lines and
following. lines depicting features are shown on a drawing at
(a) Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except right angles and no angle is specified. See para.
for those dimensions specifically identified as refer- 2.1.1.2.
ence, maximum, minimum, or stock (commercial (j) A 90" basic angle applies where center lines
stock size). The tolerance may be applied directly of features in a pattern or surfaces shown at right
to the dimension (or indirectly in the case of basic angles on the drawing are located or defined by basic
dimensions), indicated by a general note, or located dimensions and no angle is specified.
in a supplementary block of the drawing format. See (k) Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions are
ANSI Y14.1. applicable at 20°C (68°F).Compensation may be
(b) Dimensioning and tolerancing shall be com- made for measurements made at other temperatures.
plete so there is full understanding of the characteris- ( I ) All dimensions and tolerances apply in a free
tics of each feature. Neither scaling (measuring the state condition. This principle does not apply to non-
size of a feature directly from an engineering draw- rigid parts as defined in paras. 2.7.1.3(b) and 6.8.
ing) nor assumption of a distance or size is permitted, (m)Unless otherwise specified, all geometric tol-
except as follows: Undimensioned drawings, such as erances apply for full depth, length, and width of the
loft, printed wiring, templates, and master layouts feature.
prepared on stable material, are excluded provided (n) Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the
the necessary control dimensions are specified. drawing level where they are specified. A dimension
(c) Each necessary dimension of an end product specified for a given feature on one level of drawing,
shall be shown. No more dimensions than those nec- (for example, a detail drawing) is not mandatory for
essary for complete definition shall be given. The that feature at any other level (for example, an as-
use of reference dimensions on a drawing should be sembly drawing).
minimized.
(d) Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to
suit the function and mating relationship of a part and 1.5 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
shall not be subject to more than one interpretation.
For uniformity, all dimensions in this Standard are
(e) The drawing should define a part without
given in SI units. However, the unit of measurement
specifying manufacturing methods. Thus, only the selected should be in accordance with the policy of
diameter of a hole is given without indicating
the user.
whether it is to be drilled, reamed, punched, or made
by any other operation. However, in those instances 1.5.1 SI (Metric) Linear Units. The commonly
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ASIE YL4-51 94 m 0759670 0549445 121 m
for minutes ', and for seconds ". Where degrees are
indicated alone, the numerical value shall be fol-
lowed by the symbol. Where only minutes or seconds c t
are specified, the number of minutes or seconds shall
be preceded by O" or O"O', as applicable. See Fig. It-
1-1.
(b) Where the dimension is a whole number, nei- separate digits into groups in specifying millimeter
||
ther the decimal point nor a zero is shown. See Fig. dimensions on drawings.
| | |
( c ) Where the dimension exceeds a whole number ing shall be observed where specifying decimal inch
--
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ASME Y14.5M 7 4 W 07.57670 0 5 4 7 4 4 b Ob8
t
r ""7 1 r-.50
11711
FIG. 1-5 GROUPING OF DIMENSIONS
to the right of the decimal point where necessary. 1.7.1.1 Alignment. Dimension lines shall be
See Fig. 1-3 and para. 2.3.2. aligned if practicable and grouped for uniform ap-
pearance. See Fig. 1-5.
1.6.3 Decimal Points. Decimal points must be
uniform, dense, and large enough to be clearly visible 1.7.1.2 Spacing. Dimension lines are drawn
and meet the reproduction requirements of ASME parallel to the direction of measurement. The space
Y14.2M. Decimal points are placed in line with the between the first dimension line and the part outline
bottom of the associated digits. should be not less than 10 mm; the space between
6
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y l 1 4 . 5 M 74 = 0757670 0 5 4 9 4 4 7 TT4 =
6
Min
r e r*
'P
Min
P1.7.1.2
3" "L
FIG. 1-6 SPACING OF DIMENSION LINES
p-z
FIG. 1-8 OBLIQUE EXTENSION LINES
Im-i
1.7.2 Extension (Projection) Lines. Extension
lines are used to indicate the extension of a surface
or point to a location preferably outside the part out-
line. See para. 1.7.8. Extension lines start with a short
visible gap from the outline of the part and extend
beyond the outermost related dimension line. See
Fig. 1-6. Extension lines are drawn perpendicular to
dimension lines. Where space is limited, extension
lines may be drawn at an oblique angle to clearly
illustrate where they apply. Where oblique lines are
I used, the dimension lines are shown in the direction
in which they apply. See Fig. 1-8.
FIG. 1-7 STAGGERED DIMENSIONS
1.7.2.1 Crossing Extension Lines. Wherever
practicable, extension lines should neither cross one
another nor cross dimension lines. To minimize such
succeeding parallel dimension lines should be not crossings, the shortest dimension line is shown near-
less than 6 mm. See Fig. 1-6. est the outline of the object. See Fig. 1-7. Where
extension lines must cross other extension lines, di-
NOTE: These spacings are intended as guides only. If the draw-
ing meets the reproduction requirements of the accepted industry
mension lines, or lines depicting features, they are
---
or military reproduction specification, nonconformance to these not broken. Where extension lines cross arrowheads
|||||||
spacing requirements is not a basis for rejection of the drawing. or dimension lines close to arrowheads, a break in
|||| | || | || |||
Where there are several parallel dimension lines, the extension line is permissible. See Fig. 1-9.
the numerals should be staggered for easier reading. 1.7.2.2 Locating Points. Where a point is lo-
See Fig. 1-7. cated by extension lines only, the extension lines
| ||||
1.7.1.3 Angle Dimensions. The dimension from surfaces should pass through the point. See Fig.
||
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 0759670 0549448 930
11.7.2.1
FIG. 1-10 POINT LOCATIONS FIG. 1-11 LIMITED LENGTH OR AREA INDICATION
|||||||
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ASME Y L Y - S M 94 0759670 0549449 877
r 3 X @6
PLATE THIS
SURFACE PER
AMs2400
I
1174;
fi FIG. 1-15 LEADER DIRECTIONS
f
2 45
i
60
7
11.7.5.2
~
P 3X $60.6
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ASME YL4m5M 74 0759670 0549450 597 9
Rol-
~
-
-
1.7.7
-
1.7.6
1.3.10 FIG. 1-19 DIAMETERS
10
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y14.5M 94 m 0759670 0549451 425 m
Y' Ii' r 3 0 7
YR3 +
r
RI0
fi
FIG. 1-23 FORESHORTENED RADII
arrowhead between the radius center and the arc, it
may be placed outside the arc with a leader. Where
the center of a radius is not dimensionally located,
the center shall not be indicated. See Fig. 1-20. controlled by other dimensioned features such as tan-
gent surfaces. See Fig. 1-22.
1.8.2.1 Center of Radius. Where a dimension
is given to the center of a radius, a small cross is 1.8.2.2 Foreshortened Radii. Where the cen-
drawn at the center. Extension lines and dimension ter of a radius is outside the drawing or interferes
lines are used to locate the center. See Fig. 1-21. with another view, the radius dimension line may
Where location of the center is unimportant, the be foreshortened. See Fig. 1-23. That portion of the
drawing must clearly show that the arc location is dimension line extending from the arrowhead is ra-
11
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y14-5M 9 4 = O759670 0549452 361
r T R U E R20
.................... Chord
'n' Angle
I
I -
11.8.2.5
FIG. 1-25 SPHERICAL RADIUS
1.8.3 Chords, Arcs, and Angles. The dimen- are located on the basis of their points of tangency.
sioning of chords, arcs, and angles shall be as shown See Fig. 1-30.
|||| | || | || |||
used for features having rounded ends. For fully Circular or noncircular outlines may be dimensioned
rounded ends, the radii are indicated but not dimen- by the rectangular coordinate or offset method. S e e
||
| | |
|| |
12
--
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ASME Y / 4 * 5 M 74 = 0759b70 0549453 2T8 H
*
rí
--
%
|| |
Base
lines
| | |
R10
||
111
| ||||
STATION 1
|||| | || | || |||
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
are used.
cance, this thickness (rather than the depth) is dimen-
||
sioned. For holes having more than one counterbore, 1.8.16 Keyseats. Keyseats are dimensioned by
| ||||
see Fig. 1-37. width, depth, location, and if required, length. The
|||| | || | || |||
cluded angle of the countersink are specified. For 1.8.17 Knurling. Knurling is specified in terms
counterdrilled holes, the diameter and depth of the of type, pitch, and diameter before and after hurling.
---
counterdrill are specified. Specifying the included Where control is not required, the diameter after
angle of the counterdrill is optional. See Fig. 1-38. hurling is omitted. Where only a portion of a feature
The depth dimension is the depth of the full diameter requires hurling, axial dimensioning is provided.
of the counterdrill from the outer surface of the part. See Fig. 1-46.
1.8.12.1 Chamfered and Countersunk 1.8.17.1 Knurling for Press Fit. Where re-
Holes on Curved Surfaces. Where a hole is cham- quired to provide a press fit between parts, hurling
fered or countersunk on a curved surface, the diame- is specified by a note that includes the type of knurl
ter specified on the drawing applies at the minor required, its pitch, the toleranced diameter of the fea-
diameter of the chamfer or countersink. See Fig. 1- ture before hurling, and the minimum acceptable
39. diameter after hurling. See Fig. 1-47.
14
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 9 4 = 0759670 0549455 070 =
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
FIG. 1-34 ROUND HOLES
--
f 8x22 /-2x
P"1f 2x 47L
@ uØ14
11.8.11
FIG. 1-36 COUNTERBORED HOLES
(cl uf 1.9.6
1.8.10
FIG. 1-35 SLOlTED HOLES
15
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ASME Y I 1 4 . 5 1 74 0757670 0547456 T O 7
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
U Ø 7
||
3
| | |
U$14
|| |
--
THIS ON THE DRAWING MEANS THIS
l:vj
13
I 1.8.11
FIG. 1-37 COUN 'ERBORED HOLES
A Ø6.8
J 20
I
VØlO x SO'
~~
ountersunk holes
r66320
A
I .
@
ØlOT6
I 1.8.12
I FIG. 1-38
iunterdrilled holes
COUNTERSUNK AND COUNTERDRILLED HOLES
16
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 74 O757670 0549457 743
Curved
surface Minor radius equals \
the shortest distance
from center to edge
of countersink on
actual part
11.8.12.1
FIG. 1-39 COUNTERSINK ON A CURVED SURFACE
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
--
8
FIG. 1-42 45 DEGREE CHAMFER
I 1.8.13 I
FIG. 1-40 SPOTFACED HOLES
I 1.8.15
FIG. 1-41 CHAMFERS
1.8.15.2
1.8.15
FIG. 1-43 INTERNAL CHAMFERS
17
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0549458 A B T m
T KNURL
u 1 2 FULL KNURL
FIG. 1-44 CHAMFERS BETWEEN SURFACES
AT OTHER THAN 90 DEGREES
---
FIG. 1-46 KNURLS
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
3.98
| ||||
PITCH 0.8 STRAIGHT KNURL
9 2 0 MIN AFTER KNURLING
||
| | |
|| |
--
U 12 FULL KNURL
I 1.8.16 11.8.17.1
FIG, 1-45 KEYSEATS FIG, 1-47 KNURLS FOR PRESS FITS
18
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ASME YL4.5M 94 = 0757670 0547457 716
I I ,
SIZE SYMBOL I A I B I C I D
I 7 I 4.8 I 3.6 1 3.1
~~
19
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A S I E YZ4.5M 94 0759670 05Y94bO Y38 =
r $"' *@-*
-
1.9.3
-
7
1.9.2
1.9
I
l.T_ 1.9.5.1
1.9.5
,G
I
..,
r
20
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 74 0757670 05474b2 374
6X $7
5X 10’ ( = 5 0 ’ )
I
||
flax
| ||||
Ø7
|||| | || | || |||
IC \+ + + + + 2
|||||||
i
---
21
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
2.1 GENERAL
This Section establishes practices for expressing
tolerances on linear and angular dimensions, applica-
bility of material condition modifiers, and interpreta-
tions governing limits and tolerances. I - - I
CAUTION: If CAD/CAM database models are used and they do
not include tolerances, then tolerances must be expressed outside
of the database to reflect design requirements.
m
(d) as specified in other documents referenced on
the drawing for specific features or processes;
( e ) in a general tolerance block referring to all Ø7.5 - 7.6
dimensions on a drawing for which tolerances are
not otherwise specified; see ANSI Y 14.1
2.1.1.1 Positional Tolerancing Method.
Preferably, tolerances on dimensions that locate fea-
tures of size are specified by the positional toleranc-
ing method described in Section 5 . In certain cases,
such as locating irregular-shaped features, the profile
tolerancing method described in Section 6 may be
used.
2.1.1.2 Implied 90" Angle. By convention,
where center lines and surfaces of features of a part
are depicted on engineering drawings intersecting at
right angles, a 90" angle is not specified. Implied 90"
angles are understood to apply. The tolerance on
these implied 90" angles is the same as for all other
angular features shown on the field of the drawing
governed by general angular tolerance notes or gen-
eral tolerance block values. Where center lines and
surfaces of a part are depicted on engineering draw-
ings intersecting at right angles and basic dimensions 12:
or geometric controls have been specified, implied
FIG. 2-1 LIMIT DIMENSIONING
90" basic angles are understood to apply. The toler-
ance on the feature associated with these implied 90"
basic angles is provided by feature control frames
23
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y l 1 4 0 5 M 94 m 0759670 0549463 147 m
mo 12+o.1
FIG. 2-3
(c) 30 f7
AND FITS
24
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 0757670 0549464 083
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLES:
25.45 25.45 12.2 means 12.20 ...o
not 12.0 means 12.00 ...o
25.00 25
12.01 means 12.010...o
(ú) Where basic dimensions are used, associated
tolerances contain the number of decimal places nec- To determine conformance within limits, the mea-
essary for control. The basic dimension value ob- sured value is compared directly with the specified
serves the practices of para. 1.6.1. value and any deviation outside the specified limiting
--
1251 not
2.4.1 Plated or Coated Patts. Where a part is
| | |
the following:
are used on the drawing, the following apply: (a) DIMENSIONAL LIMITS APPLY AFTER
(a) Where unilateral tolerancing is used and either PLAT1NG.
the plus or minus value is nil, its dimension shall be
|||||||
and the appropriate plus or minus sign. (For processes other than plating, substitute the
EXAMPLE: appropriate term.)
+.O05
not .500
+ ,005
o
m500- .o00
(6) Where bilateral tolerancing is used, both the
plus and minus values and the dimension have the 2.5 SINGLE LIMITS
same number of decimal places. MIN or MAX is placed after a dimension where
EXAMPLE: other elements of the design definitely determine the
.500 2.005 not .50 2.005
other unspecified 'limit. Features, such as depths of
(c) Where limit dimensioning is used and either holes, lengths of threads, comer radii, chamfers, etc.,
the maximum or minimum value has digits following may be limited in this way. Single limits are used
a decimal point, the other value has zeros added for where the intent will be clear, and the unspecified
uniformity. limit can be zero or approach infinity and will not
EXAMPLE: result in a condition detrimental to the design.
.750 .75
not
.748 .748
(d) Where basic dimensions are used, associated
tolerances contain the number of decimal places nec- 2.6 TOLERANCE ACCUMULATION
essary for control. The basic dimension value is ex- Figure 2-4 compares the tolerance values resulting
pressed with the same number of decimal places as from three methods of dimensioning.
the tolerance. (a) Chain Dimensioning. The maximum variation
EXAMPLE: between two features is equal to the sum of the toler-
p
1 not
Iloo] ances on the intermediate distances; this results in
with with the greatest tolerance accumulation. In Fig. 2-4(a),
I$I@.005@IAIBICI [$1@.005@IAIBICI the tolerance accumulation between surfaces X and
Y is 10.15.
2.3.3 Angle Tolerances. Where angle dimen- (b) Base Line Dimensioning. The maximum vari-
sions are used, both the plus and minus values and ation between two features is equal to the sum of the
the angle have the same number of decimal places. tolerances on the two dimensions from their origin
EXAMPLE: to the features; this results in a reduction of the toler-
25.0" k.2" not 25" 2.2"
ance accumulation. In Fig. 2-4(b), the tolerance accu-
mulation between surfaces X and Y is 10.1.
( c ) Direct Dimensioning. The maximum variation
2.4 INTERPRETATION OF LIMITS between two features is controlled by the tolerance
All limits are absolute. Dimensional limits, regard- on the dimension between the features; this results
less of the number of decimal places, are used as if in the least tolerance. In Fig. 2-4(c), the tolerance
they were continued with zeros. between surfaces X and Y is 10.05.
25
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 m 0 7 5 7 6 7 0 05494b5 T L T m
Fi7 t-
|||||||
3.3.16
X MEANS THIS 2.6.1
---
NOT THIS
7
L
, ~ 12.4
X I
(b) Base line dimensioning -lesser tolerance 11.6
accumulation between X and Y. Longer suriace
used as the origin
I
I
I two parallel surfaces of unequal length is to be
I
I I I
IY
mounted on the shorter surface. In this example, the
dimension origin symbol described in para. 3.3.16
'L-2620.05-4 signifies that the dimension originates from the plane
established by the shorter surface and dimensional
(c) Direct dimensioning -least tolerance
between X and Y. limits apply to the other surface. Without such indi-
cation, the longer surface could have been selected as
the origin, thus permitting a greater angular variation
FIG. 2-4 TOLERANCE ACCUMULATION between surfaces.
26
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0549466 956 W
:E;
E
.Ø
--
Ø20.1 (MMC)
|| |
BT&
| | |
||
MMC Perfect
form boundary a T y . Ø 2 0 . 2(LMC)
| ||||
u
|||| | || | || |||
2.7.1.1 Variations of Size. The actual local dustry or government standards that prescribe limits
size of an individual feature at each cross section for straightness, flatness, and other geometric charac-
shall be within the specified tolerance of size. teristics. Unless geometric tolerances are specified
on the drawing of a part made from these items,
2.7.1.2 Variations Of Form (Envelope Prin-
standards for these items goveni the surfaces that
ciple). The form of an individual feature is con- remain in the as-fumished condition on the finished
trolled by its limits of size to the extent prescribed ~"~
p l c.
in the following paragraphs and illustrated in Fig. (b) parts subject to free state variation in the unre-
2-6. strained condition. See para. 6.8.
( u ) The surface or surfaces of a feature shall not
extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of perfect form 2.7.2 Perfect Form at MMC Not Required.
at MMC. This is the geometric form Where it is desired to permit a surface or surfaces of
represented by the drawing' No variation in is a feature to exceed the boundary of perfect form at
permitted if the feature is produced at its MMC limit
MMC, a note such as PERFECT FORM AT MMC
of size except as specified in para. 6.4.1.1.2. NOT REQD is specified, exempting the pertinent
(b) Where the actual loca' size Of a feature has size dimension from the provision of para. 2.7.1.2(a).
departed from MMC toward LMC, a variation in
form is allowed equal to the amount of such
2.7.3 Relationship Between Individual Fea-
departure.
tures. The limits of size do not control the orienta-
( c ) There is no requirement for a boundary of per-
tion or location relationship between individual fea-
form at LMc' Thus, a feature produced at its
tures. Features shown perpendicular, or
LMC limit of size is permitted to vary from true
symmetrical to each other must be controlled for lo-
form to the maximum variation allowed by the
cation or orientation to avoid incomplete drawing
boundary of perfect form at MMC.
requirements. These controls may be specified by
2.7.1.3 Form Control Does Not Apply (Ex- one of the methods given in Sections 5-and 6. If it
ceptions to Rule #l). The control of geometric is necessary to establish a boundary of perfect form
form prescribed by limits of size does not apply to at MMC to control the relationship between features,
the following: the following methods are used.
(a) stock, such as bars, sheets, tubing, structural (a) Specify a zero tolerance of orientation at
shapes, and other items produced to established in- MMC, including a datum reference (at MMC if ap-
21
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ASME Y14-5M 9 4 = 0759670 0549467 892
plicable), to control angularity, perpendicularity, or ance is applied on an MMC basis, the allowed toler-
parallelism of the feature. See para. 6.6.1.2. ance is dependent on the actual mating size of the
(b) Specify a zero positional tolerance at MMC, considered feature. The tolerance is limited to the
including a datum reference (at MMC if applicable) specified value if the feature is produced at its MMC
to control coaxial or symmetrical features. See paras. limit of size. Where the actual mating size of the
5.11.1.3 and 5.13.2. feature has departed from MMC, an increase in the
(c) Indicate this control for the features involved tolerance is allowed equal to the amount of such
by a note such as PERFECT ORIENTATION (or departure. The total permissible variation in the spe-
COAXIALITY or LOCATION OF SYMMETRICAL cific geometric characteristic is maximum when the
FEATURES) AT MMC REQUIRED FOR RE- feature is at LMC. Likewise, referencing a datum
LATED FEATURES. feature on an MMC basis means the datum is the
(d) Relate dimensions to a datum reference frame axis or center plane of the feature at the MMC limit.
by a local or general note indicating datum prece- Where the actual mating size of the datum feature
dence. See para. 4.4. The noted dimensions define has departed from MMC, a deviation is allowed be-
only the maximum material condition envelope re- tween its axis or center plane and the axis or center
lated to the datum reference frame defined by the plane of the datum.
datums. For LMC, see para. 2.7.1.2(c).
2.8.3 Effect of Zero Tolerance at MMC. Where
a tolerance of position or orientation is applied on a
2.8 APPLICABILITY OF RFS, MMC, AND LMC zero tolerance at MMC basis, the tolerance is totally
dependent on the actual mating size of the considered
Applicability of RFS, MMC, and LMC is limited feature. No tolerance of position or orientation is
to features subject to variations in size. They may be allowed if the feature is produced at its MMC limit
datum features or other features whose axes or center of size; and in this case, it must be located at true
planes are controlled by geometric tolerances. In the position or be perfect in orientation, as applicable.
case of straightness covered in paras. 6.4.1.1.2 and
---
Where the actual mating size of the considered fea-
6.4.1.1.3, it is the derived median line and the de-
|||||||
ture has departed from MMC, a tolerance is allowed
rived median plane, rather than the axis and center equal to the amount of such departure. The total per-
|||| | || | || |||
plane that are controlled. In all cases, the following missible variation in position or orientation is maxi-
practices apply for indicating RFS, MMC, and LMC: mum when the feature is at LMC, unless a maximum
( a ) All Applicable Geometric Tolerances (Rule is specified. See Figs. 6-41 and 6-42.
| ||||
#Z). RFS applies, with respect to the individual toler-
2.8.4 Effect of LMC. Where a positional toler-
||
ance, datum reference, or both, where no modifying
| | |
symbol is specified. MMC or LMC must be specified ance is applied on an LMC basis, the allowed toler-
|| |
on the drawing where it is required. ance is dependent on the actual mating size of the
considered feature. The tolerance is limited to the
--
NOTE:Circular runout, total runout, concentricity, and symmetry
are applicable only on an RFS basis and cannot be modified to specified value if the feature is produced at its LMC
MMC or LMC. limit of size. Where the actual mating size of the
feature has departed from LMC, an increase in the
(b) Alternative Practice. For a tolerance of posi- tolerance is allowed equal to the amount of such
tion (Rule #2a), RFS may be specified on the draw- departure. The total permissible variation in position
ing with respect to the individual tolerance, datum is maximum when the feature is at MMC. Likewise,
reference, or both, as applicable. See Appendix D referencing a datum feature on an LMC basis means
(Fig. D-1). the datum is the axis or center plane of the feature
2.8.1 Effect of RFS. Where a geometric tolerance at the LMC limit. Where the actual mating size of the
is applied on an RFS basis, the specified tolerance datum feature has departed from LMC, a deviation is
is independent of the actual size of the considered allowed between its axis or center plane and the axis
feature. The tolerance is limited to the specified value or center plane of the datum.
regardless of the actual size of the feature. Likewise,
2.8.5 Effect of Zero Tolerance at LMC. Where
referencing a datum feature on an RFS basis means
that a centering about its axis or center plane is nec- a tolerance of position or orientation is applied on a
essary, regardless of the actual size of the feature. F r o tolerance at LMC basis, the tolerance is totally
dependent on the size of the considered feature. No
2.8.2 Effect of MMC. Where a geometric toler- tolerance of position or Orientation is allowed if the
28
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ASME Yl14.5M 9 4 W 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0 5 4 9 4 6 8 7 2 9 W
feature is produced at its LMC limit of size; and in 2.11.2 Resultant Condition. From para. 2.11
this case, it must be located at true position or be considerations, the worst case inner locus and worst
perfect in orientation, as applicable. Where the actual case outer locus values are derived and termed resul-
mating size of the considered feature has departed tant condition. See Figs. 2-7 through 2-12.
from LMC, a tolerance is allowed equal to the
2.11.3 Datum Features at Virtual Condition.
amount of such departure. The total permissible vari-
A virtual condition exists for a datum feature of size
ation in position or orientation is maximum when the
where its axis or center plane is controlled by a geo-
feature is at MMC unless a maximum is specified.
metric tolerance. In such cases, the datum feature
See Figs. 5-13, 5-14, and 6-42.
applies at its virtual condition even though it is refer-
enced in a feature control frame at MMC or LMC.
Where a virtual condition equal to the maximum ma-
2.9 SCREW THREADS terial condition or the least material condition is the
Each tolerance of orientation or position and da- design requirement, a zero tolerance at MMC or
tum reference specified for a screw thread applies to LMC is specified. See Sections 4, 5, and 6.
the axis of the thread derived from the pitch cylinder.
Where an exception to this practice is necessary, the 2.12 ANGULAR SURFACES
specific feature of the screw thread (such as MAJOR
DIA or MINOR DIA) shall be stated beneath the Where an angular surface is defined by a combina-
feature control frame, or beneath or adjacent to the tion of a linear dimension and an angle, the surface
datum feature symbol, as applicable. See Fig. 5-62. must lie within a tolerance zone represented by two
nonparallel planes. See Fig. 2-13. The tolerance zone
will widen as the distance from the apex of the angle
increases. Where a tolerance zone with parallel
2.10 GEARS AND SPLINES boundaries is desired, a basic angle may be specified
Each tolerance of orientation or position and da- as in Fig. 2-14. The dimensions related to the origin
tum reference specified for features other than screw are then used in the same manner described in para.
threads, such as gears and splines, must designate 2.6.1. Additionally, an angularity tolerance may be
the specific feature of the gear or spline to which specified within these boundaries. See Fig. 6-27.
each applies (such as MAJOR DIA, PITCH DIA, or
MINOR DIA). This information is stated beneath the 2.13 CONICAL TAPERS
feature control frame or beneath the datum feature
Conical tapers include the category of standard
symbol, as applicable.
machine tapers used throughout the tooling industry,
classified as American Standard Self-Holding and
Steep Taper series. See ANSI B5.10. American Stan-
2.11 VIRTUAL/RESULTANT CONDITION dard machine tapers are usually dimensioned by
Depending upon its function, a feature is con- specifying the taper name and number. See Fig. 2-
trolled by size and applicable geometric controls. 16(b). The diameter at the gage line and the length
Material condition (MMC or LMC) may also be ap- may also be specified. The taper in inches per foot
plicable. Consideration must be given to the collec- and the diameter of the small end may be shown as
tive effects of MMC and applicable tolerances in reference. A conical taper may also be specified by
determining the clearance between parts (fixed or one of the following methods:
floating fastener formula) and in establishing gage ( a ) a basic taper and a basic diameter (see Fig.
feature sizes. Consideration must be given to the col- 2-15);
lective effects of LMC and applicable tolerances in (b) a size tolerance combined with a profile of
determining guaranteed area of contact, thin wall a surface tolerance applied to the taper (see para.
conservation, and alignment hole location in estab- 6.5.8);
lishing gage feature sizes. ( c ) a toleranced diameter at both ends of a taper
and a toleranced length. See Fig. 2-16(a).
2.11.1 Virtual Condition. From para. 2.11 con-
siderations, constant value outer locus and constant NOTE:The method described in (c) above is applicable for non-
critical tapers, such as the transition between diameters of a shaft.
value inner locus values are derived and termed vir-
tual condition. See Figs. 2-7 through 2-12. ( d ) a composite profile tolerance.
29
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 0757670 0549469 b b 5 =
1
CONSTANT VARIABLE
VALUE VALUE
1
OUTER OUTER INNER
BOUNDARY BOUNDARY BOUNDARY BOUNDARY
(LOCUS) (LOCUS) (LOCUS) (LOCUS)
ILMC
IMMCI
1
I
30.5
30.2
30.1
CONDI
I@HOLEI@TOLIVCONDIR
I
I
I
I
0.5
0.2
0.1
I I 31.0
30.4
30.2
I I MMC I
I
I
LMC
ml
IØPIN IØTOLI v COND I R COND
29.9
29.6
29.5
I
L
0.1 I
1
30.0
-
pl
I 29.8
29.2
29.0
The virtual condition of an internal feature The virtual condition of an external feature
is a constant value equal to its maximum is a constant value equal to its maximum
material condition size MINUS its applicable material condition size PLUS its applicable
tolerance of location. tolerance of location.
The resultant condition of an internal feature The resultant condition of an external feature
is a variable value equal to its actual is a variable value equal t o its actual
mating envelope size PLUS its applicable mating envelope size MINUS its applicable
tolerance of location. tolerance of location.
12.11.1
30
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
A S I E Y L 4 - 5 1 94 0759670 0 5 4 9 4 7 0 387
, CONDITION
INTERNAL FEATURE
CONDITION
VIRTUAL
CONDITION
EXTERNAL FEATURE
I I
RESULTANT
CONDITION
CONSTANT VARIABLE
VALUE VALUE VALUE
INNER OUTER
BOUNDARY BOUNDARY BOUNDARY BOUNDARY
(LOCUS) (LOCUS) (LOCUS) (LOCUS)
o
I ~ H O L EI ~ T OI vLCOND I R COND I IGPINI ~ T OI Lv COND I RGOND I
29.7 29.4
I
30.2 I 0.4 29.8 29.6 29.8
( M M C I 30.1 I 0.5 29.6 LMC 29.5 29.6
The virtual condition of an internal feature The virtual condition of an external feature
is a constant value equal to its least is a constant value equal to its least
material condition size PLUS its applicable material condition size MINUS its applicable
tolerance of location. tolerance of location.
The resultant condition of an internal feature The resultant condition of an external feature
is a variable value equal to its actual is a variable value equal to its actual
mating envelope size MINUS its applicable mating envelope size PLUS its applicable
tolerance of location. tolerance of location.
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ASME Y34.5M 74 H 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0 5 4 9 4 7 3 2 3 3 H
E2.11.2
2.11.1
+-
$30.5 LMC Size of feature
Postional zone at LMC
Ø31 Resultant condition (Outer boundary)
FIG. 2-9 VIRTUAL AND RESULTANT CONDITION BOUNDARIES USING MMC CONCEPT -
INTERNAL FEATURE
--
|| |
| | |
||
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
---
32
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A S I E Y L 4 - 5 1 74 0759670 0 5 4 7 4 7 2 L5T
\
F-pJ
r r , .
Ø30.5 LMC Size of feature
+@ 0.1 Postional zone at LMC
Ø30.6 Virtual condition (Outer boundary)
T
VIRTUAL CONDITION BOUNDARY
1.3.2
RESULTANT CONDITION BOUNDARY
1.3.1
FIG. 2-10 VIRTUAL AND RESULTANT CONDITION BOUNDARIES USING LMC CONCEPT -
INTERNAL FEATURE
33
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 9 4 0759670 O549473 096 m
FIG. 2-11 VIRTUAL AND RESULTANT CONDITION BOUNDARIES USING MMC CONCEPT -
EXTERNAL FEATURE
34
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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~~
FIG. 2-12 VIRTUAL AND RESULTANT CONDITION BOUNDARIES USING LMC CONCEPT -
---
EXTERNAL FEATURE |||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
--
35
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 1 94 0759670 0 5 4 9 4 7 5 969
MEANS THIS
fi I=
1.3.2
MEANS THIS
10.5
The surface controlled by the angular dimension The surface controlled by the angular dimension
may be anywhere within the tolerance zone may lie anywhere within the tolerance zone
with one restriction: its angle must not be less having parallel boundaries inclined at the basic
than 29'30' nor more than 30'30'. angle.
FIG. 2-13 TOLERANCING AN ANGULAR SURFACE USING FIG. 2-14 TOLERANCING AN ANGULAR SURFACE WITH
A COMBINATION OF LINEAR AND ANGULAR DIMENSIONS A BASIC ANGLE
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ASME YL4.5M 94 9 0759670 0547476 B T 5
9.9
I I p2020.05
AMERICAN STANDARD
MEANS THIS
TAPER X4 (.6232 INIFT)
7
--
|| |
| | |
||
Radial
diameter
I tolerance
|||| | || | || |||
zone
M
|||||||
9.9 ko.2
(b) Standard taper
---
The taper must fall within the zone created by the 1213
basic taper and the locating dimension of the basic
diameter. FIG. 2-16 SPECIFYING TAPERS
L L - 4
37
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ASME YI14.5fl 94 0759670 0549477 731
CR2.42 0.3
Maximum radius 2.7
--
Part contour
|| |
| | |
I
13.3.17j
||
| ||||
38
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 9 4 0759670 0 5 4 9 4 7 8 678
Ø10.14f 0.05 Q
+
---
-+A
f
r @ l 0 . 1 4 + 0 . 0 5@)
rn
FIG. 2-21 STATISTICAL TOLERANCING WITH ARITHMETIC LIMITS
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
12.18.2
--
39
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ASME YL4.5M 74 = 0757670 0547477 504 =
3 Symbology
3.2 USE OF NOTES TO SUPPLEMENT center plane. If there is insufficient space for the two
| | |
symbology. In such cases, a note may be used to surface or an extension line of the feature outline,
describe the requirement, either separately or to sup- separated from the size dimension, when the datum
plement a geometric symbol. See Figs. 5-18 and 6- is the axis. For CAD systems, the triangle may be
|||||||
41
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Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 9 4 0759670 0549480 226
I TYPE OF
TOLERANCE
I CHARACTERISTIC I SYMBOL I SEE:
I STRAIGHTNESS I - I 6.4.1
I FOR
INDIVIDUAL FORM
1 FLATNESS I /7 I 6.4.2
I CYLINDRICITY I fl I 6.4.4
FOR
INDIVIDUAL
PROFILE OF A LINE n I 6.5.2 (b)
PROF,LE
OR RELATED
FEATURES
PROFILE OF A SURFACE
ANGULARITY .L 6.6.2
PARALLELISM // 6.6.3
c
3.3.6 Projected Tolerance Zone Symbol. The
Datum identifying letter symbolic means of indicating a projected tolerance
3%
Datum feature triangle may be filled or not filled.
Leader may be appropriately directed to a feature.
zone is shown in Fig. 3-8. The use of the symbol in
local and general notes is prohibited.
Fig. 3-7.
pretation unless otherwise specified.
---
42
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 74 m 0759670 0549481 162 m
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
--
I 1332
FIG. 3-3 DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ON A FEATURE SURFACE AND AN EXTENSION LINE
1332
FIG. 3-4 PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ON FEATURES OF SIZE
43
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 0759670 0547482 O T 7
I fi
FIG. 3-5 PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL IN
CONJUNCTION WITH A FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
/
3.3.10 Statistical Tolerancing Symbol. The
Target area size, where applicable 7
symbolic means of indicating that a tolerance is
based on statistical tolerancing is shown in Fig. 3-8.
D a t
identifying u m A If the tolerance is a statistical geometric tolerance,
letter Target number the symbol is placed in the feature control frame
Ø following the stated tolerance and any modifier. See
Fig. 3-9. If the tolerance is a statistical size tolerance,
or fØ6 the symbol is placed adjacent to the size dimension.
Datum See Figs. 2-20 and 3-10.
letter Target 3.3.11 Between Symbol. The symbolic means
number of indicating that a tolerance applies to a limited
segment of a surface between designated extremities
is shown in Figs. 3-8, 3-11, 6-13, and 6-14. In Fig.
FIG. 3-6 DATUM TARGET SYMBOL 3-1 1, for example, the tolerance applies only between
point G and point H.
3.3.12 Counterbore or Spotface Symbol. The
symbolic means of indicating a counterbore or a
spotface is shown in Fig. 3-12. The symbol precedes,
with no space, the dimension of the counterbore or
spotface.
3.3.13 Countersink Symbol. The symbolic
means of indicating a countersink is shown in Fig.
3-13. The symbol precedes, with no space, the di-
mensions of the countersink.
3.3.14 Depth Symbol. The symbolic means of
indicating that a dimension applies to the depth of a
feature is to precede that dimension with the depth
symbol, as shown in Fig. 3-14. The symbol and the
FIG. 3-7 BASIC DIMENSION SYMBOL value are not separated by a space.
44
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ASME Y i 1 4 = 5 M 94 0759670 0 5 4 9 4 8 3 T35 m
I
I I
FREE STATE I @)
- I 3.3.19
I
I I
STATISTICAL TOLERANCE
BETWEEN 3.3.11
. .
FIG. 3-11
L Between
symbol
BETWEEN SYMBOL
l 3.3.11
---
|||||||
I -
1 I
|||| | || | || |||
5.17 Q
5.13
t I
(or spotface)
| ||||
symbol
||
| | |
I
--
45
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~~
82 0.2
Dimension
origin symbol
Depth symbol
I
I
FIG. 3-17 SYMBOL FOR ALL AROUND
FIG. 3-14 DEPTH SYMBOL 3.3.17 Taper and Slope Symbols. The sym-
bolic means of indicating taper and slope for conical
and flat tapers are shown in Figs. 2-15 and 2-17.
These symbols are always shown with the vertical
I leg to the left.
k--p--r symbol
Square
3.3.18 All Around Symbol. The symbolic means
of indicating that a tolerance applies to surfaces all
around the part is a circle located at the junction of
the leader from the feature control frame. See Fig.
3-17.
13.3.15
3.3.19 Free State Symbol. For features subject
FIG. 3-15 SQUARE SYMBOL
to free state variation as defined in para. 6.8, the
symbolic means of indicating that the geometric tol-
erance applies in its "free state" is shown in Fig. 3-
8. The symbol is placed in the feature control frame
following the stated tolerance and any modifier. See
3.3.15 Square Symbol. The symbolic means of
Fig. 3-18.
---
shape is to precede that dimension with the square 3.3.20 Tangent Plane Symbol. The symbolic
symbol, as shown in Fig. 3-15. The symbol and the means of indicating a tangent plane is shown in Fig.
|||| | || | || |||
value are not separated by a space. 3-8. The symbol is placed in the feature control
frame following the stated tolerance as shown in Fig.
3.3.16 Dimension Origin Symbol. The sym-
6-43. Also see paras. 1.3.21 and 6.6.1.3.
| ||||
features and not the other is shown in Figs. 2-5 and tion on the symbolic means of specifying surface
|| |
46
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ACME Y14.5M-1994
Geometric
characteristic
symbol -, ,-Tolerance
Free state symbol’
I=
3 3 19
Datum reference
FIG. 3-18 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH FREE Diameter symbol letter
STATE SYMBOL
Material condition
symbol
]- (a) One
datum
reference
Diameter symbol f-Material
symbol
condition
1341
(b) Two Primary
FIG. 3-19 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME datum Secondary
references
I IØ0.25@(BIC@I
\I
3.3.22 Symbols for Limits and Fits. For infor- 1343
mation on the symbolic means of specifying metric (c) Three Primary
datum
limits and fits, see para. 2.2.1. references
Secondary
\\ y Tertiary
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0549486 7 4 4
~~
I I
ØO.8 @ D E F
6.5.9.1 J
(a)
(a) Composite
Composite 5.4.1
3.4.4
6.5.9.
clarification, the projected tolerance zone is indicated
|| |
3.4.5 Two Single-Segment Feature Control with a chain line and the minimum height of the
| | |
Frames. The symbolic means of representing two tolerance zone is specified in a drawing view. The
||
single-segment feature control frames is shown in height dimension may then be omitted from the fea-
| ||||
Fig. 3-22@). Application of this control is described ture control frame. See Fig. 5-34.
|||| | || | || |||
in para. 5.4.1.3.
3.4.6 Combined Feature Control Frame and
3.5 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
Datum Feature Symbol. Where a feature or pat-
|||||||
PLACEMENT
tem of features controlled by a geometric tolerance
---
also serves as a datum feature, the feature control The feature control frame is related to the consid-
frame and datum feature symbol are combined. See ered feature by one of the following methods and as
Fig. 3-23. Wherever a feature control frame and da- depicted in Fig. 3-25:
tum feature symbol are combined, datums referenced (a) locating the frame below or attached to a
in the feature control frame are not considered part of leader-directed callout or dimension pertaining to the
the datum feature symbol. In the positional tolerance feature;
example, Fig. 3-23, a feature is controlled for posi- (b) running a leader from the frame to the feature;
tion in relation to datums A and B, and identified as (c) attaching a side or an end of the frame to an
datum feature C. Whenever datum C is referenced extension line from the feature, provided it is a plane
elsewhere on the drawing, the reference applies to surface;
datum C, not to datums A and B. (d) attaching a side or an end of the frame to an
extension of the dimension line pertaining to a fea-
3.4.7 Feature Control Frame With a Pro-
ture of size.
jected Tolerance Zone. Where a positional or an
orientation tolerance is specified as a projected toler-
ance zone, the projected tolerance zone symbol is
3.6 DEFINITION OF THE TOLERANCE ZONE
placed in the feature control frame, along with the
dimension indicating the minimum height of the tol- Where the specified tolerance value represents the
erance zone. This is to follow the stated tolerance diameter of a cylindrical or spherical zone, the diam-
48
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A S I E YL4.51 9 4 E 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0 5 4 9 4 8 7 680 E
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
--
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~
I Y ITOL c I R - S ]
Datum reference letters
Tabulated tolerance letter designation
PART NUMBER A 0 C D E F
I
I
137
FIG. 3-26 TABULATED TOLERANCES
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 M 0759670 0549487 453 M
4 Datum Referencing
4.1 GENERAL and dimensions verified. See Figs. 4-11 and 4-12.
When magnified surfaces of manufactured parts are
This Section establishes the principles of identi- seen to have irregularities, contact is made with a
fying features of a part as datum features for the simulated datum at a number of surface extremities
purpose of establishing geometric relationships im- or high points.
posed by a feature control frame. Datums are theoret-
ically exact points, axes, and planes. These elements 4.2.2 Datum Reference Frame. Sufficient da-
exist within a framework of three mutually perpen- tum features, those most important to the design of
dicular intersecting planes known as the datum refer- a part, or designated portions of these features are
ence frame. See Fig. 4-1. This Section also estab- chosen to position the part in relation to a set of three
lishes the criteria for establishing datums and the mutually perpendicular planes, jointly called a datum
datum reference frame from datum features. reference frame. This reference frame exists in theory
only and not on the part. Therefore, it is necessary
to establish a method of simulating the theoretical
4.2 IMMOBILIZATION OF PART reference frame from the actual features of the part.
This simulation is accomplished by positioning spe-
Where features of a part have been identified as cifically identified features in contact with appro-
datum features, the part is oriented and immobilized
priate datum simulators, in a stated order of prece-
relative to the three mutually perpendicular planes
dence, to restrict motion of the part and to relate the
of the datum reference frame in a selected order of part adequately to the datum reference frame. See
precedence. This in turn makes the geometric rela-
Fig. 4-1.
tionships that exist between the features measurable.
A true geometric counterpart of a feature used to 4.2.2.1 Mutually Perpendicular Planes. The
establish a datum may be: planes of the datum reference frame are simulated
( a ) a plane; in a mutually perpendicular relationship to provide
(b) a maximum material condition boundary direction as well as the origin for related dimensions
(MMC concept); and measurements. Thus, when the part is positioned
(c) a least material condition boundary (LMC on the datum reference frame (by physical contact
concept); between each datum feature and its counterpart in
( d ) a virtual condition boundary; the associated processing equipment), dimensions re-
(e) an actual mating envelope; lated to the datum reference frame by a feature con-
0 a mathematically defined contour. trol frame or note are thereby mutually perpendicu-
lar. This theoretical reference frame constitutes the
4.2.1 Application. As measurements cannot be three-plane dimensioning system used for datum
made from a true geometric counterpart that is theo- referencing.
retical, a datum is assumed to exist in and be simu-
lated by the associated processing equipment. For 4.2.2.2 Number of Datum Reference
example, machine tables and surface plates, though Frames. In some cases, a single datum reference
not true planes, are of such quality that the planes frame will suffice. In others, additional datum refer-
---
derived from them are used to simulate the datums ence frames may be necessary where physical sepa-
|||||||
from which measurements are taken and dimensions ration or the functional relationship of features re-
|||| | || | || |||
verified. See Fig. 4-10. Also, for example, ring and quires that datum reference frames be applied at
plug gages, and mandrels, though not true cylinders, specific locations on the part. In such cases, each
are of such quality that their axes are used as simu- feature control frame must contain the datum feature
| ||||
lated datums from which measurements are taken references that are applicable. Any difference in the
||
| | |
51
|| |
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 0759b70 0549490 175
I
, - - D a t u m axis
Datum point
Direction of measurements
7
axis
uL Datum planes
I -i origin of
Datum axis measurement
order of precedence or in the material condition of identifies physical features and shall not be applied
any datum features referenced in multiple feature to center lines, center planes, Ór axes except as de-
control frames requires different datum simulation fined in paras. 4.6.6 and 4.6.7.
methods and, consequently, establishes a different
datum reference frame. See para. 4.5.1 1. 4.3.3 Datum Feature Controls. Measurements
made from a datum reference frame do not take into
account any variations of the datum features. Consid-
eration shall be given to controlling the desired accu-
racy of the datum features by applying appropriate
4.3 DATUM FEATURES geometric tolerances. Where a control of an entire
feature becomes impracticable, use of datum targets
A datum feature is selected on the basis of its may be considered or a partial surface may be desig-
geometric relationship to the toleranced feature and nated as the datum feature. See paras. 4.5.10 and 4.6.
the requirements of the design. To ensure proper as-
sembly, corresponding interfacing features of mating
parts should be selected as datum features. However,
a datum feature should be accessible on the part and
be of sufficient size to permit its use. Datum features
4.4 SPECIFYING DATUM FEATURES IN AN
must be readily discernible on the part. Therefore, in
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
the case of symmetrical parts or parts with identical
features, physical identification of the datum feature Datum features must be specified in an order of
on the part may be necessary. precedence to position a part properly on the datum
reference frame. Figure 4-2 illustrates a part where
4.3.1 Temporary and Permanent Datum Fea-
the datum features are plane surfaces. The desired
tures. Selected datum features of in-process parts,
order of precedence is indicated by entering the ap-
such as castings, forgings, machinings, or fabrica-
propriate datum feature reference letters, from left to
tions, may be used temporarily for the establishment
right, in the feature control frame. In Fig. 4-2(a), the
of machined surfaces to serve as permanent datum
datum features are identified as surfaces D, E, and
features. Such temporary datum features may or may
F. These surfaces are most important to the design
not be subsequently removed by machining. Perma-
and function of the part, as illustrated by Fig. 4-2(b).
nent datum features should be surfaces or diameters
Surfaces D, E, and F are the primary, secondary,
not appreciably changed by subsequent processing
and tertiary datum features, respectively, since they
operations.
appear in that order in the feature control frame.
4.3.2 Datum Feature Identification. Datum
NOTE: When necessaq to relate linear and angular dimensions
features are identified on the drawing by means of to a datum reference frame, the desired order of precedence may
a datum feature symbol. The datum feature symbol be indicated by a note such as: UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECI-
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
52
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ASME Y14.5M 74 = 0 7 5 7 6 7 0 0547473 O02
(a) 14.4.1
Second datum p l a n e 7
144
1441
FIG. 4-3 SEQUENCE OF DATUM FEATURES RELATES
PART TO DATUM REFERENCE FRAME
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 m 0759670 0.549492 T 4 8 m
MEANS THIS
t-
I
k
-*--7
First datum plane
- i
(b)
FIG. 4-4 INCLINED DATUM FEATURES
- First
datum
plane
4.4.2.:
4.4.2.2
4.4.2.1
4.4.2
4.4.3 Rotational Orientation. To establish rota-
tional orientation of two planes about a datum axis,
a third or tertiary datum feature is referenced in the
feature control frame.
( a ) Figure 4-6 illustrates rotational orientation of
the two planes intersecting through shaft B, the sec-
ondary datum feature, established by the center plane
FIG, 4-5 PART WITH CYLINDRICAL DATUM FEATURE . of slot C, the tertiary datum feature. Figure 4-7 illus-
trates the development of the theoretical datum refer-
ence frame for the positional tolerance of the three
this same basic angle to be mutually perpendicular holes in Fig. 4-6.
to the other two planes. For this method of establish- (b) Figure 4-8 illustrates rotational orientation of
ing a datum reference frame, the angle must be indi- the two planes intersecting through hole B, the sec-
cated as basic. ondary datum feature. Orientation is established by
the width of hole C, the tertiary datum feature. Figure
4.4.2 Parts With Cylindrical Datum Features. 4-9 illustrates the development of the theoretical da-
A cylindrical datum feature is always associated with tum reference frame for the positional tolerance of
two theoretical planes intersecting at right angles on the other holes applied in Fig. 4-8.
the datum axis. The datum of a cylindrical surface
is the axis of the true geometric counterpart of the
datum feature (for example, the actual mating enve-
lope or the virtual condition boundary), and simu-
lated by the axis of a cylinder in the processing 4.5 ESTABLISHING DATUMS
equipment. This axis serves as the origin of measure-
ment from which other features of the part are lo- The following paragraphs define the criteria for
cated. See Figs. 4-5, 4-1 i, and 4-12. establishing datums from datum features.
4.4.2.1 Cylindrical Datum Feature. Figure 4- 4.5.1 Datum Features Not Subject to Size
5 illustrates a part having a cylindrical datum feature. Variations. Where a nominally flat surface is speci-
55 -- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y l 4 . 5 1 9 4 I0759670 0549494 810
31.81
U
3X 06.6-6.7
--
|| |
| | |
||
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
fied as a datum feature, the corresponding datum is 4.5.3 Specifying Datum Features RFS. Where
simulated by a plane contacting points of that sur- a datum feature of size is applied on an RFS basis,
face. See Fig. 4-10. The exteni Öf contact depends the datum is established by physical contact between
on whether the surface is a primary, a secondary, or the feature surface(s) and surface(s) of the processing
a tertiary datum feature. See para. 4.4.If irregulari- equipment. A machine element that is variable in
ties on the surface of a primary or secondary datum size (such as a chuck, mandrel, vise, or centering
feature are such that the part is unstable (that is, it device) is used to simulate a true geometric counter-
wobbles) when brought into contact with the corres- part of the feature and to establish the datum axis or
ponding surface of a fixture, the part may be adjusted center plane.
to an optimum position, if necessary, to simulate the ( a ) Primary Datum Feature - Diameter RFS.
datum. See para. 4.3.3. The simulated datum is the axis of the true geometric
counterpart of the datum feature. The true geometric
4.5.2 Datum Features Subject to Size Varia- counterpart (or actual mating envelope) is the small-
tions. Datum features, such as diameters and widths, est circumscribed (for an external feature) or largest
differ from singular flat surfaces in that they are sub- inscribed (for an internal feature) perfect cylinder
ject to variations in size as well as form. Because that contacts the datum feature surface. See Figs. 4-
variations are allowed by the size tolerance, it be- 1 1 and 4-12.
comes necessary to determine whether RFS, MMC, (b) Primary Datum Feature - Width RFS. The
or LMC applies in each case. See para. 2.8. simulated datum is the center plane of the true geo-
56
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
datum feature A
| | |
datum feature B
||
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
metric counterpart of the datum feature. The true the same manner as indicated in (c) above with an
geometric counterpart (or actual mating envelope) is additional requirement: The contacting cylinder or
two parallel planes at minimum separation (for an parallel planes must be oriented in relation to both
external feature) or maximum separation (for an in- the primary and the secondary datum - that is, the
ternal feature) that contact the corresponding sur- actual mating envelope relative to the primary and
faces of the datum feature. See Figs. 4-13 and 4-14. secondary datum. The tertiary datum feature may be
( c ) Secondary Datum Feature RFS - Diameter aligned with a datum axis as in Fig. 4-15 or offset
or Width. For both external and internal features, the from a plane of the datum reference frame.
secondary datum (axis or center plane) is established
4.5.4 Specifying Datum Features at MMC.
in the same manner as indicated in (a) and (b) above
Where a datum feature of size is applied on an MMC
with an additional requirement: The contacting cylin-
basis, machine and gaging elements in the processing
der or parallel planes of the true geometric counter-
equipment that remain constant in size may be used
part must be oriented to the primary datum (usually
to simulate a true geometric counterpart of the fea-
a plane) - that is, the actual mating envelope rela-
ture and to establish the datum. In each case, the size
tive to the primary datum. Datum B in Fig. 4-15
of the true geometric counterpart is determined by
illustrates this principle for diameters; the same prin-
the specified MMC limit of size of the datum feature,
ciple applies for widths.
or its MMC virtual condition, where applicable.
(d) Tertiary Datum Feature -Diameter or Width
RFS. For both external and internal features, the ter- 4.5.4.1 Size of a Primary or Single Datum
tiary datum (axis or center plane) is established in Feature. Where a primary or single datum feature
57
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ASME Y 1 4 = 5 M 9 4 = 0759b70 0549496 693
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
--
14.4.3
of size is controlled by a roundness or cylindricity sary in determining the size for simulating its true
tolerance, the size of the true geometric counterpart geometric counterpart. Consideration must be given
used to establish the simulated datum is the MMC to the effects of the difference in size between the
limit of size. Where a straightness tolerance is ap- applicable virtual condition of a datum feature and
plied on an MMC basis, the size of the true geometric its MMC limit of size. Where a virtual condition
counterpart is the MMC virtual condition. See Fig. equal to MMC is the design requirement, a zero geo-
6-3. Where a straightness tolerance is applied on an metric tolerance at MMC is specified. See para. 5.3.3
RFS basis, the size of the true geometric counterpart and Fig. 6-41.
is the applicable inner or outer boundary. See Fig.
4.5.5 Specifying Datum Features at LMC.
6-2.
Where a datum feature of size is specified on an
4.5.4.2 Size of a Secondary or Tertiary Da- LMC basis, a primary datum may be established as
tum Feature. Where secondary or tertiary datum the axis or center plane of the LMC boundary. A
features of size in the same datum reference frame secondary or tertiary datum may be established as
are controlled by a specified tolerance of location or the axis or center plane of the bue geometric counter-
orientation with respect to each other, the size of part of the feature's virtual condition size. See para.
the true geometric counterpart used to establish the 2.1 1 and Fig. 4- 17. This example illustrates both sec-
simulated datum is the virtual condition of the datum ondary and tertiary datum features specified at LMC
feature. See para. 2.11.1 and Fig. 4-16. This example but simulated at virtual conditions.
illustrates both secondary and tertiary datum features
specified at MMC but simulated at virtual condition. 4.5.6 Effects of Datum Precedence and Mate-
rial Condition. Where datums specified in an order
4.5.4.3 Determining Size. An analysis of tol- of precedence include a feature Ôf size, the material
erance controls applied to a datum feature is neces- condition at which the datum feature applies must be
58
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 I0757670 0549497 5 2 T
..
---
|||||||
Datum Plane A
|||| | || | || |||
of datum feature A)
True geometric counterpart -/
of datum feature C
| ||||
(MMC virtual condition width
perpendicular to datum plane A
||
Center plane aligned with
| | |
datum axis 6)
|| |
(a) Datum features (b) True geometric counterparts
--
Datum plane C
determined. See para. 4.5.2. The effect of its material cylinder that contacts diameter A and is perpendicu-
condition and order of precedence should be consid- lar to the datum plane - that is, the actual mating
ered relative to fit and function of the part. Figure 4- envelope of a diameter that is perpendicular to datum
18(a) illustrates a part with a pattern of holes located plane B. In addition to size variations, this cylinder
in relation to diameter A and surface B. As indicated encompasses any variation in perpendicularity be-
by asterisks, datum requirements may be specified tween diameter A and surface B, the primary datum
in three different ways. feature.
4.5.6.1 Cylindrical Feature at RFS Primary. 4.5.6.3 Cylindrical Feature at MMC Sec-
In Fig. 4-18(b), diameter A is the primary datum ondary. In Fig. 4-18(d), surface B is the primary
feature and RFS is applied; surface B is the second- datum feature; diameter A is the secondary datum
ary datum feature. The datum axis is the axis of the feature and MMC is applied. The datum axis is the
smallest circumscribed cylinder that contacts diame- axis of a virtual condition cylinder of fixed size that
ter A -that is, the actual mating envelope of diame- is perpendicular to the datum plane B . Variations in
ter A. This cylinder encompasses variations in the the size and perpendicularity of datum feature A are
size of A within specified limits. However, any vari- permitted to occur within this cylindrical boundary.
ation in perpendicularity between surface B and di- Furthermore, as the actual mating envelope of datum
ameter A, the primary datum feature, will affect the feature A departs from its MMC size, a displacement
degree of contact of surface B with its datum plane. of its axis relative to the datum axis is allowed. See
para. 5.3.2.2.
4.5.6.2 Surface Primary. In Fig. 4-18(c), sur-
face B is the primary datum feature; diameter A is 4.5.7 Multiple Datum Features. Where more
the secondary datum feature and RFS is applied. The than one datum feature is used to establish a single
datum axis is the axis of the smallest circumscribed datum, the appropriate datum reference letters and
59
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ASME YL4.5M 94 H 0759670 0549498 466
-
-
4.5.1
-
4.2.1
1.3.3!
--
|| |
| | |
||
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
---
60
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 E 0757670 0549499 3 T 2
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
THIS ON THE DRAWING
||
| | |
|| |
--
-
4.5.3
-
4.4.2
-
4.2.1
1.3.35
61
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 O759670 0549500 944
t- -
-+I
MEANS THIS
Datum feature A
J 2
True geometric Counterpart
_- - - of datum feature A (Largest
inscribed cylinder)
Datum feature simulator
t
LDatum axis A
(Axis of true
geometric counterpart)
NOTE: Simulated datum feature
not shown for clarity
62
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y34.5M 94 m 0759670 0549503 880 m
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
MEANS THIS
| ||||
NOTE: Simulated datum feature
not shown for clarity
+
||
| | |
- Datum feature A
|| |
--
(Center planeAof
Datum plane
true geometric
counterpart)
2-tt I WorkDiece
True geometric counterpart
of datum feature A.
(Parallel planes at
minimum separation)
63
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= 0757670
~~
ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 74 0549666 7 L B
14.5.:
MEANS THIS
NOTE: Simulated datum feature
not shown for clarity
r Datum feature A
---
|||||||
True geometric counterpart
|||| | || | || |||
(Parallel planes at maximum
separation perpendicular to
- datum plane A. Center plane
aligned with datum axis B)
Datum axis B
i 4X (67.7 - 7.0 T
t-t ,
I
I I
True geometric counterpart
of datum feature B
(Largest inscribed cylinder
perpendicular to datum
plane A)
LDatum plane A
(True geometric counterpart
IAl )453 of datum feature A)
64
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 0759670 0 5 4 9 5 0 2 7 1 7
---
r-t
|||||||
True geometric counterpart
of datum feature B
|||| | || | || |||
(MMC virtual condition
l cylinder perpendicular to
I 4 X (57.7 - 7.8 I
I I datum plane A)
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
Datum plane A
(True geometric counterpart
--
IAI 14.5.4.2 of datum feature A)
Datum axis B
t-
I
I
Ø12'6 True geometric counterpart
of datum feature B
(LMC virtual condition
I cylinder perpendicular to
I datum plane A)
Part
f
Datum plane A
90'4 (True geometric counterpart
IAl of datum feature A)
65
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 1 9 4 H 0759670 0549503 6 5 3
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
See below
|| |
--
14.5.6
$[Datum plane B
True geometric Datum feature A
(Secondary)
counterpart of Datum plane B
datum feature B (True geometric
(Perpendicular to counterpart of
datum axis A)
u True geometric
counterpart of
datum feature A
True geometric
counterpart of
datum feature A
Virtual condition
cylinder
perpendicular to
(Smallest (Smallest circumscribed datum plane 6
ci rcumscri bed cylinder perpendicular
(b) cy linder) (c) to datum plane B) (d)
66
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 9 D 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0 5 4 9 5 0 4 59T
o11
b 3 . 0 -8.2
[ IØ0.3@1A@-B@ICI
I 1457
67
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 O759670 0549505 426 =
I - 14.5.7.2
4.5.10 Partial Surfaces as Datum Features. It
is often desirable to specify only part of a surface,
instead of the entire surface, as defined in para. 4.4.1,
to serve as a datum feature. This may be indicated
by means of a chain line drawn parallel to the surface
MEANS THIS
Datum axis A-6
profile (dimensioned for length and location) as in
Datum
Fig. 4-23, specified in note form, or by a datum target
area as described in para. 4.6.1.3. Figure 4-23 illus-
feature A 7 trates a long part where holes are located only on
one end.
4.5.10.1 Mathematically Defined Surface.
It is sometimes necessary to identify a compound
curve or a contoured surface as a datum feature. Such
---
a feature can be used as a datum feature only when
|||||||
it can be mathematically defined and can be related
to a three-plane datum reference frame. In such
|||| | || | || |||
Smallest pair of
cases, the theoretically true geometric counterpart of
the shape is used to establish the datum.
cylinders
| ||||
4.5.11 Multiple Datum Reference Frames.
||
I
More than one datum reference frame may be neces-
| | |
FIG. 4-21 TWO DATUM FEATURES AT RFS, SINGLE
sary for certain parts, depending upon functional re-
|| |
DATUM AXIS
quirements. In Fig. 4-24, datum features A, B, and
--
C establish one datum reference frame, while datum
ders, as explained in para. 4.5.3(a). A datum axis features D, B, and C and datum features D, E, and
established by coaxial datum features is normally B establish different datum reference frames.
used as a primary datum. For one possible method
of controlling the coaxiality of these diameters, see 4.5.11.1 Functional Datum Features. Only
para. 6.7.1.3.4 the required datum features should be referenced in
feature control frames when specifying geometric
4.5.8 Pattern of Features. Multiple features of tolerances. An understanding of the geometric con-
size, such as a pattern of holes at MMC, may be trol provided by these tolerances (as explained in
used as a group to establish a datum when part func- Sections 5 and 6) is necessary to determine effec-
tion dictates. See Fig. 4-22. In this case, individual
tively the number of datum references required for a
datum axes are established at the true position of given application. Additionally, functional require-
each hole. These are the axes of true cylinders that
ments of the design should be the basis for selecting
simulate the virtual condition of the holes. When the
the related datum features to be referenced in the
part is mounted on the primary datum surface, the
feature control frame. Figure 4-25 illustrates a part
pattern of holes establishes the second and third da-
where three geometric tolerances are specified, each
tum planes of the datum reference frame. Where the
having the required number of datum references. Al-
secondary datum feature is referenced at MMC in the
though common datum identifying letters appear in
feature control frame, the axis of the feature pattern
each frame, each combination is a different and inde-
established by all the holes may depart from the axis
pendent requirement.
of the datum reference frame as the datum feature
departs from MMC.
4.5.12 Simultaneous Requirements. Where
4.5.9 Screw Threads, Gears, and Splines. two or more features or patterns of features are lo-
Where a screw thread is specified as a datum refer- cated by basic dimensions related to common datum
68
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 9 4 0757670 0547506 362
LMC holes at
Virtual condition of -/
hole perpendicular to
4 (Possible
', displacement
,
rotation IS shown) of
primary datum plane A the hole pattern axis
(First plane) with respect to the datum
reference frame
14.5.8
FIG. 4-22 HOLE PATTERN IDENTIFIED AS DATUM
+-
MEANS THIS
~~
,'
# True geometric
counterpart of A
\ d
FIG. 4-23 PARTIAL DATUM
L
6.6.1
69
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ASME YL4.5M 94 H O759670 0549507 2T9 m
70
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~~
ASME Y/4.5M 94 = O759670 0 5 4 9 5 0 8 135
MEANS THIS
2X 957.7Virtual condition holes
( Ø 8 - 0 . 3 =Ø7.7)
Part outline
L Profite TOI = i
71
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ASME Y34.5M 94 O759670 0 5 4 9 5 0 9 0 7 3
14.6.1.2
---
MEANS THIS
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
14.61.
MEANS THIS
| ||||
-
||
| | |
|| |
Locating pin-
--
Point
basic location
FIG. 4-28 DATUM TARGET LINE
Locating pin
72
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 = 0759670 054,9510 8 9 3
13
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 05495LL 7 2 T 9
FIG. 4-31 PRIMARY DATUM PLANE ESTABLISHED BY THREE DATUM TARGET AREAS
74
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ASME Y 1 4 * 5 M 9 4 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0 5 4 9 5 3 2 bbb =
A3
--
|| |
| | |
FIG. 4-32 PRIMARY DATUM PLANE ESTABLISHED BY TWO DATUM TARGET POINTS AND
ONE DATUM TARGET LINE
|||||||
---
I -1251
t l ‘
t I I
\ I I \
\ \
75
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=
~~ ~
FIG, 4-35 PRIMARY DATUM AXIS ESTABLISHED BY DATUM TARGET POINTS ON TWO
CYLINDRICAL FEATURES
76
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 = 0759b70 O549514 439 m
Circular
datum
target Cylindrical datum target area
line-,
I 14.6.4.1
---
|||||||
U
d |||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
77
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ASME Y l 1 4 . 5 M 9 4 0759670 0549535 375
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
--
78
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ASME Y34=5M 74 0759b70 0549536 2 0 1
/
/ 63
/
/
\
\
\
\
\
\ I
FIG. 4-39 DATUM TARGETS USED TO ESTABLISH DATUM REFERENCE FRAME FOR
COMPLEX PART
79
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A S I E Y14.51 94 0759670 0549517 148 -
DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
5 Tolerances of Location
--
|| |
| | |
This Section establishes the principles of toler- (b) specifying on the drawing (or in a document
ances of location. Included are position, concentric-
|||| | || | || |||
(b) location of features [such as in (a) above] as feature control frame is added to the callout used to
a group, from datum features, such as plane and cy- specify the size and number of features. See Figs. 5-
lindrical surfaces; 2 through 5-4. These figures show different types of
(c) coaxiality of features; feature pattern dimensioning.
(d) concentricity or symmetry of features - cen-
ter distances of correspondingly-located feature ele- 5.2.1.3 Identifying Features to Establish
ments equally disposed about a datum axis or plane. Datums. It is necessary to identify features on a
part to establish datums for dimensions locating true
positions. For example, in Fig. 5-2, if datum refer-
5.2 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING ences had been omitted, it would not be clear whether
the inside diameter or the outside diameter was the
A positional tolerance defines: intended datum feature for the dimensions locating
(a) a zone within which the center, axis, or center true positions. The intended datum features are iden-
plane of a feature of size is permitted to vary from tified with datum feature symbols, and the applicable
a true (theoretically exact) position; or datum references are included in the feature control
(b) (where specified on an MMC or LMC basis) frame. For information on specifying datums in an
a boundary, defined as the virtual condition, located order of precedence, see para. 4.4.
at the true (theoretically exact) position, that may not
be violated by the surface or surfaces of the consid- 5.2.2 Application to Base Line and Chain Di-
ered feature. mensioning. True position dimensioning can be ap-
Basic dimensions establish the true position from plied as base line dimensioning or as chain dimen-
specified datum features and between interrelated sioning. For positional tolerancing, unlike plus and
features. A positional tolerance is indicated by the minus tolerancing as shown in Fig. 2-4, basic dimen-
position symbol, a tolerance value, applicable mate- sions are used to establish the true positions of fea-
rial condition modifiers, and appropriate datum refer- tures. Assuming identical positional tolerances are
ences placed in a feature control frame. specified, the resultant tolerance between any two
5.2.1 Method. The following paragraphs describe holes will be the same for chain dimensioning as for
methods used in expressing positional tolerances. base line dimensioning. This also applies to angular
dimensions, whether base line or chain type.
5.2.1.1 Basic Dimensions and General Tol-
erances. The location of each feature (hole, slot,
stud, etc.) is given by basic dimensions. Many draw-
ings are based on a schedule of general tolerances,
5.3 FUNDAMENTAL EXPLANATION OF
usually provided near the drawing title block. Di-
POSITIONAL TOLERANCING
mensions locating true position must be excluded
from the general tolerance in one of the following The following is a general explanation of posi-
ways: tional tolerancing.
81
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0549518 O B 4 =
I I l
9.19 9.19
13 4-44 13
I 5.2.1.1
FIG. 5-1 IDENTIFYING BASIC DIMENSIONS
82
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
10.4
--
5.2.1.3
NOTE: UNTOLERANCED DIMENSIONS LOCATING TRUE POSITION ARE BASIC 5.2.1.2
3.3.2
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0549520 732 H
44
o
--
|| |
| | |
||
15.2.1.2
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
14 I @ 0 . 2 5 @ I A I B @ 1 C @ I
r5.2.1.2
FIG. 5-4 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING AT MMC RELATIVE TO DATUM FEATURE CENTER PLANES
84
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ASME Y 1 4 * 5 M 9 4 0759b70 0 5 4 9 5 2 1 6 7 9
5.3.1 Material Condition Basis. Positional tol- Hole position may vary
erancing is applied on an MMC, WS, or LMC basis. but no point on its surface shall be
inside theoretical boundary.
When MMC or LMC is required, the appropriate
modifier follows the specified tolerance and applica-
ble datum reference in the feature control frame. See
para. 2.8.
5.3.2 MMC as Related to Positional Toler-
ancing. The positional tolerance and maximum ma-
terial condition of mating features are considered in (Virtual condition)
relation to each other. MMC by itself means a feature minimum diameter of hole (MMC)
minus the positional tolerance.
of a finished product contains the maximum amount
of material permitted by the toleranced size dimen-
sion for that feature. For holes, slots, and other inter- FIG. 5-5 BOUNDARY FOR SURFACE OF HOLE AT MMC
nal features, maximum material is the condition
where these features are at their minimum allowable
sizes. For shafts, bosses, lugs, tabs, and other exter-
nal features, maximum material is the condition be positioned relative to a datum feature at MMC.
where these features are at their maximum allow- See Fig. 5-8. Where datum feature B is at MMC, its
able sizes. axis determines the location of the pattern of features
5.3.2.1 Explanation of Positional Tolerance as a group. Where datum feature B departs from
at MMC. A positional tolerance applied at MMC MMC, its axis may be displaced relative to the loca-
may be explained in either of the following ways. tion of the datum axis (datum B at MMC) in an
(a) Ia Terms of the Su@ace of a Hole. While amount equal to one-half the difference between its
maintaining the specified size limits of the hole, no actual mating size and MMC size.
element of the hole surface shall be inside a theoreti- NOTE: If a functional gage is used to check the part, this shift
cal boundary located at true position. See Fig. 5-5. of the axis of the datum feature is automatically accommodated.
(b) In Terms of the Axis of a Hole. Where a hole However, if open set-up inspection methods are used to check
the location of the feature pattern relative to the axis of the datum
is at MMC (minimum diameter), its axis must fall feature’s actual mating envelope, this must be taken into account.
within a cylindrical tolerance zone whose axis is lo-
cated at true position. The diameter of this zone is Since the axis of the datum feature’s actual mating
equal to the positional tolerance. See Figs. 5-6(a) and envelope must serve as the origin of measurements
(b). This tolerance zone also defines the limits of for the pattern of features, the features are therefore
variation in the attitude of the axis of the hole in viewed as if they, as a group, had been displaced
relation to the datum surface. See Fig. 5-6(c). It is relative to the axis of the datum feature’s actual mat-
only where the hole is at MMC that the specified ing envelope. This relative shift of the pattern of
tolerance zone applies. Where the actual mating size features, as a group, with respect to the axis of the
of the hole is larger than MMC, additional positional datum feature does not affect the positional tolerance
tolerance results. See Fig. 5-7. This increase of posi- of the features relative to one another within the
tional tolerance is equal to the difference between pattern.
the specified maximum material condition limit of 5.3.2.3 Calculating Positional Tolerance.
size (MMC) and the actual mating size of the hole. Figure 5-9 shows a drawing for one of two identical
Where the actual mating size is larger than MMC, plates to be assembled with four 14 mm maximum
the specified positional tolerance for a hole may be diameter fasteners. The 14.25 minimum diameter
exceeded and still satisfy function and interchange- clearance holes are selected with a size tolerance as
ability requirements. shown. Using conventional positional tolerancing,
NOTE: In certain cases of extreme form deviation (within limits the required tolerance is found by the equation as
of size) or orientation deviation of the hole, the tolerance in terms given in para. B3 of Appendix B.
of the axis may not be exactly equivalent to the tolerance in
terms of the surface. In such cases, the surface interpretation shall
take precedence. T = H - F
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 07.59670 0549522 505 =
lk
Cylindrical tolerance zone (equal to positional tolerance)
-)1 Extreme
treme positional variation
Primary datum
Note that the length of the tolerance zone is equal to the length of the feature,
unless otherwise specified on the drawing.
86
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ASME ~ ~ 4 9. 4 mm 0 7 5 9 ~ 7 00549523 441 m
---
|||||||
I
True position \ Hole at MMC ? \
|||| | || | || |||
\J 2
(minimum diameter]
| ||||
v
%t: minimum diameter)
||
| | |
|| |
[ 5.3.2.1
--
FIG. 5-7 INCREASE IN POSITIONAL TOLERANCE WHERE HOLE IS NOT AT MMC
87
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 9 4 0759670 0547524 388 m
5.3.3.1
. 5.3.2.3
---
allowed is in direct proportion to the actual clearance
5.3.3 Zero Positional Tolerance at MMC. In
|||||||
hole size as shown by the following tabulation:
the preceding explanation, a positional tolerance of
|||| | || | || |||
some magnitude is specified for the location of fea- Clearance
tures. The application of MMC permits the tolerance Hole Diameter
(Feature Actual Positional Tolerance
to exceed the value specified, provided features are Mating Size) Diameter Allowed
| ||||
within size limits, and the feature locations are such
14 O
as to make the part acceptable. However, rejection
||
14.1 o. 1
| | |
of usable parts can occur where these features are 14.2 0.2
|| |
actually located on or close to their true positions, 14.25 0.25
but produced to a size smaller than the specified 14.3 0.3
--
minimum (outside of limits). The principle of posi- 14.4 0.4
14.5 0.5
tional tolerancing at MMC can be extended in appli-
cations where it is necessary to provide greater toler- 5.3.4 RFS as Related to Positional Toleranc-
ance within functional limits than would otherwise ing. In certain cases, the design or function of a part
be allowed. This is accomplished by adjusting the may require the positional tolerance, datum refer-
minimum size limit of a hole to the absolute mini- ence, or both, to be maintained regardless of feature
mum required for insertion of an applicable fastener actual mating sizes. RFS, where applied to the posi-
located precisely at true position, and specifying a tional tolerance of circular features, requires the axis
zero positional tolerance at MMC. In this case, the of each feature to be located within the specified
positional tolerance allowed is totally dependent on positional tolerance regardless of the size of the fea-
the actual mating size of the considered feature, as ture. This requirement imposes a closer control of
explained in para. 2.8.3. the features involved and introduces complexities in
verification.
5.3.3.1 Example of Zero Positional Toler-
ance at MMC. Figure 5-10 shows a drawing of the 5.3.4.1 RFS Applied to a Pattern of Holes.
same part with a zero positional tolerance at MMC In Fig. 5-11, the six holes may vary in size from 25
specified. Note that the maximum size limit of the to 25.6 diameter. Each hole must be located within
clearance holes remains the same but the minimum the specified positional tolerance regardless of the
was adjusted to correspond with a 14 mm diameter size of that hole. A hole at LMC (25.6 diameter) is
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ASME Y14.5N 74 M 0759670 0549525 214
I 15.3.3.1
FIG. 5-10 ZERO POSITIONAL TOLERANCING AT MMC
89
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ASME YII4.5M 9 4 0759670 054952b II50
1535
||
| ||||
90
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A S I E Y L 4 - 5 1 74 0757670 0549527 097
I
| ||||
5.3.5.'
5.3.5
2.8.5
MEANS THIS AT LMC MEANS THIS AT MMC
0 4.125
4.125
91
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m O759670 0547528 T 2 3 m
4 k- 12X 3 . 5 f 0 . 0 5
Ø12.51
E5.3.5.2
5.3.5
12.8.5
11.9.5
MEANS THIS AT LMC MEANS THIS AT M M C
-4 3.55 k- 4 -t 3.45
' I
k'
center
Slot line
I
True position
center plane
Slot
center "I/
line I
True position
center plane
- k
I
Exact center
(datum axis 6)
- k- Exact center
(datum axis 6)
lowing apply.
|||||||
92
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 9 4 m 0759670 0549529 î b T W
153.6.1
FIG. 5-16 MULTIPLE PATTERNS OF FEATURES
from a common datum reference frame, verification ence frame for each pattern of features, as a group.
of positional tolerance requirements for the part can These datum reference frames may shift indepen-
be collectively accomplished in a single setup or dently of each other, resulting in an independent rela-
gage as illustrated by Fig. 5-17. The actual centers tionship between the patterns. This principle does not
of all holes must lie on or within their respective apply to the lower segments of composite feature
tolerance zones when measured from datums A, B, control frames except as noted in para. 4.5.12.1.
and C.
NOTE: The explanation given in Fig. 5-17 still applies where
independent verification of pattem locations becomes necessary
due to size or complexity of the part.
5.4 FEATURE PATTERN LOCATION
5.3.6.2 Simultaneous Requirement - Where design requirements permit a Feature-Re-
MMC. Where any of the common datums in multiple
ìating Tolerance Zone Framework (FRTZF) to be
patterns of features is specified on an MMC basis,
located and oriented within limits imposed upon it
there is an option whether the patterns are to be con-
by a Pattern-Locating Tolerance Zone Framework
sidered as a single pattern or as having separate re-
(PLTZF), composite positional tolerancing is used.
quirements. If no note is added under the feature
(The acronyms are pronounced “Fritz” and “Plahtz.”)
control frames, the patterns are to be treated as a
single pattern. Where it is desired to permit the pat- 5.4.1 Composite Positional Tolerancing. This
terns to be treated as separate patterns, a notation provides a composite application of positional toler-
such as SEP REQT is placed beneath each feature ancing for the location of feature patterns as well as
control frame. See Fig. 5-18. This allows the datum the interrelation (position and orientation) of features
features of size to establish a separate datum refer- within these patterns. Requirements are annotated by
93
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
4 32
--
|| |
| | |
||
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
---
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0549533 5 1 8
SEP REQT
5.3.6.2
4.5.12
3.2
the use of a composite feature control frame. See the lower segment of the composite feature control
para. 3.4.4 and Fig. 3-22(a). The position symbol frame, the FRTZF is free to be located and oriented
is entered once and is applicable to both horizontal (shift and/or tilt) within the boundaries established
segments. Each complete horizontal segment in the and governed by the PLTZF. If datums are specified
feature control frames of Figs. 5-19 and 5-20 may be in the lower segment, they govern the orientation of
verified separately, but the lower segment is always a the FRTZF relative to the PLTZF. See Figs. 5-19(c)
subset of the upper segment. and 5-20(c). Where datum references are specified,
( a ) Pattern-Locating Tolerance Zone Framework one or more of the datums specified in the upper
(PLïZF). Where composite controls are used, the segment of the frame are repeated, as applicable, and
upper segment is referred to as the pattern-locating in the same order of precedence, to govern the orien-
control. The PLTZF is located from specified datums tation of the FRTZF.
by basic dimensions. It specifies the larger positional
NOTE: If different datums, different datum modifiers, or the
tolerance for the location of the pattern of features as same datums in a different order of precedence are specified,
a group. Applicable datums are specified in a desired this constitutes a different datum reference frame and design
order of precedence, and serve to relate the PLTZF requirements. This is not to be specified using the composite
positional tolerancing method, since such a requirement no longer
to the datum reference frame. See Figs. 5-19(a) and represents a liberation-within-given-limitsof the FRTZF. A sepa-
5-20(a). rately-specified feature-relating tolerance, using a second single-
(b) Feature-Relating Tolerance Zone Framework segment feature control frame is used, including applicable da-
tums, as an independent requirement. See Fig. 5-28.
( F R Z F ) . The lower segment is referred to as the
feature-relating control. It governs the smaller posi- 5.4.1.1 Primary Datum Repeated in Lower
tional tolerance for each feature within the pattern Segment. As can be seen from the sectional view
(feature-to-feature relationship). Basic dimensions of the tolerance zones in Fig. 5-19(d), since datum
used to relate the PLTZF to specified datums are not plane A has been repeated in the lower segment of
applicable to the FRTZF. See Figs. 5-19(b) and 5- the composite feature control frame, the axes of both
20(b). Where datum references are not specified in the PLTZF and FRTZF cylinders are perpendicular
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ASME Yl14.5M 74 O757670 0549532 4 5 4
-I 6X
/-3x Ø5+i.14
E
5.4.1.4
5.4.1.2
5.4.1.1
5.4.1
96
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A S I E Y L 4 - 5 M 74 0759670 0 5 4 9 5 3 3 390
--
|| |
| | |
||
I ,
FIRST PART OF
|||||||
I I 6.4 from
datum B
1/L 76 from
datum C
I FIG. 5-19(b) I
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinder
at MMC (three zones
basically related to
each other)
L 2 o - i - 2 0 4
97
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 1 94 O759670 0549534 2 2 7
(FIG.[
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Pattern-locating Feature-relating
tolerance zone tolerance zone
cylinder cylinder
1 FIG. 5-19(d) I
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Actual hole axis Pattern-locating
within both zone tolerance zone
cylinder
Feature-relating
90' 4[ Parallel
4 00.25
tolerance zone
cylinder
98
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 = 0759670 0549535 Lb3
FIG. 5-19(e) I
Ø0.û pattern-locating tolerance
zone cylinder (4 zones,
related to each other and
basically located to the datums)
--
Ø0.25 feature-relating
|| |
to the datums)
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
f
|||||||
---
I i
38
\-Feature axes must
simultaneously lie
within both tolerance
zone cylinders
38
-./L 12.5
from datum C
4- 25 4
One possible displacement of actual feature pattern.
99
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ASME Y L 4 m S M 74 0757670 0547536 O T T
Jd0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
to each other and oriented
to the datum)
+- 50
from d a t u m 4 \ ,A
LJd0.û pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
to each other, basically
located to the datums)
100
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 74 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549537 T3b
1- True position
FIRST PART OF related to datum
CALLOUT MEANS THIS: Pattern-locating 7 reference frame
--
|| |
| | |
||
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
1-
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
I FIG. 5-19(¡) 1
Ø5 MMC of hole Ø5 MMC of hole
- Øo.8 pattern-locating tolerance - Ø0.25 feature-locating tolerance
Ø4.2 acceptance boundary Ø4.75 acceptance boundary
I
Datum
i plane
Pattern-locating boundary
shown with hole nearing its
Feature-relating boundary shown
with hole at its maximum inclination
i
lane A
101
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 94 m 0759b70 0549538 972 m
6X 60'
/-4x Ø6+;*'4
/ W' Ø0.û @A IB C
r 3 x
/
1 I
Y
1
I*
Y
I
Y
1 ' 7
P-
6.4
7
I I I I I
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
15.4.1
| ||||
FIG. 5-20 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG. 5-19 WITH SECONDARY DATUMS IN FEATURE-RELATING SEGMENTS
||
| | |
OF COMPOSITE FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES || |
--
102
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 9 4 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549539 809
I I
FIRST PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø0.8 pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinder
True position at MMC (three zones
--
basically related to
reference frame each other and basically
|| |
I I 6.4 from
c
datum B
|||||||
76 from
datum C
---
1-
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
i
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinder
at MMC (three zones
basically related to
each other)
103
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
1-
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Pattern-locating
tolerance zone
7 cylinder
Feature -relating
tolerance zone
cy1inde r
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Actual hole axis
Pattern-locating within both zones
tolerance zone
cylinder
Feature-relating
tolerance zone
104
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0 7 5 7 6 7 0 0547.541 4b7
FI
G .
1
60.8 pattern-locating tolerance
zone cylinder (4 zones,
related to each other and
basically located to the datums)
90.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinder
(4 zones, basically related
to each other and oriented
to the datums)
I I I/ simultaneously lie
within both tolerance
zone cylinders
--
|| |
| | |
||
| ||||
If-- 25 4 I .J
|||| | || | || |||
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ASME Yl14.5M 74 0759b70 0549542 3T3
I FIG. 5-20(f) J
1 + lt$8g-&y
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
to each other and oriented
to the datum)
L $0.8 pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
to each other, basically
located to the datums)
to datum plane A and therefore, parallel to each at MMC of the features. The large zones would increase in size
other. In certain instances, portions of the smaller by *e amount the features depart from M M C as would *e
smaller zones; the two zones are not cumulative.
zones may fall beyond the peripheries of the larger
tolerance zones. However, these portions of the 5.4.1.2 Primary and Secondary Datums
smaller tolerance zones are not usable because the Repeated in Lower Segment. Figure 5-20 repeats
axes of the features must not violate the boundaries the hole patterns of Fig. 5-19. In Fig. 5-20, the lower
of the larger tolerance zones. The axes of the holes segment of the composite feature control frame re-
must lie within the larger tolerance zones and within peats datums A and B. Figure 5-20(c) shows that the
the smaller tolerance zones. The axes of the actual tolerance cylinders of the FRTZF may be displaced
holes may vary obliquely (out of perpendicularity) from the true position locations (as a group) as gov-
only within the confines of the respective smaller erned by the tolerance cylinders of the PLTZF, while
positional tolerance zones (FRTZF). Figure 5-19(e) remaining perpendicular to datum plane A and paral-
repeats the heretofore-described relationships for the lel to datum plane B. Figure 5-20(d) shows that the
four-hole pattern, and Fig. 5-19(f) for the six-hole actual axes of the holes in the actual feature pattern
pattern of features shown in Fig. 5-19. must reside within both the tolerance cylinders of the
FRTZF and the PLTZF. Figure 5-20(e) repeats the
NOTE:The zones in Figs. 5-19 and 5-20 are sbown as they exist heretofore-described relationships for the four-hole
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| --- 106
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ASME Y L 4 * 5 M 9 4 0757670 05475q3 23T
I A
15.4.1.3
FIG. 5-21 HOLE PAlTERNS OF FIG. 5-19. TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL
FRAMES WITH SECONDARY DATUM IN LOWER FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
pattern, and Fig. 5-20(f) for the six-hole pattern of tolerance cylinders of the FRTZF and the PLTZF.
features shown in Fig. 5-20. Figure 5-2 1(e) repeats the heretofore-described rela-
tionships for thefour-hole pattern, and Fig. 5-21(f)
5.4.1.3 Two Single-Segment Feature Con-
for the six-hole pattern of features shown in Fig.
trol Frames. Where it is desired to invoke basic
5-21.
dimensions along with the datum references, single-
---
segment feature control frames are used. See Fig. 3- 5.4.1.4 In Terms of Hole Surfaces. Figures
|||||||
22(b). Figure 5-2 1 shows two single-segment feature 5-19(g) through (i) illustrate the same three-hole pat-
|||| | || | || |||
control frames. The lower feature control frame re- tern of Figs. 5-19(a) through (d), explained in terms
peats datums A and B. Figure 5-21(c) shows that the of hole surfaces relative to acceptance boundaries.
tolerance cylinders of the FRTZF (as a group) are See para. 5.3.2.1(a). By comparing Fig. 5-19(d) with
| ||||
free to be displaced to the left or right as governed Fig. 5-19(i), it can be seen that the result is the same
by the basically-located tolerance cylinders of the for both axis and surface explanations except as
||
| | |
21(d) shows that the actual axes of the holes in the 5.4.1.5 Applied to Circular Patterns of Fea-
--
actual feature pattern must reside within both the tures. Composite positional tolerancing may be ap-
107
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ASME Y14-5M 94 m 0759670 0549544 1 7 6 =
1-
FIRST PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
E39F
Ø0.8 pattern-locating
f tolerance zone cylinder
True position
7 /
related t o datum
reference frame
at MMC (three zönes
basically related to
each other and basically
located to the datums)
I 1 6.4 from
c
datum B
--
+ 76 from
|| |
datum C
| | |
||
| ||||
1-
---
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinder
at MMC (three zones
basically related to
each other)
I I I 6.4 from
1/L 76 from
datum C
does not
apply
FIG. 5-21 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG. 5-19. TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL
FRAMES WITH SECONDARY DATUM IN LOWER FEATURE CONTROL FRAME (CONT'D)
Tolerance Zones for Three-Hole Pattern
108
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0759670 0549545 O02
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
'
Pattern -I ocati ng
tolerance zone
Feature-relating
tolerance zone
1-
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Actual hole axis
within both z o n e s 1 r Pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinder
Feature-relating
tolerance zone
cylinder
/
FIG. 5-21 HOLE PATFERNS OF FIG, 5-19. TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL
FRAMES WITH SECONDARY DATUM IN LOWER FEATURE CONTROL FRAME (CONT'D)
Tolerance Zones for Three-Hole Pattern (Cont'd)
109
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0 5 4 9 5 4 6 T 4 9
FIG. 5-21(e)]
Ø0.8 pattern-locating tolerance
zone cylinder (4 zones,
related to each other and
basically located to the datums)
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinder
(4 zones, basically related
to each other and oriented
to the datums)
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
38 LFeature axes must
Il simultaneously lie
||
within both tolerance
| | |
I I zone cylinders
|| |
--
-L/L 12.5 )_I_ 25
from datum C
does not apply
12.5
from datum C
4- 25 =r+
One possible displacement of actual feature pattern
from datum B
110
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ASIE Y14.51 74 0757670 0 5 4 7 5 4 7 785
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
t o each other and oriented
t o the datum)
from datum C
from datum C
/ ' %Paratiel
LØ0.8 pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
to each other, basically
located t o the datums)
111
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 1 94 M O759670 0549548 811
Datum axis B
7
FIRST PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS: Datum plane A 7
\
Øi pattern-locating
tolerance zone
cylinders
--
[FIG. 5-22(b)l
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø 0.5 feature-relating
tolerances zone
cylinders
112
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 0759670 05Lt9549 7 5 8
1-
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART O F
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø1 pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinders
7
Datum plane A
I Øû.5 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders
113
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
A S I E Y L 4 . 5 M 9 4 W 0 7 5 9 6 3 0 0 5 4 9 5 5 0 47T
\
within both the pattern and
feature locating tolerance zones
L Datum plane A 7
I’ ‘I
Actual hole axis within both zones -/
shown at its maximum inclination
lli @I
114
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 74 m 0757670 054755L 30b m
---
displaced, individually or in concert, within the The application of this concept is recommended
|||||||
boundaries of the smaller tolerance cylinders. Por- where the variation in perpendicularity of threaded or
|||| | || | || |||
tions of the smaller tolerance zones located outside press-fit holes could cause fasteners, such as screws,
the larger tolerance zones are not usable, since the studs, or pins, to interfere with mating parts. See Fig.
actual feature axes must reside within the boundaries 5-31. An interference can occur where a tolerance is
| ||||
of both zones. Where two single-segment feature specified for the location of a threaded or press-fit
||
control frames are used and it is desired to avoid a hole, and the hole is inclined within the positional
| | |
reorientation of the workpiece in mid-operation, the limits. Unlike the floating fastener application in-
|| |
same datums in the same order of precedence are volving clearance holes only, the attitude of a fixed
specified to apply in the upper and lower feature fastener is governed by the inclination of the pro-
--
control frames. duced hole into which it assembles. Figure 5-32 illus-
trates how the projected tolerance zone concept real-
5.4.1.7 Where Radial Location is Impor- istically treats the condition shown in Fig. 5-31. Note
tant. The control shown in Figs. 5-25 and 5-27 may that it is the variation in perpendicularity of the por-
be specified where radial orientation is important, yet tion of the fastener passing through the mating part
the design permits a feature-relating tolerance zone that is significant. The location and perpendicularity
to be displaced within the bounds governed by a of the threaded hole are only of importance insofar
pattern-locating tolerance zone, while held parallel as they affect the extended portion of the engaging
and perpendicular to the three mutually perpendicu- fastener. Where design considerations require a
lar planes of the datum reference frame. closer control in the perpendicularity of a threaded
hole than that allowed by the positional tolerance,
5.4.1.8 Difference Between Composite Po- a perpendicularity tolerance applied as a projected
sitional Tolerance and Two Single-Segment tolerance zone may be specified. See Fig. 6-38.
Feature Control Frames. Figure 5-29 explains the
relationships of the FRTZF to the PLTZF established 5.5.1 Clearance Holes in Mating Parts. Speci-
by a two-segment feature control frame having a sin- fying a projected tolerance zone will ensure that
gle positional tolerance symbol (composite positional fixed fasteners do not interfere with mating parts
tolerance). Two different part configurations are having clearance hole sizes determined by the formu-
shown for comparison. In contrast, Fig. 5-30 shows las recommended in Appendix B. Further enlarge-
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 f l 9 4 = 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549552 242
Datum axis B
7
FIRST PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS: Datum plane A 7 \
$0.8 pattern-locating
tolerance zone
cylinders
Datum plane C
1-
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerances zone --
cy1inders
w
--
|| |
| | |
||
116
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 N 74 E 0757670 0549553 L B 7
I r i I I 1 1
Feature-relating tolerance
zone cylinders. Portions
of the feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders
that fall outside of the
--
Datum plane A
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
Pattern-locating
tolerance zone
---
cylinders
117
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 74 0757670 0547554 015
Feature-relating 7
tolerance zone
Pattern -locating
tolerance zone
Parallel
118
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME YL4.5M 94 = 0759b70 0549555 T5L W
15.4.1.E
119
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 - 0759670 0549556 9 9 8
1rt
i+
*4X Ø0.8 pattern-
locating tolerance
zone cylinders at MMC
Datum
plane A
and oriented
to datum plane A
and datum axis B)
1* 4X ØO.25 feature-
relating tolerance
zone cylinders at MMC
---
FIG. 5-24 RADIAL HOLE PATERN LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONT'D)
| ||||
120
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 m 0759670 0549557 824
Datum
F
IG
I5
.-
240 One possible displacement of actual feature
axis at MMC. The actual feature axis
must be within both tolerance cylinders.
The feature pattern, as a group, may be
displaced within the usable confines of
the feature-relating tolerance cylinders
tolerance zone
cylinder
FIG. 5-24 RADIAL HOLE PATTERN LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONT'D)
Tolerance Zones for Radial Hole Pattern (Cont'd)
121
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME YL4-5M 9 4 0759670 0549558 760 H
L 4 X $$::
I 15.4.1.7
122
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 f l 9 9 0759670 0 5 4 9 5 5 9 bT7
4~ Ø0.8 pattern-
locating tolerance
-\
zone cylinders at MMC
LTJ
plane C axis E!
++ l----I l---1
t+
(c
L--J
Datum
True
axes
and oriented
position
(located
to datum plane A,
datum axis 6 and
datum center plane C)
i
li
' 4X Ø0.25 feature-
relating tolerance
zone cylinders at MMC
+J
FIG. 5-25 RADIAL HOLE PATERN LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONT'D)
Tolerance Zones for Radial Hole Pattern
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 = 0759b70 0549560 319
Unusable
>=,
-
area F"=l
FIG. 5-25 RADIAL HOLE PATERN LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONT'D)
Tolerance Zones for Radial Hole Pattern (Cont'd)
124
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ASME Y 3 4 = 5 1 94 0759670 0547563 255
-+
-
--
|| |
| | |
||
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
---
1_.
54...11
FIG. 5-26 RADIAL HOLE PATFERN LOCATED BY TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE
CONTROL FRAMES
125
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ASME YL4=5M 74 W 0757b70 0547562 171
Datum center
--
and oriented
|| |
to datum plane A,
| | |
4X ØO.25 feature-
relating tolerance
zone cylinders at MMC
126
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A S I E Y L 4 - 5 1 94 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549.563 O28
Datum
| ||||
center Datum
plane C
|||| | || | || |||
Datum
axis 6
|||||||
---
I Unusable
area One possible displacement of feature-relating tolerance
zone framework (FRTZF) relative to pattern-locating
1 tolerance zone framework (PLTZF).
Feature
Pattern-locating
Actual feature tolerance zone
axis shown at cylinder
maximum inclination
Feature-relating
tolerance zone
cylinder
127
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ASME Y 1 4 m 5 M 74 E 0757b70 05495b4 T 6 4 =
I
MEANS THIS
Datum plane C
7\
Featu
tolerance 2
Feature 1 ‘u-
I One possible displacement of the actual feature.
128
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ASME Yl14.5M 9Li m 0757b70 0 5 4 7 5 6 5 9 T O m
r 4X d12.5-12.8
15.4.1
129
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y14.5M- 1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
1 FIG. 5-29(a)l
Datum
plane A
Size of feature-relating
tolerance zones at M M C
Tolerance zones of FRTZF
(as a group) may skew
Tolerance zones of FRTZF 4
(as a group) are perpendicular to A
+Tolerance zones of FRTZF (as a group)
are perpendicular to A and parallel to 6
Feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF)
15.4.1.8
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ASME Y14.5M 74 = 0757670 05475b7 773
l
One possible displacement A center plane C
of Feature-relating Pattern-locating
tolerance cylinders tolerance cylinders
Feature pattern not shown
3
||
Size of feature-relating
| ||||
131
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ASME Y l 1 4 . 5 M 9 4 0759670 05495bA bOT W
00
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
---
Size of pattern-locating
tolerance zones at MMC
1
B
B
i 3
Size of feature-relating
tolerance zones at MMC
Tolerance zones of FRTZF
(as a group) may skew
Tolerance zones of FRTZF 4
(as a group) are perpendicular to A
Tolerance zones of FRTZF (as a group)-
are perpendicular to A and basically related to B
+Feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF)A.
132
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 9 4 E 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549569 5 4 6 E
Datum axis B
-
I 3-Datum-plane reference system
Size of pattern-locating
tolerance zones at MMC
I B
r
B
Size of feature-relating
tolerance zones at MMC
Tolerance zones of FRTZF
(as a group) may skew
Tolerance zones of FRTZF
i
(as a group) are perpendicular to A
Tolerance zones of FRTZF (as a group) +
are perpendicular to A and positioned to B
?- Feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF)+
133
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME YL4.5M 9 4 W 0759670 0549570 268
r 4X M6X1-6H
Positional
tolerance zone
True position axis
Axis of
clearance hole
155;
MEANS THIS
Interference area Ø0.25 positional
tolerance zone
Positional
tolerance zone THIS ON THE DRAWING
clearance hole
35 MIN
---
MEANS THIS
Ø0.4 positional
tolerance zone
hue position axis
I- Minimum tolerance zone
height is equal to maximum
thickness of mating par!
'T- Axis of
threaded hole
15.5
35 minimum pro-
FIG. 5-32 BASIS FOR PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE jected tolerance
zone height
t
FIG. 5-34 PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE INDICATED
WITH CHAIN LINE
134
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 9 4 I0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549571 1 T 4 I
the specified positional tolerance applies only to the specifying hole requirements and the other under the
height of the projecting portion of the stud or pin callout specifying counterbore requirements. See Fig.
---
after installation, and the specification of a projected 5-38. Different diameter tolerance zones for hole and
tolerance zone is unnecessary. However, a projected counterbore are coaxially located at true position rel-
tolerance zone is applicable where threaded or plain ative to the specified datums.
holes for studs or pins are located on a detail part (c) Where positional tolerances are used to locate
drawing. In these cases, the specified projected holes and to control individual counterbore-to-hole
height should equal the maximum permissible height relationships (relative to different datum features),
of the stud or pin after installation, not the mating two feature control frames are used as in (b) above.
part thickness. See Fig. 5-35. In addition, a note is placed under the datum feature
symbol for the hole and under the feature control
frame for the counterbore, indicating the number of
5.6 NONPARALLEL HOLES places each applies on an individual basis. See Fig.
5-39.
Positional tolerancing lends itself to patterns of
holes where axes are not parallel to each other and
where axes are not normal to the surface. See Fig.
5.8 CLOSER CONTROL AT ONE END OF A
5-36.
FEATURE
Where design permits, different positional toler-
5.7 COUNTERBORED HOLES ances may be specified for the extremities of long
holes; this establishes a conical rather than a cylindri-
Where positional tolerances are used to locate co-
cal tolerance zone. See Fig. 5-40.
axial features, such as counterbored holes, the fol-
lowing practices apply.
( a ) Where the same positional tolerance is used
5.9 BIDIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL
to locate both holes and counterbores, a single feature
TOLERANCING OF FEATURES
control frame is placed under the callouts specifying
hole and counterbore requirements. See Fig. 5-37. Where it is desired to specify a greater tolerance
Identical diameter tolerance zones for hole and coun- in one direction than another, bidirectional positional
terbore are coaxially located at true position relative tolerancing may be applied. Bidirectional positional
to the specified datums. tolerancing results in a noncylindrical tolerance zone
( b ) Where different positional tolerances are used for locating round holes; therefore, the diameter sym-
to locate holes and counterbores (relative to common bol is omitted from the feature control frame in these
datum features), two feature control frames are used. applications.
135
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m 0759b70 0549572 030 m
i 6X 60'
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
136
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A S I E Y l 1 4 . 5 M 94 0757670 0549573 T77
ma
THIS ON THE DRAWING
ma8X 45'
8X 45'
8X 66.3-6.4
8X UØQ.4-9.6V5.6-6.0 Ld70.0-
P
157
MEANS THIS
True position axis
MEANS THIS <True position axis
Ø0.25 positional
tolerance zone for
hole at MMC
LDatum plane A
FIG. 5-37 SAME POSITIONAL TOLERANCE FOR HOLES
AND COUNTERBORES, SAME DATUM REFERENCES
FIG. 5-38 DIFFERENT POSITIONAL TOLERANCES FOR
HOLES AND COUNTERBORES, SAME DATUM REFERENCES ---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
--
137
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m O759670 0549574 903 m
SURF C
v Ø 1 4 8 . 0 8 f
UØ9.4-9.6T5.6-6.0 I d
~+lØo.15@lc@~ I I -
8X INDIVIDUALLY
3
-T--
@ . h. U
8 X INDIVIDUALLY
157
MEANS THIS Possible location of \SURF D
counterbore axis 158
+I +60.15 oositional
tolerance zone for
MEANS THIS
Datum plane A
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ASME Yl14.5M 9 4 9 0759670 0549575 8 4 T 9
3X 0.4@ A B C
\
I I i \
I
T 60
15.9.1
MEANS THIS
True position
--/-eo+*
from
60 -- 60
datum C
NOTE: A further refinement of perpendicuhity within the posi- tolerance zone has been specified. The positional tol-
tional tolerance may be required. erance values represent distances between two con-
5.9.1 Rectangular Coordinate Method. For centric arc boundaries and two parallel planes, re-
holes located by rectangular coordinate dimensions, spectively, equally disposed about the true position.
separate feature control frames are used to indicate Coordinate hole-locating dimensions, indicated as
the direction and magnitude of each positional toler- reference, may be included on the drawing for manu-
ance relative to specified datums. See Fig. 5-41. The facturing convenience.
feature control frames are attached to dimension lines
applied in perpendicular directions. Each tolerance
value represents a distance between two parallel
planes equally disposed about the true position. 5.10 NONCIRCULAR FEATURES
5.9.2 Polar Coordinate Method. Bidirectional The fundamental principles of true position dimen-
positional tolerancing is also applied to holes, such sioning and positional tolerancing for circular fea-
---
as gear-mounting centers located by polar coordinate tures, such as holes and bosses, apply also to noncir-
|||||||
dimensions relative to specified datums, where a cular features, such as open-end slots, tabs, and
|||| | || | || |||
smaller tolerance is desired in the direction of the elongated holes. For such features of size, a posi-
line-of-centers rather than at right angles to the line- tional tolerance is used to locate the center plane
of-centers. See Fig. 5-42. In this application, one di- established by parallel surfaces of the feature. The
| ||||
mension line is applied in a radial direction and the tolerance value represents a distance between two
||
other at right angles to the line-of-centers. A further parallel planes. The diameter symbol is omitted from
| | |
requirement of perpendicularity within the positional the feature control frame. See Figs. 5-43and 5-44.
|| |
139
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 0757670 0549576 786
MEANS THIS
Datum plane A
Y.--
L
0.2 wide tolerance zone
Datum plane B
Center of 70'
datum D
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ASME Y14o5M 9 4 0759670 0 5 4 7 5 7 7 b L 2
(a)
|||| | || | || |||
d 1510
FIG. 5-44 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING OF SLOTS
5.10.1 Noncircular Features at MMC. Where FIG. 5-45 BOUNDARY FOR SURFACES OF SLOT AT MMC
a positional tolerance of a noncircular feature applies
at MMC, the following apply.
(a) In Terms of the Surfaces of a Feature. While tude of the center plane of the feature must be
maintaining the specified width limits of the feature, confined.
no element of its side surfaces shall be inside a theo- (c) In Terms of the Boundary for an Elongated
retical boundary defined by two parallel planes Feature. While maintaining the specified size limits
equally disposed about true position and separated of the elongated feature, no element of its surface
by a distance equal to that shown for W in Fig. 5-45. shall be inside a theoretical boundary of identical
(b) In Terms of the Center Plane of a Feature. shape located at true position. The size of the bound-
While maintaining the specified width limits of the ary is equal to the MMC size of the elongated feature
feature, its center plane must be within a tolerance minus its positional tolerance. To invoke this con-
zone defined by two parallel planes equally disposed cept, the t e m BOUNDARY is placed beneath the
about true position, having a width equal to the posi- feature control frames. See Fig. 5-47.In this exam-
tional tolerance. S e e Fig. 5-46. This tolerance zone ple, a greater positional tolerance is allowed for its
also defines the limits within which variations in atti- length than for its width. Where the same positional
141
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ASflE Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 W 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549578 5 5 9
Extreme attitude variation ing several diameters - the considered features are
| | |
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ASME Y l 1 4 - 5 M 9Y 0759670 0549577 495
r 3~
I' +1 0.25@1A1B'c'
BOUNDARY
m-4 I5.10.1
MEANS THIS
7.00 MMC width of slot
-0.25 Positional tolerance
r 6 . 7 5 Wide boundary
I
Datum plane
143
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 0759b70 0549580 LO7 m
5.12 CONCENTRICITY
Concentrici@ is that condition where the median
points of all diametrically opposed elements of a fig-
ure of revolution (or correspondingly-located ele-
ments of two or more radially-disposed features) are
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ASME Y14-5M 94 0759670 0 5 4 9 5 4 1 O43
axis A
Datum$j
0.45
1 0.9
Datum
axis A
0.9
datum
at LMC
--
|| |
| | |
||
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
---
F5.11.1.;
5.11.1.'
145
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ASME Y 2 4 . 5 M 94 = O759670 0 5 4 9 5 8 2 T8T =
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759670 0549583 9Lb
L 4 X Ø10.15+0.15
MEANS THIS
--
|| |
| | |
||
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
---
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ASME Y14.5Pl 94 = 0759b70 0549584 852
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
15.11.1.5
MEANS THIS
||
| | |
|| |
--
LØ0.15 at MMC, four LØ0.25 at MMC, four
coaxial tolerance coaxial tolerance zones
zones within which located at true position
the axes of the holes relative to the specified
must lie relative to datums within which the
each other axes of the holes, as a
group, must lie
148
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
congruent with the axis or center plane of a datum FIG. 5-53 POSITIONAL TOLERbNCING FOR COAXIAL
| | |
feature within specified limits. MMC, LMC, or RFS HOLES OF DIFFERENT SIZE
||
MMC as in Fig. 5-59. The explanations given in Symmetry is that condition where the median
paras. 5.10.l(a) and (b) apply to the considered fea- points of all opposed or correspondingly-locatedele-
ture. The datum feature may be specified either on ments of two or more feature surfaces are congruent
an MMC, LMC, or RFS basis, depending upon the with the axis or center plane of a datum feature.
design requirements. Where design requirements dictate a need for the use
of a symmetry tolerance and symbol, the method
5.13.2 Zero Positional Tolerancing at MMC
shown in Fig. 5-61 may be followed. The explanation
for Symmetrical Relationships. Where it is nec-
given in para. 5.12 applies to the considered fea-
essary to control the symmetrical relationship of re-
ture(s), since symmetry and concentricity controls
lated features within their limits of size, a zero posi-
are the same concept, except as applied to different
tional tolerance at MMC is specified. The datum
part configurations. Symmetry tolerance and the da-
feature is normally specified on an MMC basis.
tum reference can only apply on an RFS basis.
Boundaries of perfect form are thereby established
that are truly symmetrical where both features are at
MMC. Variations in position are permitted only
5.15 SPHERICAL FEATURES
where the features depart from their MMC size to-
ward LMC. This application is the same as that A positional tolerance may be used to control the
shown in Fig. 5-50 except that it applies a tolerance location of a spherical feature relative to other fea-
to a center plane location. tures of a part. See Fig. 5-62. The symbol for spheri-
cal diameter precedes the size dimension of the fea-
5.13.3 Positional Tolerancing RFS for As- ture and the positional tolerance value, to indicate a
semblability. Some designs may require a control spherical tolerance zone. Where it is intended for
of the symmetrical relationship between features re- the tolerance zone shape to be otherwise, a special
gardless of their actual sizes. In such cases, both the indication is shown, similar to the example shown
specified positional tolerance and the datum refer- for a bidirectional tolerance zone of a cylindrical
ence apply on an RFS basis. See Fig. 5-60. hole. See Fig. 5-41.
149
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m 0759b70 0549586 625 m
I
I MEANS THIS
fi
Extreme locational
Extreme attitude
variation
150
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y l 1 4 - 5 M 9 4 0757b70 0 5 4 9 5 8 7 5 6 1 M
O
Øi4-0.1
Datum axis A 7
Axis of actual
mating envelooe 7 I
4
Ø 25
L o a t u r n axis A (824.5
151
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y 1 4 A f l 9 4 W O759670 0 5 4 9 5 8 8 4 T 8 W
I Datum axis A
.5
FIG. 5-57 ONE POSSIBLE ACCEPTABLE CONFIGURATION OF PART DEPICTED IN FIG. 5-55
152
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 9 4 0757670 0547589 334 W
i-- -i L Ø 1 4 O- ~ . ~
r 5.I 2.i
dEANS THIS
Median points of
diametrically-
opposed elements
aut,!m
- axis A
--
L ~ o . RFS
4 Coaxial
|| |
153
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759670 0549590 056 m
y-TJ
7.8 - 8.2
7.8 - 8.2
~
L 15.8
15.6 d
L 15.8
15.6 d MEANS THIS
15.13.:
Datum
Size Datum plane A
The center plane of the actual mating envelope
A
of the slot must lie between two parallel planes
0.8 apart, equally disposed about the center plane
of datum B. The specified tolerance and the datum
reference can only apply on an RFS basis.
FIG. 5-59 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING AT MMC FOR FIG. 5-60 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING RFS-RFS FOR
SYMMETRICAL FEATURES SYMMETR CAL FEATURES ---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
--
154
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ASME Y 1 4 = 5 M 9L, = 0759670 05L,9591 T92
7.8 - 8.2
[e
10.8 I A +
15.6 M16X2 - 6g
1 @MAJOR DIA 151
12.'
IEANS THIS
AEANS THIS
0.8 diameter
The center plane of spherical tolerance zone
datum feature A
position
0.8 wide-
tolerance zone
Derived median
points
reference can only apply on an RFS basis. feature must lie within a spherical zone 0.8
|||||||
155
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= 0759670 0 5 4 9 5 9 2
~~ ~
ASME Y 1 4 - 5 1 9 4 929
6.1 GENERAL of the surface, rather than control of the total surface.
In these instances, the area or length, and its location
This Section establishes the principles and meth-
are indicated by a heavy chain line drawn adjacent
ods of dimensioning and tolerancing to control form,
to the surface with appropriate dimensioning. Where
profile, orientation, and runout of various geometri-
so indicated, the specified tolerance applies within
cal shapes and free state variations.
these limits instead of to the total surface. See para.
4.5.10 and Fig. 4-23.
6.2 FORM AND ORIENTATION CONTROL 6.3.1.3 Identifying Datum References. It is
necessary to identify featu-es on a part to establish
Form tolerances control straightness, flatness, cir-
datums from which dimensions control orientation,
cularity, and cylindricity. Orientation tolerances con-
runout, and when necessary, profile. For example, in
trol angularity, parallelism, and perpendicularity. A
Fig. 6-22, if datum references had been omitted,.it
profile tolerance may control form, orientation, size,
would not be clear whether the larger diameter or
and location depending on how it is applied. Since,
the smaller diameter was the intended datum feature
to a certain degree, the limits of size control form
for the dimensions controlling profile. The intended
and parallelism, and tolerances of location control
datum features are identified with datum feature
orientation, the extent of these controls should be
symbols and the applicable datum references are in-
considered before specifying form and orientation
cluded in the feature control frame. For information
tolerances. See para. 2.7 and Figs. 2-6 and 5-6.
on specifying datums in an order of precedence, see
para. 4.4.
6.3 SPECIFYING FORM AND ORIENTATION
TOLERANCES
6.4 FORM TOLERANCES
Form and orientation tolerances critical to function
and interchangeability are specified where the toler- Form tolerances are applicable to single (individ-
---
ances of size and location do not provide sufficient ual) features or elements of single features; therefore,
|||||||
control. A tolerance of form or orientation may be form tolerances are not related to datums. The fol-
|||| | || | || |||
specified where no tolerance of size is given, for lowing subparagraphs cover the particulars of the
example, in the control of flatness after assembly of form tolerances - straightness, flatness, circularity,
the parts. and cylindricity.
| ||||
6.3.1 Form and Orientation Tolerance Zones. 6.4.1 Straightness. Straightness is a condition
||
within which the considered feature, its line ele- straight line.
|| |
6.3.1.1 Cylindrical Tolerance Zone. Where straightness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone
the tolerance value represents the diameter of a cylin- within which the considered element or derived me-
drical zone, it is preceded by the diameter symbol. dian line must lie. A straightness tolerance is applied
In all other cases, the tolerance value represents a in the view where the elements to be controlled are
total linear distance between two geometric bound- represented by a straight line.
aries and no symbol is required.
6.4.1.1.1 Cylindrical Features. Figure 6- i
6.3.1.2 Limited Area and Length. Certain shows an example of a cylindrical feature where all
designs require control over a limited area or length circular elements of the surface are to be within the
157
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~~ ~ -~
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
6.4.1.1.2
|| |
MEANS THIS 4.5.4.1
MEANS THIS
--
--
(al
Ø16.00
MMC FIG. 6-2 SPECIFYING STRAIGHTNESS RFS
158
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 07.59670 0 5 4 9 5 9 4 7 T L
\ \
- $16.04
I'
14.5.4.1
MEANS THIS
$16.04 virtual condition
4
i
A
4
size zone allowed
---
16.00
|||||||
15.99 (cl
15.90 0.06
|||| | || | || |||
Meanings:
| ||||
gage with a 16.04 diameter hole;
||
(b) with the pin at maximum diameter
| | |
The derived median line of the feature actual (16.00), the gage will accept the
local sizes must lie within a cylindrical
|| |
pin with up to 0.04 variation in
tolerance zone of 0.04 diameter at MMC. straightness;
As each actual local size departs from MMC,
--
an increase in the local diameter of the (c) with the pin at minimum diameter
tolerance cylinder is allowed which is equal (15.89), the gage will accept the
to the amount of such departure. Each pin with up to 0.15 variation in
circular element of the surface must be straightness.
within the specified limit of size.
159
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 9 4 = 0759670 0549595 b 3 B
t++ -- I
- I
r 6.4.1.I .4
MEANS THIS
pr loo 1 rØl5.69-16.00
---
tolerance in each 25 mm of length
|||||||
zone
|||| | || | || |||
LØ16.4 outer boundary
| ||||
The derived median line of the feature’s actual local size must
lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone of 0.4 diameter for the
||
total 100 rnm of length and within a 0.1 cylindrical tolerance
| | |
zone for any 25 rnm length, regardless of feature size. Each
|| |
circular element of the surface must be within the specified
limits of size.
--
~~
FIG. 6-4 SPECIFYING STRAIGHTNESS PER UNIT LENGTH WITH SPECIFIED TOTAL
STRAIGHTNESS, BOTH RFS
sis, as in Fig. 6-2, the maximum straightness toler- ter symbol is not used since the tolerance zone is
ance is the specified tolerance. When applied on an noncylindrical.
MMC basis, as in Fig. 6-3, the maximum straightness
6.4.1.1.4 Applied on Unit Basis.
tolerance is the specified tolerance plus the amount
Straightness may be applied on a unit basis as a
the actual local size of the feature departs from its
means of preventing an abrupt surface variation
MMC size. The derived median line of an actual
within a relatively short length of the feature. See
feature at MMC must lie within a cylindrical toler-
Fig. 6-4. Caution should be exercised when using
ance zone as specified. As each actual local size de-
unit control without specifying a maximum limit be-
parts from MMC, an increase in the local diameter
cause of the relatively large theoretical variations that
of the tolerance zone is allowed that is equal to the
may result if left unrestricted. If the unit variation
amount of such departure. Each circular element of
appears as a “bow” in the toleranced feature, and the
the surface (that is, actual local size) must be within
“bow” is allowed to continue at the same rate for
the specified limits of size.
several units, the overall tolerance variation may re-
6.4.1.1.3 Application of RFS or MMC to sult in an unsatisfactory part. Figure 6-5 illustrates
Noncylindrical Features. As an extension of the the possible condition where straightness per unit
principles of para. 6.4.1.1.2,straightness may be ap- length given in Fig. 6-4 is used alone, that is, if
plied on an RFS or MMC basis to noncylindrical straightness for the total length is not specified.
features of size. In this instance, the derived median
plane must lie in a tolerance zone between two paral- 6.4.1.1.5 Straightness of Line Elements.
lel planes separated by the amount of the tolerance. Figure 6-6 illustrates the use of straightness tolerance
Feature control frame placement and arrangement as on a flat surface. Straightness may be applied to con-
described in para. 6.4.1.1.2apply, except the diame- trol line elements in a single direction on a flat sur-
160
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A S I E Y14.5M 94 E 0759b70 0549596 574 =
I 6.4.1.1.5
MEANS THIS
0.1 tolerance
0.05 tolerance
16.4.1.1.4
face; it may also be applied in two directions as FIG. 6-6 SPECIFYING STRAIGHTNESS
shown. Where function requires the line elements to OF FLAT SURFACES
--
161
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ASME Y l 1 4 . 5 M 74 = 0759670 0549577 400
MEANS THIS
fied to the right of the flatness tolerance, separated 6-8 and 6-9. The circularity tolerance must be less
by a slash. For example: than the size tolerance, except for those parts subject
to free state variation. See para. 6.8.
NOTE: See ANSI B89.3.1 for further information on this subject.
[=
X 25 IL ,
0 . 0 5 / 25
6.4.4 Cylindricity. Cylindriciíy is a condition of
a surface of revolution in which all points of the
surface are equidistant from a common axis.
6.4.3 Circularity (Roundness). Circuìurity is a
6.4.4.1 Cylindricity Tolerance. A cylindricity
condition of a surface where:
tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two
(a) for a feature other than a sphere, all points of
concentric cylinders within which the surface must
the surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to
lie. In the case of cylindricity, unlike that of circular-
an axis are equidistant from that axis;
ity, the tolerance applies simultaneously to both cir-
---
Of the must lie, and at that includes circularity, straightness, and taper of a cylindrical
| | |
any plane described in (a) and (b) above. See Figs. feature.
|| |
162
--
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 f l 94 0757670 0547598 347
r S pl25I0.4
|| |
| | |
||
- -
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
MEANS THIS
|||||||
A-
..
Q
J
---
A 4
l 0 . 2 5 wide tolerance zone
SECTION A-A
Each circular element of the surface in a plane The cylindrical surface must lie between two
passing through a common center must lie concentric cylinders, one having a radius 0.25
between two concentric circles, one having a larger than the other. The surface must be
radius 0.25 larger than the other. Each circular within the specified limits of size.
element of the surface must be within the
specified limits of size. FIG. 6-10 SPECIFYING CYLINDRICITY
L-
--
Datum plane A
0.8 wide tolerance
zone entirely True profile relative 0.8 wide tolerance zone
disposed on one to datum A unequally disposed on
side of the true one side of the true
profile, as indicated profile, as indicated
Actual profile Actual profile
0.6
Datum plane A
0.2
(cl (dl
True profile relative to datum A True profile relative to datum A
164
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ASME Y14.5M 94 0759670 0547600 825 9
-54-
I MEANSTHIS
0.6 wide tolerance zone
Datum plane A-
The surfaces, all around the part outline, must lie between two parallel boundaries
0.6 apart perpendicular t o datum plane A and equally disposed about the true profile.
Radii of part corners must not exceed 0.2.
165
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y 3 4 - 5 M 94 0759670 0549603 763 H
lt
.8f0.1
o
FIG. 6-13 SPECIFYING DIFFERENT PROFILE TOLERANCES ON SEGMENTS OF A PROFILE
---
|||||||
THIS ON THE DRAWING
MEANS THIS
+Datum plane C +Datum plane A
0.25 wide tolerance zone
166
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ASME YL4-5M 9 4 = O759670 0 5 4 9 6 0 2 bTB
--
DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
|| |
| | |
MEANS THIS
Datum plane A
files taken at various cross sections through the part. 6.5.3 Explanation of Profile Tolerance. The
These two cases are provided for as follows. tolerance value represents the distance between two
(u) Profile of a Surjuce. The tolerance zone estab- boundaries equally or unequally disposed about the
lished by the profile of a surface tolerance is three- true profile or entirely disposed on one side of the
dimensional, extending along the length and width true profile. Profile tolerances apply normal (perpen-
(or circumference) of the considered feature or fea- dicular) to the true profile at all points along the
tures. This may be applied to parts having a constant profile. The boundaries of the tolerance zone follow
cross section as in Fig. 6-12, to parts having a surface the geometric shape of the true profile. The actual
of revolution, or to parts (such as castings) defined surface or line element must be within the specified
by profile tolerances applying “ALL OVER” as indi- tolerance zone, and all variations from the true pro-
cated below the feature control frame. file must blend. Where a profile tolerance encom-
( b ) Profle of a Line. The tolerance zone estab- passes a sharp corner, the tolerance zone extends to
lished by the profile of a line tolerance is two-dimen- the intersection of the boundary lines. See Fig. 6-
sional, extending along the length of the considered 15. Since the intersecting surfaces may lie anywhere
feature. This applies to the profiles of parts having within the converging zone, the actual part contour
a varying cross section, such as the tapered wing of could conceivably be rounded. If this is undesirable,
an aircraft, or to random cross sections of parts as in the drawing must indicate the design requirements,
Fig. 6-18, where it is not desired to control the entire such as by specifying the maximum radius. See Fig.
surface of the feature as a single entity. 6-12.
167
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ASME YLY=5M 9'4 m 0759670 0549603 53Y
MEANS THIS
0.4 wide tolerance zone r 0.12 wide tolerance zone at each cross section
fDatum plane A
Datum plane B Section A-A
The surface between C and D must lie between two profile boundaries 0.4 apart, one coincident with and the other
nside of the true profile, and positioned with respect to datum planes A and B. Each line element of the consid-
3red surface, parallel to datum plane B, must lie between two lines 0.12 apart which are parallel to datum plane A.
6.5.4 Application of Datums. In most cases, ance and the circular elements must be within the
profile of a surface tolerance requires reference to specified runout tolerance. Figure 6- 18 illustrates a
datums in order to provide proper orientation, loca- part with a profile of a line tolerance where size is
tion, or both, of the profile. With profile of a line controlled by a separate tolerance. Line elements of
tolerance, datums may be used under some circum- the surface along the profile must lie within the pro-
stances but would not be used when the only require- file tolerance zone and within a size limiting zone.
ment is the profile shape taken cross section by cross In certain instances, a portion of the profile tolerance
section. An example is the shape of a continuous zone may fall beyond the boundary of the size lim-
extrusion. iting zone. However, this portion of the profile toler-
ance zone is not usable because the line elements of
6.5.5 Combined Controls. Profile tolerancing
the surface must not violate the size limiting zone.
may be combined with other types of geometric tol-
erancing. Figure 6-16 illustrates a surface that has a 6.5.5.1 Boundary Control for a Noncylin-
profile tolerance refined by a parallelism tolerance. drical Feature. Profile tolerancing may be com-
The surface must not only be within the profile toler- bined with positional tolerancing where it is neces-
ance, but each straight line element of the surface sary to control the boundary of a noncylindrical
must also be parallel to the datum within the toler- feature. See Fig 6-19. In this example, the basic di-
ance specified. Figure 6-17 illustrates a surface that mensions and the profile tolerance establish a toler-
has a profile tolerance refined by a runout tolerance. ance zone to control the shape and size of the feature.
The entire surface must be within the profile toler- Additionally, the positional tolerance establishes a
-- || | | | | || 168
| |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y / 4 * 5 M 9 4 = 0759670 0549604 470 =
78
MEANS THIS
1 k O . 2 5 Profile zone
I..I
0.15 Runout zone
Secondary
datum axis N
// !.d\
The surface between points A and B must lie between two profile
boundaries 0.25 apart, equally disposed about the true profile and
positioned with respect to primary datum plane M and secondary
datum axis N. Additionally, each circular element of the surface
---
169
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0759670 0549605 303
IA10.16 I A l B
C-D
I R12.7
C
R12.7
0 . l i wide
tolerance Datum plane
zone
Each line element of the surface between points C and D, at any cross
---
section, must lie between two profile boundaries 0.16 apart in relation to
|||||||
datum planes A and B. The surface must be within the specified limits of
size.
|||| | || | || |||
170
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ASIE Y14.51 9 4 I0759670 0549606 243 I
I
/
+
1251
t
-lo-
-1301- 16.5.5.1
MEANS THIS
LMC of feature
0.6
0.6
True profile
datum plane B
MMC of feature
Profile Control
(at basic location)
Postion Control
$ Datum
plane A
The surface, all around, must lie between two No portion of the surface may be permitted
profile boundaries 1.2 apart equally disposed to lie within the boundary of MMC contour
about the true profile. minus the positional tolerance when positioned
with respect to datum planes A, B and C.
FIG. 6-19 BOUNDARY PRINCIPLE USED WITH PROFILE CONTROLS
---
|||||||
theoretical boundary shaped identically to the basic a single interrupted or noncontinuous surface. In this
|||| | || | || |||
profile. For an internal feature, the boundary equals case, a control is provided similar to that achieved
the MMC size of the profile minus the positional by a flatness tolerance applied to a single plane sur-
tolerance, and the entire feature surface must lie out- face. As shown in Fig. 6-20, the profile of a surface
| ||||
side the boundary. For an external feature, the bound- tolerance establishes a tolerance zone defined by two
ary equals the MMC size of the profile plus the posi- parallel planes within which the considered surfaces
||
| | |
tional tolerance, and the entire feature surface must must lie. No datum reference is stated in Fig. 6-20,
|| |
lie within the boundary. To invoke this concept, the as in the case of flatness, since the orientation of the
term BOUNDARY is placed beneath the positional tolerance zone is established from contact of the part
--
tolerance feature control frame. against a reference standard; the plane is established
by the considered surfaces themselves. Where two
6.5.6 Coplanarity. Coplanarity is the condition
or more surfaces are involved, it may be desirable to
of two or more surfaces having all elements in one
identify which specific surface(s) are to be used as
plane.
the datum feature(s). Datum feature symbols are ap-
6.5.6.1 Profile Tolerance For Coplanar Sur- plied to these surfaces with the appropriate tolerance
faces. A profile of a surface tolerance may be used for their relationship to each other. The datum refer-
where it is desired to treat two or more surfaces as ence letters are added to the feature control frame
171
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0549607 1 8 T M
---
a surface is used to control a plane surface inclined dimensions and respective applicable datums. The
|||||||
to a datum feature. actual surface of the controlled feature must lie
|||| | || | || |||
within both the profile locating tolerance zone and
6.5.8 Profile Tolerance for a Conical Feature. the profile fondorientation tolerance zone.
A profile tolerance may be specified to control the
| ||||
172
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0549608 016
I I
2 SURFACES
16.5.6.1
MEANS THIS
The datum features A and B must lie between two common planes 0.04
apart. The two designated surfaces must lie between two parallel planes
equally disposed about datum plane A-B. All surfaces must lie within the
specified limits of size.
173
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0 5 4 9 b 0 9 T52
MEANS THIS
r 0.02 wide tolerance zone
6.5.7
6.3.1.3
--diameter
I qn 9 -
I
MEANS THIS
---
The surface must lie between two coaxial
|||||||
boundaries 0.02 apart having an included angle of
I
|||| | || | || |||
/-Datum axis A 15'. The surface must be within the specified limits
of size.
| ||||
||
s
| | |
Datum plane 6
|| |
perpendicularity, and parallelism, when applied to
I+-- 35 plane surfaces, control flatness if a flatness tolerance
--
The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.05 is not specified.
apart, equally disposed about a true plane which is
basically oriented in relation to the specified datums.
6.6.1.1 Tolerance Zones. Tolerance zones are
total in value requiring an axis, or all elements of the
FIG. 6-22 SPECIFYING PROFILE OF A SURFACE FOR A considered surface, to fall within this zone. Where it
PLANE SURFACE is a requirement to control only individual line ele-
ments of a surface, a qualifying notation, such as
EACH ELEMENT or EACH RADIAL ELEMENT,
6.6 ORIENTATION TOLERANCES is added to the drawing. See Figs. 6-44 and 6-45.
Angularity, parallelism, perpendicularity, and in This permits control of individual elements of the
some instances, profile are orientation tolerances ap- surface independently in relation to the datum and
plicable to related features. These tolerances control does not limit the total surface to an encompassing
the orientation of features to one another. zone.
6.6.1 Specifying Orientation Tolerances in 6.6.1.2 Application of Zero Tolerance at
Relation to Datum Features. In specifj4ng orien- MMC. Where no variations of orientation, such as
tation tolerances to control angularity, parallelism, perpendicularity, are permitted at the MMC size limit
perpendicularity, and in some cases, profile, the con- of a feature, the feature control frame contains a zero
sidered feature is related to one or more datum fea- for the tolerance, modified by the symbol for MMC.
tures. See Fig. 4-24. Relation to more than one datum If the feature is finished at its MMC limit of size, it
feature is specified to stabilize the tolerance zone in must be perfect in orientation with respect to the
more than one direction. For a method of referencing datum. A tolerance can exist only as the feature de-
datum features, see para. 3.4.2. Note that angularity, parts from MMC. The allowable orientation toler-
174
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ASME Y34.5M 9 4 I0759670 0 5 4 9 6 3 0 774
~ ~
THIS ON THE DRAWING planes or a datum axis, within which the axis of the
considered feature must lie. See Fig. 6-28.
|| |
| | |
must lie.
---
16.5.8
6.6.3 Parallelism. Parallelism is the condition of
MEANS THIS
0.02 wide a surface or center plane, equidistant at all points
tolerance zone 7 from a datum plane; or an axis, equidistant along its
length from one or more datum planes or a datum
axis.
LJ.0 6.6.3.1 Parallelism Tolerance. A parallelism
24-2 diamet,.
diameter 1 I I I -\I tolerance specifies one of the following:
v
4 ( a ) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes
parallel to a datum plane or axis, within which the
Datum plane B surface or center plane of the considered feature must
Datum axis A lie. See Fig. 6-30.
The surface must lie between two coaxial (b) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes
boundaries 0.02 apart having an included angle of parallel to a datum plane or axis, within which the
15'; the axis of the boundaries are coaxial with the axis of the considered feature must lie. See Fig. 6-3 1.
datum axis A. The diameter of the surface must
also be within the stated limits of size.
(c) a cylindrical tolerance zone parallel to one or
more datum planes or a datum axis, within which
FIG, 6-24 PROFILE TOLERANCING OF A CONICAL the axis of the feature must lie. See Figs. 6-32 and
FEATURE, DATUM RELATED 6-33.
(d) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines
parallel to a datum plane or axis, within which the
line element of the surface must lie. See Fig. 6-45.
ance is equal to the amount of such departure. See 6.6.4 Perpendicularity. Perpendicularity is the
Figs. 6-41 and 6-42. condition of a surface, center plane, or axis at a right
angle to a datum plane or axis.
6.6.1.3 Tangent Plane. Where it is desired to
control a feature surface established by the con- 6.6.4.1 Perpendicularity Tolerance. A per-
tacting points of that surface, the tangent plane sym- pendicularity tolerance specifies one of the
bol is added in the feature control frame after the following:
stated tolerance. See Fig. 6-43. (a) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes
perpendicular to a datum plane or axis, within which
6.6.2 Angularity. Angularity is the condition of the surface or center plane of the considered feature
a surface, center plane, or axis at a specified angle must lie. See Figs. 6-34 through 6-36.
(other than 90") from a datum plane or axis. (b) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes
6.6.2.1 Angularity Tolerance. An angularity perpendicular to a datum axis, within which the axis
tolerance specifies one of the following: of the considered feature must lie. See Fig. 6-37.
(a) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes (c) a cylindrical tolerance zone perpendicular to a
at the specified basic angle from one or more datum datum plane, within which the axis of the considered
planes or a datum axis, within which the surface or feature must lie. See Figs. 6-38 through 6-42.
center plane of the considered feature must lie. See ( d ) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines
Fig. 6-27. perpendicular to a datum plane or axis, within which
(b) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes the line element of the surface must lie. See Fig.
at the specified basic angle from one or more datum 6-44.
175
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ASME Y14.5M- 1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
---
|||||||
I 6.5.9.1.1
|||| | || | || |||
MEANS THIS
0.8 wide tolerance
| ||||
zone
||
| | |
|| |
rv-
--
0.1 wide tolerance
zone
Datum plane B
Datum plane A
176
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ASME Y l 1 4 * 5 M 74 D 0759670 0547bl12 5 4 7 D
Datum
|||| | || | || |||
plane C
h D a t u m plane B
|||||||
Datum
plane A
---
III I Al I
The feature shall be located within a larger boundary (0.8) relative
to the primary datum A, secondary datum B, and tertiary datum C.
Once the feature is located within the larger boundary (0.8) its size
shall be controlled relative to the basic feature defining dimensions
and to the primary datum A for perpendicularity and secondary
datum B for parallelism within the smaller boundary (0.2).
I
FIG. 6-26 COMPOSITE PROFILE TOLERANCING OF A
FEATURE
177
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 0759b70 0549bL3 Y83
16.6.2.1
MEANS THIS 0.2 wide tolerance zone
Possible orientation
MEANS THIS of the feature axis
L
Possible orienta
of the actual su
--
|| |
\\
| | |
LDaturn plane A \\
||
Datum plane A
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must
| ||||
The surface must lie between two parallel plar inclined 60' to datum plane A. The feature axis
apart which are inclined at 30' to datum plane must be within the specified tolerance of location.
The surface must be within the specified limits Note: This control applies only to the view on
size. See figure 2-14.
|||||||
which it is specified.
---
FIG. 6-27 SPECIFYING ANGULARITY FOR A PLANE FIG. 6-28 SPECIFYING ANGULARITY FOR AN AXIS
SURFACE (FEATURE RFC)
178
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0 5 4 î b L 4 31T
F
// 0.12 A
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
1663'
MEANS THIS MEANS THIS
0.2 diameter Possible orientation
tolerance zone of the surface
| ||||
0.12 wide tolerance zone
Possible orientation
F
||
of the feature axis
| | |
|| |
--
Ø
I
Z t u m piane A
Datum plane A
The surface must lie between two parallel planes
0.12 apart which are parallel to datum plane A. The
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must "e surface must be within the specified limits of size.
within a 0.2 diameter cylindrical zone inclined 60
to datum plane A. The feature axis must be within
FIG. 6-30 SPECIFYING PARALLELISM FOR A PLANE
the specified tolerance of location.
SURFACE
179
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=
~ ~
I
rcis
---
MEANS THIS
Possible orientation
of feature axis
0.2 diameter
tolerance zone
180
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 9 4 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549636 L92
MEANS THIS
Possible orientation
r
MEANS THIS of the surface
Possible orientation
of feature axis 0.12 wide
tolerance
zone-
7
Feature Diameter
size tolerance zone
allowed LDatum plane A
10.000 0.05
10.001 O 051
+
The surface must lie between two parallel
LDatum axis A
10.002
10.021
10.022
+
0.052
0.071
0.072
planes 0.12 apart which are perpendicular
to datum plane A. The surface must be
within the specified limits of size.
181
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ASME Y 1 4 = 5 ! 94 0759670 0549bL7 O29 H
6.6.4.1
MEANS THIS
FIG. 6-35 SPECIFYING PERPENDICULARITY FOR A PLANE SURFACE RELATIVE TO TWO DATUMS
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 I0759670 0549618 Th5
I MEANS THIS
1664
Possible orientation
MEANS THIS
7 r o . 2 tolerance
of the feature
tolerance
Possible orientation
of the feature axis
183
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 9 4 = 0759670 0549619 9 T 1
~~ ~~
0.5
MEANS THIS
0.3 diameter tolerance
16.6.4.1
14 specified MEANS THIS
projected height
Tf Datum
plane A
0.4 diameter
tolerance zone
Datum height
plane A
Possible orientation
of feature axis
7
Where the thread profile is at MMC, the feature axis 4:;:rientation
must lie within a cylindrical zone 0.3 diameter
which is perpendicular to and projects from datum of feature axis
plane A for the 14 specified height. The feature
axis must be within the specified tolerance of
location over the projected height. Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie
within a cylindrical zone 0.4 diameter which is
Note: A threaded hole is located and gaged from perpendicular to and projects from datum plane A
its thread profile at MMC. Consideration must be for the feature height. The feature axis must be
given to the additive tolerance which results from within the specified tolerance of location.
the departure from MMC. The centering effect of
the fastener at assembly, however, may reduce or
negate such added tolerance. FIG. 6-39 SPECIFYING PERPENDICULARITY FOR AN AXIS
---
184
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 44 I0759670 0 5 4 9 6 2 0 613
I I
Diameter
tolerance zone
size
--
15.984 0.05
|| |
15.983 0.051
+ +
| | |
15.982 0.052
||
| ||||
15.967 0.067
15.966 0.068
|||| | || | || |||
Possible orientation
r 6.6.4.1 of the feature axis
Where the feature is at maximum material condition (15.984), the maximum perpendicularity tolerance
|||||||
is 0.05 diameter. Where the feature departs from its MMC size, an increase in the perpendicularity
tolerance is allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure. The feature axis must be withi
---
ACCEPTANCE BOUNDARY
Meaning: (a) The maximum diameter pin with perfect orientation is shown in a gage with a
16.034 diameter hole;
(b) with the pin at maximum diameter (15.984), the gage will accept the part with
up to 0.05 variation in perpendicularity;
(c) the pin is at minimum diameter (15.966), and the variation in perpendicularity
may increase to 0.068 and the part will be acceptable.
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 94 H 0759b70 0 5 4 9 6 2 1 55T H
t-@
~50.16
50.00(50H11)
(1Ø O OØ O~. ~MAX IA^
1
12.8.3
MEANS THIS MEANS THIS
Datum
plane A plane A
Possible orientation
Possible orientation of the feature axis
of the feature axis
hY
%ature
size
50.00
50.01
+
50.02
50.15
T
Diameter
tolerance zone
allowed
O
0.01
+
0.02
0.15
I : %; 1 50.01
50.10
allowed
FIG. 6-41 SPECIFYING PERPENDICULARITY FOR AN AXIS FIG. 6-42 SPECIFYING PERPENDICULARITY FOR AN AXIS
(ZERO TOLERANCE AT MMC) (ZERO TOLERANCE AT MMC WITH A MAXIMUM
SPECIFIED)
186
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y14.5M 94 m 0759670 0549622 Yïb =
6.6.1.3
3.3.20
MEANS THIS
,-Tangent plane
I 0.1 wide
tolerance
zone
A plane contacting the high points of the surface shall lie within two parallel
planes 0.1 apart. The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
187
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M ’34 = 0759670 054’3623 322 =
Each radial element of the surface must lie between Each radial element of the surface must lie
two parallel lines 0.02 apart which are perpendicular between two parallel lines 0.02 apart which
to datum axis A. The surface must be within the are parallel to datum A. The surface must be
specified limits of size. within the specified limits of size.
FIG. 6-44 SPECIFYING PERPENDICULARITY FOR A FIG. 6-45 SPECIFYING PARALLELISM FOR A RADIAL
RADIAL ELEMENT OF A SURFACE ELEMENT OF A SURFACE
188
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y / 4 * 5 M 94 W 0759670 0549624 269
Datum axis
(Established from
datum feature) i- Surfaces constructed
around lhe datum axis
ì- Datum feature I
diameters having sufficient axial separation, or a di- around a datum axis, total runout is used to control
ameter and a face at right angles to it. Features used cumulative variations of circularity, straightness, co-
|| |
| | |
as datums for establishing axes should be functional, axiality, angularity, taper, and profile of a surface.
such as mounting features that establish an axis of Where applied to surfaces at right angles to a datum
||
| ||||
This may also include the datum features as a part Where a runout tolerance applies to a specific portion
of the runout tolerance control where so designated. of a surface, a thick chain line is drawn adjacent to
---
The tolerance specified for a controlled surface is the the surface profile on one side of the datum axis for
total tolerance or full indicator movement (FIM). the desired length. Basic dimensions are used to de-
fine the extent of the portion so indicated. See Fig.
6.7.1.2 Types of Runout Control. There are
6-47.
two types of runout control, circular runout and total
runout. The type used is dependent upon design re- 6.7.1.3 Application. The following methods
quirements and manufacturing considerations. Circu- are used to specify a runout tolerance.
lar runout is normally a less complex requirement
6.7.1.3.1 Control of Diameters to Datum
than total runout. The following paragraphs describe
Axis. Where features to be controlled are diameters
both types of runout.
related to a datum axis, one or two of the diameters
6.7.1.2.1 Control of Circular Elements. are specified as datums to establish the datum axis,
Circular runout provides control of circular elements and each related surface is assigned a runout toler-
of a surface. The tolerance is applied independently ance with respect to this datum axis. Figures 6-47 and
at each circular measuring position as the part is 6-48 illustrate the fundamental principle of relating
rotated 360". See Fig. 6-47. Where applied to sur- features in a runout tolerance to a datum axis as
faces constructed around a datum axis, circular run- established from a single datum diameter (cylinder)
189
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ASME Y l 1 4 - 5 M 9 4 = 0759670 0549625 L T 5
n’ i
F
IL 6.7.1.3.1
-
MEANS THIS
6.7.1.2.3
6.7.1.2.1
MEANS THIS Single circular
K elements
O.O2FlM-@ f 11
r D a t u m axis A
-@ TI=+--tC-
Applies t o portion 0.02 wide tolerance
of surface indicated 4 1 7 -4 7 L
surface
(@0.02 FIM
At any measuring position, each circular element of
these surfaces must be within the specified runout The entire surface must lie with the specified runout
tolerance (0.02 full indicator movement) when the tolerance zone (0.02 full indicator movement) when
part is rotated 360’ about the datum axis with the the part is rotated 360’ about the datum axis with
indicator fixed in a position normal to the true the indicator placed at every location along the
geometric shape. The feature must be within the surface in a position normal t o the true geometric
specified limits of size. shape without reset of the indicator. The feature
(This controls only the circular elements of the must be within the specified limits of size.
surfaces, not the total surfaces.)
190
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0759670 0549626 031
Af 10.02 C-D I I
of sufficient length. Figure 6-47 incorporates the relationship to each other rather than to a common
principle of circular runout tolerancing and illustrates datum axis are indicated by appropriate datum refer-
the control of circular elements of a surface. Figure ences within the feature control frame. See Fig. 6-
6-48 incorporates the principle of total runout toler- 5 1. In this example, the runout tolerance of the hole
ancing and illustrates the control of an entire surface. is related to datum E rather than the axis C-D.
6.7.1.3.2 Two Datum Diameters. Figure 6.7.1.4 Surface Relationship. Where two sur-
6-49 illustrates application of runout tolerances faces are related to a common datum by runout toler-
where two datum diameters collectively establish a ances, the permissible runout between the two sur-
single datum axis to which the features are related. faces is equal to the sum of their individual runout
tolerances with respect to the datum.
6.7.1.3.3 Diameter and Face Datums.
Where features to be controlled are related to a diam- 6.7.1.5 Specification. Multiple leaders may be
eter and a face at right angles to it, each related used to direct a feature control frame to two or more
surface is assigned a runout tolerance with respect surfaces having a common runout tolerance. Surfaces
to these two datums. The datums are specified sepa- may be specified individually or in groups without
rately to indicate datum precedence. See Fig. 6-50. affecting the runout tolerance. See Fig. 6-51.
This figure incorporates the principles of both meth-
ods of specifying runout tolerances.
6.8 FREE STATE VARIATION
6.7.1.3.4 Control of Individual Datum
Surfaces. It may be necessary to control individual Free siate variation is a term used to describe
datum surface variations with respect to flatness, cir- distortion of a part after removal of forces applied
cularity, parallelism, straightness, or cylindricity. during manufacture. This distortion is principally due
Where such control is required, the appropriate toler- to weight and flexibility of the part and the release
ance is specified. See Figs. 6-51 and 6-52 for exam- of internal stresses resulting from fabrication. A part
ples applying cylindricity and flatness to the datums. of this kind, for example, a part with a very thin
wall in proportion to its diameter, is referred to as a
6.7.1.3.5 Control of Runout to a Datum
nonrigid part. In some cases, it may be required that
Feature(s). Where datum features are required by
the part meet its tolerance requirements while in the
function to be included in the runout control, runout
free state. See Fig. 6-53. In others, it may be neces-
tolerances must be specified for these features. See
sary to simulate the mating part interface in order to
Figs. 6-51 and 6-52.
verify individual or related feature tolerances. This
6.7.1.3.6 Relationship of Features Based is done by restraining the appropriate features, such
on Datum Sequence. Features having a specific as the datum features in Fig. 6-54. The restraining
191
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
f 10.02 I C l D I
||
| ||||
|||| | || | || |||
|||||||
---
4f I
10.08 C I D ]
16.7.1.3.3
MEANS THIS
Datum plane C
Datum axis D
-c-
Rotate
Part
i' ' 0.05 wide tolerance
zone along surface
e-ff
-Part
Rotate
0.08 wide tolerance
zone at each circular
element
&-c-
0.04 wide tolerance
0.02 wide tolerance zone zone along surface
at each circular element
part
Rotate
-NE3@
Rotate
192
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0759b70 0549628 904
I I
6.7.1.5
6.7.1.3.6
6.7.1.3.5
6.7.1.3.4
FIG. 6-51 SPECIFYING RUNOUT RELATIVE TO TWO DATUM DIAMETERS WITH FORM
CONTROL SPECIFIED
193
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 m 0759670 0549b29 840 m
6.7.1.3.5
6.7.1.3.4
MEANS THIS
Secondary datum
. T T v
cylinder D perpendicular
to datum plane C
0.05 Max.
Flat within
0.02 total 7
t
vgoO
I
Primary datum
FIG. 6-52 SPECIFYING RUNOUT RELATIVE TO A DATUM SURFACE AND DIAMETER WITH
FORM CONTROL SPECIFIED
194
-- || | | | | || | |||| |||| | || | || ||| ||||||| ---
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ASME Y l 4 - 5 M 94 = 0757670 0549630 5 6 2 =
10 circularity
tolerance tone- ,
Ø1190 Ø1185
Ø1210 J Ø1205
Note: Both extremes are shown but cannot occur in the same cross section.
@ AVG
L
NOTE 1 THIS TOLERANCE APPLIES WHEN DATUM FEATURE A IS MOUNTED AGAINST A FIAT
SURFACE USING 64-M6X1 BOLTS TORQUED TO 9-15 Nem WHILE RESTRAINING DATUM
-
6.8.2
FEATURE B TO THE SPECIFIED SIZE LIMIT 6.8.1
6.8
195
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A S I E Y L Y - S M 74 W O757670 0547633 4 T 7
forces are those that would be exerted in the assem- specify the maximum force necessary to restrain each
bly or functioning of the part. However, if the dimen- of them. Determine the amount of the restraining or
sions and tolerances are met in the free state, it is holding forces and other requirements necessary to
usually not necessary to restrain the part unless the simulate expected assembly conditions. Specify on
effect of subsequent restraining forces on the con- the drawing that if restrained to this condition, the
cerned features could cause other features of the part remainder of the part or certain features thereof shall
to exceed specified limits. Free state variation of be within stated tolerances. See Fig. 6-54.
nonrigid parts may be controlled as described in the
6.8.3 Average Diameter. Where form control,
following paragraphs.
such as circularity, is specified in a free state for a
6.8.1 Specifying Geometric Tolerances on circular or cylindrical feature, the pertinent diameter
Features Subject to Free State Variation. is qualified with the abbreviation AVG. See Fig. 6-
Where an individual form or location tolerance is 53. Specifying circularity on the basis of an average
applied to a feature in the free state, specify the maxi- diameter on a nonrigid part is necessary to ensure
mum allowable free state variation with an appro- that the actual diameter of the feature can be re-
priate feature control frame. See Fig. 6-53. The free strained to the desired shape at assembly. An average
state symbol may be placed within the feature control diameter is the average of several diametral measure-
frame, following the tolerance and any modifiers, to ments across a circular or cylindrical feature. Nor-
clarify a free state requirement on a drawing con- mally, enough (at least four) measurements are taken
taining restrained feature notes, or to separate a free to assure the establishment of an average diameter.
state requirement from associated features having re- If practicable, an average diameter may be deter-
strained requirements. See Figs. 3-18 and 6-54. mined by a peripheral tape measurement. Note that
the free state circularity tolerance is greater than the
6.8.2 Specifying Geometric Tolerances on size tolerance on the diameter. Figures 6-53(a) and
Features to Be Restrained. Where orientation, (b), simplified by showing only two measurements,
runout, or location tolerances are to be verified with give the permissible diameters in the free state for
the part in a restrained condition, select and identify two extreme conditions of maximum average diame-
the features (pilot diameter, bosses, flanges, etc.) to ter and minimum average diameter, respectively. The
be used as datum surfaces. Since these surfaces may same method applies when the average diameter is
be subject to free state variation, it is necessary to anywhere between maximum and minimum limits.
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196
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APPENDIX A
| | |
||
The purpose of this Appendix is to provide users Unified Inch Screw Threads
a list of the principal changes and improvements in ANSI B4.4M- 1981, Inspection of Workpieces
this revision of the Standard as compared to the pre- ANSI B5.10-1981, Machine Tapers - Self
vious issue. The changes are summarized for each Holding and Steep Taper Series
section or appendix in the form of additions, clarifi- ANSI B92.1-1970, Involute Splines and Inspec-
cations, extensions of principles, or resolution of tion, Inch Version
differences. ANSI B92.2M-1980, Metric Module, Involute
Splines
ASME Y1.l-1989, Abbreviations - For Use
on Drawings and in Text
A2 FIGURES ASME Y 14.3M-1994,Multiview and Sectional
0 Figures have been revised to add a paragraph View Drawings
number(s) in the lower right corner. This notation ASME Y 14.5.1M-1994, Mathematical Defini-
is provided to assist users in locating the principal tion of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles
paragraph(s) that refers to the illustration. ANSI Y14.6aM-1981, Screw Thread Represen-
tation (Metric Supplement)
All figures have been revised, where applicable, ANSI Y 14.7.1- 1971, Gear Drawing
to show the universal International Organization Standards - Part 1: For Spur, Helical, Double
for Standardization (ISO) datum feature symbol Helical, and Rack
being introduced in this issue of the Standard. ANSI Y14.7.2-1978, Gear and Spline Drawing
All figures have been revised, where applicable, Standards - Part 2: Bevel and Hypoid Gears
to remove the RFS symbol, which is no longer ASME Y 14.8M-1989, Castings and Forgings
necessary. ANSI/IEEE 268-1992. Metric Practice
0 Definitions and terms have been enhanced by
expansion, addition, clarification, and reorga-
nization.
A3 SECTION 1, SCOPE, DEFINITIONS, AND
GENERAL DIMENSIONING 0 New or revised terms and definitions:
boundary, inner
Added clarification that the definitions, funda- boundary, outer
mental rules, and practices for general dimen- datum feature simulator
sioning that are established in Section 1 apply to datum, simulated
coordinate as well as geometric dimensioning dimension
methods. envelope, actual mating
Revised the designation from ANSI to ASME to feature
reflect The American Society of Mechanical Engi- feature, axis of
neers as the preparing organization. References feature, center plane of
to the Standard shall now state ASME Y14.5M- feature, derived median plane of
1994. feature, derived median line of
197
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0759670 0 5 4 9 b 3 3 2 7 1
Explanation and use of leader lines is expanded The number of decimal places to be used with
and clarified. angle dimensions is presented.
Dimensions “not to scale” coverage is expanded Changes under “limits of size” Rule #1:
to accommodate differing methods of drawing Variations in size, referred to as “the actual size
preparation from manual to computer graphics of an individual feature” are now referred to as
systems for product definition. “the actual local size of an individual feature” at
each cross section.
Explanation of round holes and application of a In numerous places where the term size was
depth dimension is expanded and clarified in text used in the previous Standard, the terms actual
and illustrations. local size, actual mating size, and actual mating
0 Explanation of counterbored holes is expanded envelope are substituted as appropriate for design
and clarified in text and illustrations. intent and the expansion in distinguishing between
the different uses of the term size.
For methods of specifying requirements peculiar
Regarding applicability of RFS and MMC in con-
to castings and forgings, a reference to ASME
Y14.8M is added. trolling straightness of an axis or center plane, the
tolerance zone must contain the “derived median
To replace words on the drawing, symbology, as line” or the “derived median plane” rather than
198
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 m 0757670 0549634 LO8 m
the “derived axis”, “center line”, or “derived cen- symbol formerly used to speciSl a tangent radius
ter plane” of the previous Standard. without flats and reversals. The existing “radius”
Changes under Rules #2 and #3: symbol is retained, but its meaning now permits
flats and reversals in the surface contour.
Former Rules #2 and #3 regarding applicability
of RFS, MMC, or LMC are replaced by a new A standard method is added for identifying toler-
Rule #2 that states that for all applicable geometric ances that apply using a statistical basis. The “sta-
tolerances, “regardless of feature size” (WS) ap- tistical tolerance” symbol is introduced.
plies with respect to the individual tolerance, da-
tum reference, or both, where no modifying sym-
bol is specified.
A5 SECTION 3, SYMBOLOGY
Maximum material condition (MMC) or least
material condition (LMC) must be specified on The universal (ISO) datum feature symbol is
the drawing where it is required. adopted and replaces the previous one. Construc-
tion and application of the datum feature symbol
0 Since the “regardless of feature size” condition is
and its use when establishing datums are added.
implied on all applicable geometric tolerancing for The datum feature symbol is applied to the con-
features of size, the RFS symbol is no longer nec-
cerned feature surface outline, extension line, di-
essary. This harmonizes U.S. practices with uni-
mension line, feature control frame, dimension
versal international (ISO) practices.
leader line, etc., in keeping with the principles
As an alternative interim practice (Rule 2a),
established and the options provided.
RFS may be specified on the drawing as in the
previous Standard. 0 Explanation is added for placement of a datum
The “symmetry” characteristic is reactivated and target area size outside the datum target symbol
when there is insufficient space within the sym-
may be applied only on an RFS basis. Likewise,
bol’s upper compartment.
circular runout. total runout. and concentrícitv are
reaffirmed as applicable only at RFS and cknot 0 Use of the material condition symbol for RFS is
be modified to MMC or LMC. no longer necessary. The “regardless of feature
Application and explanation of zero tolerance at size” condition applies where the symbols for
MMC or LMC are not stated on size features.
least material condition íLMC) are added.
New symbols introduced and explained:
Virtual condition explanation is expanded and de-
controlled radius
scribed as a constant value and as it relates to statistical tolerance
resultant condition as a worst case value. Inner
between
boundary and outer boundary terms are also intro-
free state
duced as an associated method of identifying ex-
tangent plane
treme limits of the concerned feature tolerances.
The “symmetry” characteristic and symbol are re-
0 Resultant condition is introduced and explained as
activated from earlier standards.
a worst case inner locus or outer locus condition.
The “all around” symbol explanation is added to
Added figures to explain virtual condition bound- the text. ---
from the material condition specified at MMC or The “projected tolerance zone” symbol is now
LMC. placed in the feature control frame, following the
|||| | || | || |||
at MMC or LMC where a virtual condition equal following the “projected tolerance zone” symbol.
to the maximum material condition is desired.
||
| | |
The definition of radius is added. 0 The introductory paragraphs have been reorga-
A new “controlled radius” symbol replaces the nized and rewritten to expand and clarify the prin-
199
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ciples of identifying features of a part as datum two or more features, or patterns of features, are
features. related to common datums in the same order of
e All illustrations have been revised to show the precedence, is expanded and illustrated. Clarified
that this principle does not apply to the lower seg-
universal I S 0 datum feature symbol and remove
ments of composite feature control frames unless
the RFS material condition symbol.
specific notation is added.
e Immobilization of the part relative to three mutu-
Where datum targets or equalizing datums are
ally perpendicular planes in the datum reference
used on more complex parts and the datum feature
frame is discussed and application relative to the
symbol cannot be conveniently tied to a specific
“true geometric counterpart” is expanded.
feature, the datum feature symbol is not required.
e A true geometric counterpart of a feature is fur- The datum reference frame will be established by
ther explained and examples are provided. the collective points, lines, areas, or portions of
the surfaces involved.
e Subparagraph titles have been added for clarity
and organization of subject matter. On equalizing datums, it is permissible to use the
datum feature symbol to identify the equalized
e A mathematically defined surface, such as a com-
theoretical center planes of the datum reference
pound curve or contoured surface, can be used
frame established. This is an exception and should
as a datum feature relative to a datum reference
be done only when necessary and in conjunction
frame.
with datum targets.
e The use of “parts with inclined datum features” is
For irregular or step datum surfaces, the datum
introduced and explained in establishing a datum
plane should contain at least one of the datum
reference frame.
targets.
e More explicit terms are provided to describe and
In expansion of the datum nomenclature, all ap-
explain the datum of a cylindrical feature. The
propriate figures were expanded or revised to in-
datum of a cylindrical surface is the axis of the
clude explanation of the relationships between the
true geometric counterpart of the datum feature
datum feature; simulated datum feature; simulated
(for example, the actual mating size or the virtual
datum plane, axis, or center plane; datum feature
condition boundary).
simulator; true geometric counterpart; and datum
e Paragraphs describing and explaining datum fea- plane, axis, or center plane.
tures “not subject to size variations” and datum
Numerous figures were expanded to provide more
features “subject to size variation” are reorga-
information.
nized, explained, and clarified.
New figures were added for “Inclined Datum Fea-
e The role of the “simulated datum” is clarified.
tures”, “Orientation of Two Datum Planes
The term actual muting envelope is inserted where
Through a Hole”, “Secondary and Tertiary Datum
appropriate.
Features at LMC”, “Hole Pattern Identified as Da-
e Text on primary, secondary, and tertiary datums tum”, “Simultaneous Position and Profile Toler-
for diameter or width features, and under RFS, ances”, “Datum Targets Used to Establish Datum
MMC, or LMC conditions, is expanded and ex- Reference Frame for Complex Part”, and “Two
plained using the terms simulated datum, actual Datum Features, Single Datum Axis.”
mating envelope, true geometric counterpart, vir-
tual condition, and least muterial condition.
A7 SECTION 5, TOLERANCES OF LOCATION
e Expansion of an explanation for the establishment
of a single datum plane from two or more coplanar Subparagraph headings are added to identify sub-
features is included. ject matter more clearly.
e An explanation of the use of a pattern of features The universal I S 0 datum feature symbol is in-
as a single datum reference is expanded and serted in all illustrations replacing the previous
illustrated. datum feature symbol.
e The “simultaneous requirements” principle, where The terms actual mating size and actual mating
200
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 I 0757670 0 5 4 9 6 3 6 T ö O
envelope are substituted for actual size wherever applicable and in the same order of precedence
appropriate throughout the section. as the PLTZF, to govern the orientation of the
FRTZF.
0 A note is added to acknowledge that the axis and
surface explanations for positional tolerance at If different datum references, different datum mod-
MMC do not always yield equivalent results. In ifiers, or the same datums in a different order of
such cases, the surface interpretation shall take precedence are contemplated as upper and lower
precedence. segments of a composite feature control frame, this
constitutes a different datum reference frame and
The explanation of “multiple patterns of features
is not to be specified using the composite tolerance
located by basic dimensions relative to common
method. In such cases, separately specified single-
datums” is expanded and explained.
segment feature control frames are used, each in-
The differences in meaning between “common da- cluding applicable datums. Each single segment is
tum features not subject to size tolerances or size an independent separate requirement.
features specified on an RFS basis” and “patterns Explanation of the use of two single-segment fea-
of features specified on an MMC basis” is ture control frames is expanded to denote (or spec-
explained. ify) design requirements for independent basic-
0 A number of new illustrations are added to expand dimension-related verifications.
the explanation of composite positional “Radial hole pattern located by composite toler-
tolerancing. ancing” illustrations are shown using a more com-
0 The composite positional tolerancing text is re- mon application where the primary datum is a
vised, expanded, and rewritten. plane feature rather than a size feature.
The relationship of the Pattern-Locating Toler- Text and illustrations are added where the com-
ance Zone Framework (PLTZF) and the Feature- posite tolerancing principle is extended to addition
Relating Tolerance Zone Framework (FRTZF) is of a secondary datum in the lower segment of the
expanded and explained in new text and numerous feature control frame.
illustrations. Distinction is made between use of composite po-
---
The PLTZF is located by basic dimensions from sitional tolerancing with primary and secondary
|||||||
specified datums and the datum reference frame. datums in the lower segment in an “orientation
|||| | || | || |||
It specifies the larger positional tolerance for the only” requirement versus use of two single-seg-
location of the pattern of features as a group. ment feature control frames to depict separate in-
dependent design requirements.
| ||||
The FRTZF governs the smaller positional toler-
The use of the “projected tolerance zone” symbol
ance for each feature within the pattern (feature-
||
to-feature relationship). Basic dimensions that lo- within the feature control frame, following the ge-
| | |
cate the PLTZF from datums are not applicable ometrical tolerance and any material condition
|| |
to the FRTZF. symbol, is presented.
--
To invoke the boundary positional tolerancing
Where datum references are not specified in the
concept as a requirement on an elongated or irreg-
lower segment of a composite feature control
ular feature of size, the term BOUNDARY is
frame, the FRTZF is free to be located and ori-
placed beneath the feature control frame.
ented (shift andor tilt) within the boundaries es-
tablished and governed by the PLTZF. Clarification and expansion of “Positional Toler-
If datums are specified in the lower segment of ancing for Coaxial Holes of Same Size” and for
different size, using composite positional toleranc-
the composite feature control frame, they govern
ing are provided.
the orientation only of the FRTZF to the specified
datums and relative to the PLTZF. 0 The definition of concentriciq is revised and
refined.
Where datum references are specified in the lower
segment of the composite feature control frame, A distinction is made between runout (RFS) as a
one or more of the datums specified in the upper control for elements of a surface of revolution;
segment of the composite frame are repeated, as positional tolerance, either MMC or RFS, to de-
20 l
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ASME Y l 1 4 - 5 M 7 4 0757670 0547637 717 =
termine the axis of the actual mating envelope; The requirements imposed by circularity toleranc-
and concentricity, requiring the establishment and ing are relaxed and applicability broadened.
verification of the feature’s median points and me- Explanation and illustration are added for combin-
dian line. Illustrations were either revised or added
ing profile tolerancing with positional tolerancing
to explain these principles.
to control the boundary of a noncylindrical fea-
The “symmetry” characteristic and symbol are re- ture. To invoke this control, the term BOUND-
activated from previous standards. ARY is placed beneath the positional tolerance
feature control frame.
A distinction is made between positional toler-
ance for symmetrical relationships, either MMC Composite profile tolerance explanation, applica-
or RFS, to determine the center plane of the actual tion, methodology, and illustrations are added.
mating envelope; and symmetry, requiring estab-
The “tangent plane” concept and symbol are intro-
lishment and verification of the feature’s median
duced, explained, and illustrated.
points. Illustrations were either revised or added
to explain these principles. Angularity tolerance using a cylindrical tolerance
zone is added.
The “spherical diameter” symbol is introduced as
used in the feature control frame to indicate a Angularity tolerance using a tolerance zone de-
spherical diameter tolerance zone. fined by two parallel lines is added.
Parallelism tolerance zone coverage is expanded
to include a center plane relative to the datum
plane.
A8 SECTION 6, TOLERANCES OF FORM, On specifying straightness at RFS or MMC, the
PROFILE, ORIENTATION, AND RUNOUT
---
term derived median line o f the feature actual lo-
|||||||
Subparagraphs are given titles for clarity and or- cal sizes replaces derived &is o; center line of the
|||| | || | || |||
ganization of subject matter. actual feature.
The universal I S 0 datum feature symbol is in- An example is added for profile bilateral tolerance
serted to replace all former datum feature symbols with unequal distribution.
| ||||
in illustrations. The “between” symbol is illustrated.
||
| | |
The option is added, where appropriate, to use An example is added for “profile of a surface for
profile tolerancing for location of features.
|| |
coplanar surfaces to a datum established by two
Coverage is added to emphasize the necessity to surfaces.”
--
identify datum features on a part from which di- “Composite profile tolerancing of an irregular sur-
mensions controlling orientation, runout, and face” and “composite profile of a surface” exam-
where necessary, profile are related. ples are added.
The term derived median line replaces axis in the The state,, symbol is introduced and ex-
definition of a straightness tolerance. plained. It is to be used instead of the previous
A straightness tolerance on a feature of size, nor- equivalent note.
mally permitting a violation of the MMC bound-
ary, is not allowed when used in conjunction with
an orientation or position tolerance. In such a case, A9 APPENDIX A, PRINCIPAL CHANGES AND
the specified Straightness tolerance value shall not IMPROVEMENTS
be greater than the specified orientation or posi- A new Appendix A is added to provide a list of
tion tolerance values. changes, additions, extensions of Principles, and
The term actual local size is inserted where resolutions of differences found in this revision
appropriate. compared to the previous issue, ANSI Y14.5M-
1982.
Where function requires straight line elements to
be related to a datum feature, profile of a line, In the 1982 issue, Appendix A was titled “Dimen-
related to datums, should be specified. sioning for Computer-Aided Design and Com-
202
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A S I E YL4.5M 94 = 0759670 0549638 853 D
puter-Aided Manufacturing Mode.” It provided The universal IS0 datum feature symbol replaces
guidelines applicable to the newly evolving CAD/ the former one. The “symmetry” symbol is rein-
CAM mode of preparing engineering drawings. stated and the “regardless of feature size” (RFS)
Now, with interactive computer graphics systems symbol is removed.
more fully matured, national and international ac-
New symbols introduced:
ceptance has been achieved. Correspondingly, this
tangent plane
has resulted in recognition that the ASME Y14
free state
series standards are the appropriate source for pro-
controlled radius
viding the definition of products, regardless of
between
whether a computer or noncomputer (manual)
statistical tolerance
method is used. Thus, special CAD/CAM expla-
nation is reduced to very basic coverage within 0 Symbols added under the IS0 column in the Com-
the body of the Standard. parison of Symbols chart:
all around (proposed)
least material condition
A10 APPENDIX B, FORMULAS FOR tangent plane (proposed)
POSITIONAL TOLERANCING free state
Additional formula symbols are added: dimension origin
D = minimum depth of thread or minimum thick- arc length
ness of part with restrained or fixed fastener spherical radius
P = maximum thickness of part with clearance spherical diameter
hole, or maximum projection of fastener,
such as a stud
In the fixed fastener case, clarification is made
that “the same positional tolerance in each of the
parts to be assembled” applies when the formulas A12 APPENDIX D, FORMER PRACTICES
under para. B4 are used. Also clarified is the point Information on significant former practices once
that the total positional tolerances of both holes featured in the 1982 issue of this Standard is pro-
( 2 0 can be separated into Ti and T2 in any appro- vided along with related illustrations.
priate manner such that 2T = T , + T2.
New coverage and formulas replace and are added
giving “provision for out-of-squareness when pro-
jected tolerance zone is not used” on features such
as threaded holes or dowel holes. A13 APPENDIX E, DECISION DIAGRAMS
FOR GEOMETRIC CONTROL
A new appendix is added to assist in the selection
A l l APPENDIX C, FORM, PROPORTION,
AND COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS of proper geometric tolerancing controls and ap-
plication. The diagram display will aid in the un-
0 The explanatory text is reworded and condensed derstanding of the coordinated flow of the geomet-
for clarity. ric dimensioning and tolerancing system.
203
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 0757670 0 5 4 9 6 3 9 77T
APPENDIX B
FORMULAS FOR POSITIONAL TOLERANCING
B i GENERAL H=F+T
or
The purpose of this Appendix is to present formu-
T=H-F
las for determining the required positional tolerances
or the required sizes of mating features to ensure that
EXAMPLE: Given that the fasteners in Fig. B-1
parts will assemble. The formulas are valid for all
are 3.5 diameter maximum and the clearance holes
types of features or patterns of features and will give
are 3.94 diameter minimum, find the required posi-
a “no interference, no clearance” fit when features
tional tolerance:
are at maximum material condition with their loca-
tions in the extreme of positional tolerance. Consid- T = 3.94 - 3.5
eration must be given for additional geometric condi-
tions that could affect functions not accounted for in
--
individually.
|||| | || | || |||
H = F + 2 T
B3 FLOATING FASTENER CASE
Where two or more parts are assembled with fas- Or
teners, such as bolts and nuts, and all parts have
clearance holes for the bolts, it is termed the floating H - F
T=-
fastener case. See Fig. B-l. Where the fasteners are 2
of the same diameter, and it is desired to use the
same clearance hole diameters and the same posi- Note that the allowable positional tolerance for each
tional tolerances for the parts to be assembled, the part is one-half that for the comparable floating fas-
following formula applies: tener case.
205
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 = 0759670 05Li9640 901 D
I
FIG, B-2 FIXED FASTENERS
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ASME Y L 4 - C M 9 4 E 0759b70 0 5 4 9 b 4 L 3 4 8 W
B6 COAXIAL FEATURES
H120+0.05
The formula previously given for the floating fas-
tener case also applies to mating parts having two
Part No. 1
O 1
coaxial features where one of these features is a da-
tum for the other. See Fig. B-3. Where it is desired
to divide the available tolerance unequally between
the parts, the following formula is useful:
H, + H2 = F, + F2 + Ti+ T2
T, + T2 = (Hl + H 2 ) - ( F I + F2)
= (20 + 10) - (19.95 + 9.95)
designation).
| ||||
as follows:
Fundamental Deviation d = -0.065
|||||||
207
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H2 = 10 + O = 10
= 0.105
T, = 0.06
T2 = 0.04
--
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| | |
||
| ||||
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---
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 74 0757b70 0547643 110
APPENDIX C
FORM, PROPORTION, AND COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS
= Letter iieigiit
| | |
dard for use on engineering drawings. The symbols Figure C-3 provides a comparison of the symbols
are grouped to illustrate similarities in the elements adopted by this Standard with those contained in in-
of their construction. In both figures, symbol propor- ternational standards such as I S 0 1101, 129, and
|||||||
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0759670 0549641) 057
ANY DESIRED
LENGTH
thf
r FRAME HEIGHT
DATUM FEATURE DATUM TARGET TARGET POINT
I I I
L I I
I
y, STRAIGHTNESS
ALL AROUND
rq Gh$2hc
PARALLELISM
+.;:q
PROFILE SURFACE
FLATNESS
PROFILE LINE
CYLINDRICITY
-
SYMMETRY
70.5h
DIAMETER
- POSITION
BETWEEN
f
0.6h
~
210
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 7 4 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0 5 4 7 6 4 5 T93 =
r2hld orv
i
I I
t
" V h
t tOVf
COUNTERBORE COUNTERSINK DEPTH
OR SPOTFACE (OR DEEP)
"'
1
a-
DIMENSION
ORIGIN
L
2h e-O h
lhL
CONICAL TAPER SQUARE
t
(SHAPE)
r 1 . 5 h H I
Z()
L
REFERENCE ARC LENGTH SLOPE STATISTICAL
TOLERANCE
r h = LETTER HEIGHT
I R SR SØ CR X
RADIUS SPHERICAL SPHERICAL CONTROLLED PLACES
RADIUS DIAMETER RADIUS OR BY
21 1
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 I07.59670 0549646 9 2 T
ANGULARITY L
L I
PERPENDICULARITY I_ I_
PARALLELISM // //
I POSITION
I
43 I
I
43 I
CONCENTRICITY
(concentricity and coaxiality in ISO)
I SYMMETRY
CIRCULAR RUNOUT 7 f
TOTAL RUNOUT %r fl
AT MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION @ 63
AT LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION o o
REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE NONE NONE
FREE STATE o o
DIAMETER Ø Ø
BASIC DIMENSION
(theoretically exact dimension in ISO) 1501 1501
REFERENCE DIMENSION
(auxiliary dimension in ISO) (50) (50)
DATUM FEATURE
e & or
212
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 74 0757670 0547647 8 b b
DIMENSION ORIGIN 4- 4-
CONICAL TAPER i3- -E=-
SLOPE A A
COUNTERBORE/SPOTFACE U u (proposed)
SQUARE O O
DIMENSION NOT TO SCALE -
15 -
15
NUMBER OF PLACES 8X 8X
n n
ARC LENGTH 105 105
RADIUS R R
SPHERICAL RADIUS SR SR
SPHERICAL DIAMETER SØ SØ
STATISTICAL TOLERANCE
I
o- NONE
DATUM TARGET
TARGET POINT
X X 1
FIG. C-3 COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS (CONT'D)
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
213
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ASME Y14.5M 9 4 W 0759670 0549648 7 T 2 m
APPENDIX D
FORMER PRACTICES
215
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 0759670 0549649 639
Former datum
feature symbol
---
|||||||
FIG. D-3 FORMER DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
--
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 74 0759670 0549650 350
6X M20X2-6H
35 MIN
217
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 O759670 0547651 297
APPENDIX E
DECISION DIAGRAMS FOR GEOMETRIC CONTROL
E6 USE OF MODIFIERS
user decisions, such as what needs to be controlled
| | |
(center plane, axis, or surface), functional tolerance Modifiers are an integral part of geometric con-
||
to be met, applicable modifiers, and necessary datum trols, but are only applicable when utilizing features
| ||||
appropriate.
the appropriate section within ASME Y 14.5M-1994
that contains specific information concerning that
control.
E7 DATUMS
Like modifiers, datums do not apply to all geomet-
E4 GEOMETRIC CONTROLS
ric characteristics. Datums do not apply to form con-
The box titled “Consider Limits of Size” serves as trols. If datums do not apply, they are not addressed
219
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0759670 0549652 II23
Design
Requirements
Datums
(Para. 4.5)
For Individual
Features Features or Related
Features
I I
Use
Form Controls
-Straightness
?- Profile
-Line
-Flatness -Surface
-Circularity
-Cylindricity
See Fig. E-2
c
II Location
-Position
-Concentricity
-Symmetry
r Orientation
-Perpendicularity
-Angularity
-Parallelism
See Fig. E-4
Ø l
1
Runout
-Circular
-Total
See Fig. E-5
1
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| | |
||
| ||||
220
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759670 0 5 4 9 6 5 3 ObT
Consider
Limits of Size
(Para. 2.7)
Straightness Circularity
I
I Cylindricity 1
(Para. 6.4.4) I
---
|||||||
Elements Center plane
|||| | || | || |||
Consider
| ||||
Material Conditions
||
| | |
|| |
I 1
--
(Para. 2.8.1) (Para. 2.8.2)
Specify 0
22 1
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ASME YL4=5M 94 H 0759670 0549654 T T 6 H
-
Concentricity c- Symmetry
-
-
- (Para. 5.14)
+
Cylindrical Threaded Feature
Feature (Para. 2.9)
-
Projected
C Tolerance zone? a
(Para. 5.5)
.c
ml Tolerance
Individual
Material Conditions
---
(Para. 5.3.4) (Para. 5.3.2) (Para. 5.3.5)
Implied Condition Specify @ Specify 0
|||||||
1
4-
|||| | || | || |||
Datums *
(Para. 4.1)
| ||||
||
| | |
|| |
--
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A S I E Y L 4 - 5 1 9 4 I0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549655 932 =
I Orientation I
.
Perpendicularity
E3
L (Para. 6.6.2)
Projected
--c Tolerance zone?
(Para. 5.5)
-
,
r Datum Selections
,-::F
i I
FIG. E-4 ORIENTATION
223
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I Runout I
fl (Para. 6.7)
it-'
for
Consider
Limits of Sire
(Para. 2.7)
E l k Circular +]
I (Para. 6.7.1.2.1) I I (Para. 6.7.1.2.2) J
Datum Selections
Fig. E-7
224
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ASME YL4.5M 9 4 = 0759670 0 5 4 9 6 5 7 705
.
Consider
Limits of Size
(Para. 2.7)
t
r+-l n----l
+ Profile of a Line 0 Profile of a Surface
I I
Unilateral
1 Bilateral
Inside or Outside Equal or Unequal
I t
I Individual I
I Related
Datums
(Para. 6.5.4)
Datum Selections
Fig. E-7
225
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ASME YL4.5M 7 4 0 7 5 7 6 7 0 0 5 4 7 b 5 8 b4L
. Section 4
---
|||||||
|||| | || | || |||
| ||||
RFS MMC LMC
(Para. 4.5.3) (Para. 4.5.4) (Para. 4.5.5)
||
Implied Condition Specify 0 Specify 0
| | |
|| |
--
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 = O759670 0549659 588
--
|| |
| | |
||
| ||||
para. 2.8.
E7.2 Multiple Datums. Some applications re-
quire only a primary datum, while others may need
secondary and tertiary datums. When more than one
datum is needed, the diagrams loop back until the
datum reference framework is complete. See Fig.
E-7.
227
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A S I E Ylt4.51 9 4 E 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0547bb0 2 T T
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ASME Y 3 4 . 5 M 94 m 0759670 O549663 3 3 6
Radii ............ 1.8.2, 1.8.4, 1.8.6, 1.8.10, 1.8.18, 2.5, Straightness .............. .2.7.1, 4.5.4, 6.2, 6.4-6.4.1,
|| |
1.8.4
Slotted Holes ................................ 1.8.10 in Relation to Datum Features ..................6.6.1
Spotfaces ................................... 1.8.13 Parallelism...... 6.2, 6.5.5, 6.6-6.6.1, 6.6.3, 6.7.1, A8
|||||||
Surface Texture.......................... 1.2, 1.8.20 Perpendicularity ..... 2.7.3, 4.5.6, 5.4.1, 5.5-5.5.1, 5.9,
Symmetrical Outlines.......................... 1.8.8 5.9.2, 6.2, 6.6-6.6.1, 6.6.4, 6.7.1
---
Dimensions Not to Scale ......................... 1.7.9 Profile Tolerances.......... .6.5.1, 6.5.3, 6.5.6-6.5.8, A6
Extension lines ....... -1.7, 1.7.2, 1.7.5, 1.7.8, 1.8.2, 1.9.2 Runout ... 1.3.33, 2.1.1, 2.8, 5.11, 5.11.2, 6.1, 6.3.1, 6.5.5,
Leaders ............................... 1.7, 1.7.4, 6.7.1 6.7-6.7.1, 6.8.2, A3-A4, A7-A8, E2, E5
Limited Length ................................. 1.7.3 Formulas
Millimeter Dimensioning......................... 1.6.1 Coaxial Features .................................. B6
Overall Dimensions ............................. 1.7.7 Fixed Fasteners ................................... B4
Polar Coordinate Dimensioning ................... 1.9.4 Floating Fasteners................................. 133
Reading Direction ............................... 1.7.5 Limits and Fits ................................... B7
Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning ........1.9.1- 1.9.2 FRTZF ............................................ 5.4
Reference Dimensions ........................... 1.7.6 Full Indicator Movement ..................... 1.3.18, 6.7.1
Repetitive Features .............................. 1.9.5
Tabular Dimensioning ........................... 1.9.3
Use of X (By) .................................. 1.9.6
G
Gaging ....................... 1.1.6-1.2, 4.5.4, 4.6.2, A3
E Gears and involute Splines ........................ 1.8.21
Envelope. Actual Mating. ......................... 1.3.11
Equalizing ................................... 4.6.6, A6
H
F Holes
Feature Counterbored Holes ............................ 1.8.11
Extemal ...................................... 1.3.11 Counterdrilied Holes........................ 1.8.12, A3
Axis.......................................... 1.3.13 Countersunk Holes ............................. 1.8.12
Center Plane .................................. 1.3.14 Slotted Holes .................................. 1.8.10
Derived Median Line of ........................ 1.3.16 Spotfaces ..................................... 1.8.13
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549bb2 O72 I
I R
Interchangeability ............................. 5.3.2, 6.3
I S 0 .............................. .A2. A4-AS. Al 1. C3 Radius ............................................ 2.15
Regardless of Feature Size . . . 1.3.22, 2.8-2.8.1, 4.5.2-4.5.4,
4.5.6, 4.6.4-4.6.5, 5.3.1, 5.3.4-5.3.6, 5.1 1.1,
L 5.12.1, 5.13-5.13.1, 5.13.3-5.14, 6.4.1, A2.
Least Material Condition ........ 1.3.1-1.3.2, 1.3.19, 1.3.37, A4-A8. All. D3
2.7.1, 2.7.3-2.8, 2.8.2-2.8.5, 2.11, 2.11.3, 4.2, Restraining ................................... 6.8, 6.8.2
4.5.2, 4.5.5, 5.3.1, 5.3.4-5.3.5, 5.11.1, Resultant Condition ........................ 1.3.23, 2.1 1.2
5.13-5.13.2, A4-A6. D3 Runout ..... 1.3.33, 2.1.1, 2.8, 5.11, 5.11.2, 6.1, 6.3.1, 6.5.5,
Lettering ........................................... 1.2 6.7-6.7.1, 6.8.2, A3-A4. A7-A8. E2. E5
Limits and Fits ..................................... B6
Linear Units ....................... 1.1.1, 1.5-1.5.1, 1.5.3
Customary Linear Units .................... .1.5.2-1. 5.3
S
Screw Threads ...................... 1.2, 1.8.19, 4.5.9, A3
M Size
Mathematically Defied Surface.................... 4.5.10 Actual ........................................ 1.3.24
Maximum Material Condition .... 1.3.1-1.3.2, 1.3.20, 1.3.23, Actual Local .................................. 1.3.25
1.3.37, 2.7.1-2.8, 2.8.2-2.8.5, 2.11, 2.11.3, Actual Mating ................................. 1.3.26
4.2, 4.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.5.6, 4.5.8, 5.2, 5.3.1-5.3.6, Limits of ...................................... 1.3.27
5.4.1, 5.10.1, 5.11.1-5.11.2, 5.13-5.13.2, 6.4.1, Nominal., .................................... 1.3.28
6.5.5, 6.6.1, A4-A8. D3 Resultant Condition ............................ 1.3.29
Median .... 2.8, 2.8.2, 2.8.4, 5.12.1, 5.14, 6.4.1, 6.6.2-6.6.4, Virtual Condition .............................. 1.3.30
A3-A4. A7-AS Statistical Tolerance ................................ 2.16
Metric Linear Units ............................... 1.5.1 Straightness ............. 2.7.1, 4.5.4, 6.2, 6.4-6.4.1, 6.4.4,
Modifying Symbols ............................... 3.3.5 6.7.1, A4, A8
Symbols
Ail Around Symbol ............................ 3.3.18
N Arc Length Symbol ............................. 3.3.9
Basic Dimension Symbol......................... 3.3.4
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1.4, 1.3.9, 1.7, 1.7.5. 2.1.1, 2.4.1, 3.1, Between Symbol ............................... 3.3.11
3.3.5-3.3.6, 3.3.8, 5.7, 6.8.1 Counterbore or Spotface Symbol ................. 3.3.12
Countersink Symbol ........
Datum Feature Symbol ..... .............3.3.2, 3.4.6
P Datum Target Symbol ........................... 3.3.3
Parallelism ......... .2.7.3, 6.2, 6.5.5, 6.6, 6.6.1, 6.6.3, 6.7.1 Depth Symbol ................................. 3.3.14
Perpendicularity . . . . .2.7.3. 4.5.6, 5.4.1, 5.5-5.5.1, 5.9, 5.9.2, Diameter and Radius Symbols .................... 3.3.7
6.2, 6.6-6.6.1, 6.6.4, 6.7.1 Dimension Ongin Symbol....................... 3.3.16
PLTZF ............................................ 5.4 Free State Symbol.............................. 3.3.19
Plane Geometric Characteristic Symbols ................. 3.3.1
Center ........................................ 5.10.1 Material Condition Symbols ...................... 3.3.5
Tangent., ............................... .1.3.21. 6.6.1 Projected Tolerance Zone Symbol ................. 3.3.6
Point .......... .1.3.3. 1.3.6-1.3.7, 1.6.1-1.6.2, 1.7.2, 1.9.4, Reference Symbol............................... 3.3.8
2.3.1-2.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.11, 4.4.1, Square Symbol ................................ 3.3.15
4.6.1, 5.11.3, A10 Statistical Tolerancing Symbol ...................3.3.10
Positional Tolerancing Surface Texture Symbols.................... 1.2, 3.3.21
Formulas ........................... B3. B4. B6. B7 Symbol Construction .............................. 3.1
Profile., . . 1.3.9, 1.3.33, 1.4, 1.7.3, 2.1.1, 2.13, 4.5.10, 4.6.3, Symbols for Limits and Fits ..................... 3.3.22
6.2, 6.3.1, 6.4.1, 6.5-6.6.1, 6.7.1, A4. Tangent Plane Symbol .......................... 3.3.20
AS. E2. E5 Taper and Slope Symbols ....................... 3.3.17
Projected Tolerance Zone .......................... 3.4.6 Symmetrical Outlines .................. ... 1.8.8
23 1
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ASME Y14.5M 94 0759670 0549663 T O 9
Tolerancing. implied 90"Angle ................... 2.1.1 Simultaneous Requirement -RFS .............. 5.3.6
Use of Feature Control Frame ..................5.2.1
|| |
Tolerances of Location
| | |
Bidirectional Positionai Tolerancing of Features Zero Positional Tolerance at MMC ... 2.8.3, 5.3.3, 6.6.1
Zero Tolerance at LMC ........................
||
Runout Tolerance Control ..................... 5.1 1.2 Zero Positional Tolerancing at MMC for Symmetrical
Feature Pattern Location Relationships............................ 5.12.2
---
Composite Positional Tolerancing ............... 5.4.1 Projected Tolerance Zone ........................ 3.4.6
Feature-Relating Tolerance Zone Framework True Position ................................... 1.3.3
(FRTZF) ................. .5.4-5.4.1. 5.1 1.1, A7
Pattern-Locating Tolerance Zone Framework
(PLTZF) ................. .5.4-5.4.1. 5.1 1.1, A7
Noncircular Features At MMC ................... 5.10.1
Units ....... 1.1.2, 1.3.8, 1.5-1.5.3, 1.6.4, 1.7.1, 6.4.1-6.4.2
Positional Tolerancing .................2.1.1. 5.13.3, A7
Application to Base Line and
Chain Dimensioning ...................... 5.2.2 V
Basic Dimensions ....................... .5.2.1. 5.3.6 Vimial Condition ................... 1.3.36, 2.11.1, 2.11.3
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 0759b70 0549bb4 945 W
RELATED DOCUMENTS
Abbreviations ............................................................................................... Y1.1-1989
American National Standard Drafting Practices
Metric Drawing Sheet Size and Format ................................................................... Y14.1M-1992
Line Conventions and Lettering .......................................................................... Y14.2M-1992
Multiview and Sectional View Drawings .................................................................. Y 14.3M-1994
Pictorial Drawing ................................................................................ Y14.4M-l989(R1994)
Dimensioning and Tolerancing ........................................................................... Y 14.5M-1994
Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles ....................................... Y 14.5.1 M-1994
ScrewThreads .................................................................................... Y14.6-1978(R1993)
Screw Threads (Metric Supplement) .............................................................. Y14.6aM-1981(R1993)
Gears and Splines
Spur. Helical. and Racks ......................................................................... Y14.7.1-1971(R1993)
Bevel and Hypoid ............................................................................... Y14.7.2-1978(R1994)
Castings and Forgings .................................................................................. Y14.8M-1989
Springs ........................................................................................ Y14.13M-1981(R1987)
Electrical and Electronics Diagrams ................................................................ Y14.15-1966(R1988)
Interconnection Diagrams ............................................................................... Y14.15a-1971
Information Sheet ....................................................................................... Y14.15b-1973
Fluid Power Diagrams ............................................................................. Y14.17-1966(R1987)
Optical Parts ................................................................................... Y14.18M-l986(R1993)
Types and Applications of Engineering Drawings ......................................................... Y 14.24M-1989
Parts Lists. Data Lists. and Index Lists ................................................................... Y14.34M-1989
Revision of Engineering Drawings and Associated Documents ............................................ Y14.35M-1992
Surface Texture Symbols .......................................................................... Y14.36-1978(R1993)
Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data ........................................ Y14.26M-1987
A Structural Language Format for Basic Shape Description ..................................... Y14 Technical Report 4-1989
Illustrations for Publication and Projection ........................................................... Y15.1M-l979(R1986)
Time Series Charts ................................................................................. Y15.2M-l979(R1986)
Process Charts .................................................................................... Y15.3M-l979(RI986)
Graphic Symbols for:
Electrical and Electronics Diagrams ........................................................................ Y32.2-1975
Plumbing ......................................................................................... Y32.4-1977(R1987)
Use on Railroad Maps and Profiles .................................................................. Y32.7-1972(R1987)
Fluid Power Diagrams ............................................................................. Y32.10-1967(R1987)
Process Flow Diagrams in Petroleum and Chemical Industries ....................... ....... Y32.11-1961(R1985)
Mechanical and Acoustical Elements as Used in Schematic Diagrams ................................. Y32.18-1972(R1985)
Pipe Fittings. Valves. and Piping ................................................................... Y32.2.3-1949(R1988)
Heating. Ventilating. and Air Conditioning .......................................................... Y32.2.4-1949(R1984)
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Heat Power Apparatus ............................................................................ Y32.2.6-1950(R1984)
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Letter Symbols for:
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Glossary of Terms Concerning Letter Symbols ....................................................... Y10.1-1972(R1988)
Mechanics and Time-Related Phenomena ................................................................. Y10.3M-1984
Heat and Thermodynamics ......................................................................... Y10.4-1982(R1988)
Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering .............................................. Y10.5-1968
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Guide for Selecting Greek Letters Used as Letter Symbols for Engineering Mathematics ................ Y10.17-1961(R1988)
Illuminating Engineering ...........................................................................
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Y10.18-1967(R1987)
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catalog. or the latest information about our publications. call 7-800-THE-ASME (1.800.843.2763) .
COPYRIGHT 2002; American Society of Mechanical Engineers Document provided by IHS Licensee=Deere & Co/9999663100, User=, 08/27/2002
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ASME Y i I 4 . 5 M 74 07596’70 05q9bb5 841 M
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COPYRIGHT 2002; American Society of Mechanical Engineers Document provided by IHS Licensee=Deere & Co/9999663100, User=, 08/27/2002
06:43:36 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document
Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.