Kidney disease and its preventions

Project report submitted to Sri Ramakrishna Central School,

Coimbatore.

044 Biology

GRADE 11

Submitted by

NAME: DEVAKAVYA G

REG NO:04405

(Managed by SNR Sons Charitable trust)

Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, Affiliation No: 1931006

SNR Sons College Campus, Aavarampalayam,

Coimbatore – 641006

2021 – 2022
 DECLARATION

I Devakavya.G, first year higher secondary students in science, of Sri Ramakrishna

Central School, Coimbatore, hereby declare that the project report entitled
“Kidney disease and its preventions” Submitted to Sri Ramakrishna Central
School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of AISSCE
Certificate under the guidance of Mr. Nelson Nithaniel. V PGT Biology, Sri
Ramakrishna Central School, Coimbatore, during the period of 2021-22 is a
Bonafied work done by me.

Place: Coimbatore Name: DEVAKAVYA .G

Date: Signature:
 BONAFIED CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that t he project work entitled “Kidney disease and its
preventions” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement s for the award
of AISSCE certificate is a bonafied work submitted by Devakavya.G with Reg no.:
04405

Of class XI during the year 2021-22

Place: Coimbatore

Date: Project guide

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Principal Office Seal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank the almighty, without whose grace, my work would not have been
completed.

I express my sincere gratitude to our Principal Mrs. Pricilla Rani, Sri Ramakrishna
central School, Coimbatore for extending her support in completing this project.

I Would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. NELSON NITHANIEL .V PGT

Biology, Department of Biology for his valuable guidance and kind advice,
encouragement and creative suggestion at every stage of this project work,
Without his advice this project would have been incomplete.

I also extend my sincere thanks to all faculty members of the department for their
appropriate suggestions and sustained cooperation.

I acknowledge a deep sense of gratitude to my respondents, Librarians, Well

wishers and friends for their earnest support in all aspects.

Eventually, I express my heartfelt thanks to by beloved parents for their blessings

and continued support & encouragement in fulfilling this project.

Place: Coimbatore Name: DEVAKAVYA .G

Date: Signature:
 ABSTRACT

In this project it mainly aims about the kidney diseases and its prevention .this

project contains the detailed explanation about what is kidney disease, what are

the types of kidney diseases, what are the causes of kidney disease also it

contains the details of chronic kidney disease like what is mean by chronic

disease, what are the stages of chronic diseases, what are the symptoms, what

are the causes and what are the preventive measures that have to be taken .so

this entire project express about the kidney problems and its preventive

methods .also in this project I have attached many facts and tips related to this

topic. Even many ways of keeping our health tips has been given here. This main

focus to gives awareness to all about the kidney problems. Also we can come to

know about the various treatments we have to take for different types of kidney

diseases. And also what are the methods we should use to take these treatments.

Thus we can come to know about how this disease starts, what are the

symptoms, how it can be cured, its treatment and its preventive measures to be

taken before it affects.

INDEX:

 Introduction
 What is kidney disease?
 What are the types and causes of kidney disease?
 Chronic disease stages
 How can we prevent the chronic kidney disease?
 How is chronic kidney disease treated?
 The facts about chronic kidney disease.
 What causes chronic kidney disease?
 What are the symptoms of CKD?
 Kidney stones
 Types of kidney stones
 Glomerulonephritis
 How is Glomerulonephritis treated?
 Polycystic kidney disease
 Symptoms of polycystic kidney disease
 Urinary tract infections
 Symptoms of urinary tract kidney disease
 Prevention of urinary tract kidney disease
 What are the symptoms of kidney disease?
 What are the risk factors for developing kidney disease?
 How is kidney disease diagnosed?
 Glomerular filtration rate
 What is the normal GFR?
 How is the test performed?
 Ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan
 Kidney biopsy
 Why would a kidney biopsy done?
 Urine test
 Blood creatinine test
 How is kidney disease treated?
 Drugs an medication
 Dietary and lifestyle changes
 Dialysis and kidney disease
 Hemodialysis
 Peritoneal dialysis
 What is the long term outlook for someone with kidney disease?
 How can kidney disease prevented?
 Be careful with over the counter drugs
 Get tested
 Limit certain foods
 What can I do to keep my kidneys healthy?
 Make healthy food choices
 Tips for making healthy food choice
 Make physical activity part of your routine
 Aim for a healthy weight
 Get enough sleep
 Manage diabetes ,high blood pressure and heart disease
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION:

Kidney Disease

 The kidneys are two bean-

shaped organs.

 Each kidney is about the size

of a fist.

 Your kidneys filter extra water and wastes out of your blood and make

urine.

 Kidney disease means your kidneys are damaged and can’t filter blood the

way they should.

 You are at greater risk for kidney disease if you have diabetes or high blood

pressure.

 If you experience kidney failure, treatments include kidney transplant or

dialysis.

 Other kidney problems include acute kidney injury, kidney cysts, kidney

stones, and kidney infections.

What is kidney disease?

 The kidneys are a pair of fist-

sized organs located at the
bottom of the rib cage. There is
one kidney on each side of the
spine.
 Kidneys are essential to having a healthy body. They are mainly responsible
for filtering waste products, excess water, and other impurities out of the
blood.
 These toxins are stored in the bladder and then removed during urination.
The kidneys also regulate pH, salt, and potassium levels in the body.
 They produce hormones that regulate blood pressure and control the
production of red blood cells.
 The kidneys even activate a form of vitamin D that helps the body absorb
calcium.Kidney disease affects approximately 26 million American adults.
 It occurs when your kidneys become damaged and can’t perform their
function.
 Damage may be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure, and various other
chronic (long-term) conditions. Kidney disease can lead to other health
problems, including weak bones, nerve damage, and malnutrition.

What are the types and causes of kidney disease ?

What is chronic kidney disease?

 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and
can’t filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic”
because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of
time.

 This damage can cause wastes to build up in your body. CKD can also cause
other health problems.

 Your kidneys are located in the middle of your back, just below your
ribcage.

 The kidneys’ main job is to filter extra water and wastes out of your blood
to make urine.

 To keep your body working properly, the kidneys balance the salts and
minerals—such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium—that
circulate in the blood. Your kidneys also make hormones that help
control blood pressure, make red blood cells, and keep your bones strong.
Chronic kidney disease

 The most common form of kidney disease is chronic kidney disease. Chronic
kidney disease is a long-term condition that doesn’t improve over time. It’s
commonly caused by high blood pressure.
 High blood pressure is dangerous for the kidneys because it can increase the
pressure on the glomeruli.
  Glomeruli are the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys where blood is cleaned.
Over time, the increased pressure damages these vessels and kidney function
begins to decline.
 Kidney function will eventually deteriorate to the point where the kidneys can
no longer perform their job properly.
 In this case, a person would need to go on dialysis. Dialysis filters extra fluid
and waste out of the blood.
 Dialysis can help treat kidney disease but it can’t cure it. A kidney
transplant may be another treatment option depending on your
circumstances.
 Diabetes is also a major cause of chronic kidney disease. Diabetes is a group of
diseases that causes high blood sugar.
 The increased level of sugar in the blood damages the blood vessels in the
kidneys over time. This means the kidneys can’t clean the blood properly.

Chronic kidney disease stages the stages of chronic kidney disease include:

1. Chronic kidney disease stage 1:

• Which is characterized by kidney damage, normal kidney function, and

persistent elevated protein in the urine for at least three months?

2. Chronic kidney disease stage 2:

• Which is characterized by kidney

damage, mild loss of kidney function, and
persistent elevated protein in the urine for
at least three months?
3. Chronic kidney disease stage 3:

• Which is characterized by mild to

severe loss of kidney function?

4. Chronic kidney disease stage 4:

• Which is characterized by severe loss

of kidney function?

5. Chronic kidney disease stage 5:

• Which is characterized by kidney failure that requires dialysis or organ

transplant. The following table
outlines the characteristics of each
chronic kidney disease stage

How can we prevent the chronic

kidney disease?

Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of CKD.
 If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, working with your doctor to keep
your blood sugar and blood pressure under control is the best way to prevent
kidney disease.
Living a healthy lifestyle can help prevent diabetes, high blood pressure and
kidney disease, or help keep them under control.
Follow these tips to lower your risk for kidney disease and the problems that
cause it:

 Follow a low-salt, low-fat diet

 Exercise at least 30 minutes on most days of the week
 Have regular check-ups with your doctor
 Do not smoke or use tobacco
 Limit alcohol

How is ckd treated?

Damage to your kidneys is usually
permanent.

Although the damage cannot be

fixed, you can take steps to keep
your kidneys as healthy as possible
for as long as possible.

You may even be able to stop the damage from getting worse.

 Control your blood sugar if you have diabetes.

 Keep a healthy blood pressure.

 Follow a low-salt, low-fat diet.

 Exercise at least 30 minutes on most days of the week.

  Keep a healthy

weight.

 Do not smoke

or use

tobacco.

 Limit alcohol.

 Talk to your doctor about medicines that can help protect your kidneys.

The Facts about Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

 37 million American adults have CKD and millions of others are at increased

risk.

 Early detection can help prevent the progression of kidney disease to

kidney failure.

 Heart disease is the major cause of death for all people with CKD.

 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best estimate of kidney function.

 Hypertension causes CKD and CKD causes hypertension.

  Persistent proteinuria (protein

in the urine) means CKD is

present.

 High risk groups include those

with diabetes, hypertension

and family history of kidney

failure.

 African Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, American Indians and

seniors are at increased risk.

 Two simple tests can detect CKD: blood pressure, urine albumin and serum

creatinine.

What causes CKD?

 The two main causes of chronic kidney disease are diabetes and high blood
pressure, which are responsible for up to two-thirds of the cases.
 Diabetes happens when your blood sugar is too high, causing damage to
many organs in your body, including the kidneys and heart, as well as blood
vessels, nerves and eyes.
 High blood pressure, or hypertension, occurs when the pressure of your
blood against the walls of your blood vessels increases.
 If uncontrolled, or poorly controlled, high blood pressure can be a leading
cause of heart attacks, strokes and chronic kidney disease.
  Also, chronic kidney disease
can cause high blood pressure.
 Other conditions that affect the
kidneys are:
 Glomerulonephritis, a group of
diseases that cause
inflammation and damage to
the kidney's filtering units.
 These disorders are the third
most common type of kidney disease.
 Inherited diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, which causes large
cysts to form in the kidneys and damage the surrounding tissue.
 Malformations that occur as a baby develops in its mother's womb. For
example, a narrowing may occur that prevents normal outflow of urine and
causes urine to flow back up to the kidney. This causes infections and may
damage the kidneys.

What are the symptoms of CKD?

 Most people may not have any severe symptoms until their kidney disease
is advanced. However, you may notice that you:
 feel more tired and have less energy
 have trouble concentrating
 have a poor appetite
 have trouble sleeping
 have muscle cramping at night
  have swollen feet and
ankles
 have puffiness around
your eyes, especially
in the morning
 have dry, itchy skin
 Need to urinate more often, especially at night.

 Anyone can get chronic kidney disease at any age. However, some people
are more likely than others to develop kidney disease. You may have an
increased risk for kidney disease if you:
 have diabetes
 have high blood pressure
 have a family history of kidney failure
 are older

Kidney stones

 Kidney stones are another common kidney problem.

 They occur when minerals and other substances in the blood crystallize in
the kidneys, forming solid masses (stones).
 Kidney stones usually come out of the body during urination. Passing kidney
stones can be extremely painful, but they rarely cause significant problems.

Types of kidney stones

1. Calcium oxalate: 

 The most common type of kidney stone which is created

when calcium combines with oxalate in the urine.
 Inadequate calcium and fluid intake, as well other
conditions, may contribute to their formation.

2. Uric acid: 

 This is another common type of kidney stone.

 Foods such as organ meats and shellfish have high
concentrations of a natural chemical compound known
as purines.
 High purine intake leads to a higher production of
monosodium urate, which, under the right conditions,
may form stones in the kidneys.
 The formation of these types of stones tends to run in
families.

3. Struvite:

 These stones are less common and are caused by

infections in the upper urinary tract.

4. Cystine: 

 These stones are

rare and tend to
run in families
 Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli.

Glomeruli are extremely small structures inside the kidneys that filter the blood.

Glomerulonephritis can be caused by infections, drugs, or congenital abnormalities

(disorders that occur during or shortly after birth). It often gets better on its own.

How is Glomerulonephritis treated?

1. Changes to your diet so that you eat

less protein, salt and potassium.

2. Corticosteroids such as prednisone.

3. Dialysis, which helps clean
the blood, removes extra
fluid and control blood
pressure.

4. Diuretics (water pills) to

reduce swelling.

Polycystic kidney disease

 Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder that causes numerous cysts

(small sacs of fluid) to grow in the kidneys. These cysts can interfere with
kidney function and cause kidney failure. (It’s important to note that individual
kidney cysts are fairly common and almost always harmless. Polycystic kidney
disease is a separate, more serious condition.)
Symptoms

Polycystic kidney disease symptoms can

include:

 High blood pressure

 Back or side pain
 Blood in your urine
 A feeling of fullness in your abdomen
 Increased size of your abdomen due to enlarged kidneys
 Headaches
 Kidney stones
 Kidney failure
 Urinary tract or kidney infections

 Urinary tract infections

 Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are

bacterial infections of any part of the
urinary system. Infections in the
bladder and urethra are the most
common.
 They are easily treatable and rarely lead to more health problems. However, if
left untreated, these infections can spread to the kidneys and cause kidney
failure.
Symptoms

Urinary tract infections don't always cause signs and symptoms, but when they do
they may include:

 A strong, persistent urge to urinate

 A burning sensation when urinating

 Passing frequent, small amounts of

urine

 Urine that appears cloudy

 Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — a sign of blood in the
urine

 Pelvic pain, in women — especially in the center

of the pelvis and around the area of the pubic
bone

 Prevention

You can take these steps to reduce your risk of

urinary tract infections:

 Drink plenty of liquids, especially

water. Drinking water helps dilute your urine and ensures that you'll urinate
more frequently — allowing bacteria to be flushed from your urinary tract
before an infection can begin.
  Drink cranberry juice. Although studies are not conclusive that cranberry
juice prevents UTIs, it is likely not harmful.

 Wipe from front to back. Doing so after urinating and after a bowel

movement helps prevent bacteria in the anal region from spreading to the
vagina and urethra.

 Empty your bladder soon after

intercourse. Also, drink a full glass
of water to help flush bacteria.

 Avoid potentially irritating

feminine products. Using deodorant
sprays or other feminine products,
such as douches and powders, in the genital area can irritate the urethra.

 Change your birth control method. Diaphragms, or unlubricated or

spermicide-treated condoms, can all contribute to bacterial growth.

What are the symptoms of kidney disease?

Kidney disease is a condition that can easily go unnoticed until the symptoms
become severe. The following symptoms are early warning signs that you might
be developing kidney disease:

 fatigue
  difficulty concentrating

 trouble sleeping

 poor appetite

 muscle cramping

 swollen feet/ankles

 puffiness around the eyes in

the morning

 dry, scaly skin

 frequent urination, especially late at night

Severe symptoms that could mean your kidney disease is progressing into
kidney failure include:

 nausea

 vomiting

 loss of appetite

 changes in urine output

 fluid retention
  anemia (a decrease in red blood cells)

 decreased sex drive

 sudden rise in potassium levels (hyperkalemia)

 inflammation of the pericardium (fluid-filled sac that covers the heart)

What are the risk factors for developing kidney disease?

People with diabetes have a higher risk of developing kidney disease. Diabetes is
the leading cause of kidney disease, accounting for about 44 percent Trusted
Source of new cases. You may also be more likely to get kidney disease if you:

 have high blood pressure

 have other family members with chronic kidney disease

 are elderly

How is kidney disease diagnosed?

Your doctor will first determine whether you belong in any of the high-risk
groups. They will then run some tests to see if your kidneys are functioning
properly. These tests may include:
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

This test will measure how well your kidneys are working and determine the
stage of kidney disease.
 GFR—Glomerular filtration rate is the best test to measure your level of
kidney functions and determines your stage of kidney disease.
 Your doctor can calculate it from the results of your blood creatinine test,
your age, race, gender and other factors.
 The earlier kidney disease is detected, the better the chance of slowing or
stopping its progression.
 What is the normal GFR?
 GFR of 60 or higher is

in the normal range

 A GFR below 60 may
mean kidney disease.
 A GFR of 15 or lower
may mean kidney
failure.

What is normal GFR for age?

Age (years) Average eGFR

30–39 107

40–49 99

50–59 93

60–69 85
 How the Test is Performed
A blood sample is needed.
The blood sample is sent to a lab. There, the creatinine level in the blood sample
is tested. Creatinine is a chemical waste product of creatine. Creatine is a
chemical the body makes to supply energy, mainly to muscles.

The lab specialist combines your blood creatinine level with several other factors
to estimate your GFR. Different formulas are used for adults and children. The
formula includes some or all of the following:

 Age

 Blood creatinine measurement

 Ethnicity

 Sex

 Height

 Weight
Ultrasound or computed
tomography (CT) Scan

 Ultrasounds and CT
scans produce clear images of
your kidneys and urinary tract.
 The pictures allow your doctor
to see if your kidneys are too
small or large.
 They can also show any tumors or structural problems that may be present.

Kidney biopsy

• During a kidney biopsy, your doctor will

remove a small piece of tissue from your
kidney while you’re sedated.
• The tissue sample can help your doctor
determine the type of kidney disease you
have and how much damage has occurred.

Why would a kidney biopsy be done?

This is to diagnose a suspected kidney problem. It may also be used to see how
serious a kidney condition is, or to monitor treatment for kidney disease.
 Urine test

• Your doctor may request

a urine sample to test
for albumin.
• Albumin is a protein that
can be passed into your
urine when your kidneys
are damaged.

Blood creatinine test

• Creatinine is a waste product. It’s

released into the blood when
creatine (a molecule stored in
muscle) is broken down.
• The levels of creatinine in your
blood will increase if your
kidneys aren’t working properly.

What is considered a bad creatinine level?

What are considered high creatinine levels?

• A person with only one kidney may have a normal level
of about 1.8 or 1.9.
 • Creatinine levels that reach 2.0 or more in babies and
5.0 or more in adults may indicate severe kidney
impairment.

How is kidney disease treated?

• Treatment for kidney disease usually focuses on controlling the underlying

cause of the disease.
• This means your doctor will help you better manage your blood pressure,
blood sugar, and cholesterol levels.
• They may use one or more of the following methods to treat kidney
disease.

Drugs and medication

• Your doctor will either

prescribe angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors, such as lisinopril and
ramipril, or angiotensin
receptor blockers (ARBs), such
as irbesartan and olmesartan.
• These are blood pressure
medications that can slow the progression of kidney disease.
• Your doctor may prescribe these medications to preserve kidney function,
even if you don’t have high blood pressure.
 • You may also be treated with cholesterol drugs (such as simvastatin).
• These medications can reduce blood cholesterol levels and help maintain
kidney health.
• Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may also prescribe drugs to
relieve swelling and treat anemia (decrease in the number of red blood
cells).

Dietary and lifestyle changes

• Making changes to your diet is just as important as taking medication.

Adopting a healthy lifestyle can help prevent many of the underlying causes
of kidney disease. Your doctor may recommend that you:
• control diabetes
through insulin injections

• cut back on foods high in

cholesterol

• cut back on salt

• start a heart-healthy diet that

includes fresh fruits, veggies,
whole grains, and low-fat dairy products

• limit alcohol consumption

• quit smoking

• increase physical activity

 • lose weight

Dialysis and kidney disease

• Dialysis is an artificial method of

filtering the blood.
• It’s used when someone’s
kidneys have failed or are
close to failing.
• Many people with late-
stage kidney disease must
go on dialysis permanently
or until a donor kidney is
found.

There are two types of dialysis:

 hemodialysis
 Peritoneal dialysis.

Hemodialysis

• In hemodialysis, the blood is pumped through a special machine that filters

out waste products and fluid.
• Hemodialysis is done at your home or in a hospital or dialysis center.
 • Most people have three sessions per week, with each session lasting three
to five hours.
• However, hemodialysis can also be done in shorter, more frequent
sessions.
• Several weeks before starting hemodialysis, most people will have surgery
to create an arteriovenous (AV) fistula.
• An AV fistula is created by connecting an artery and a vein just below the
skin, typically in the forearm.
• The larger blood vessel allows an
increased amount of blood to flow
continuously through the body during
hemodialysis treatment.
• This means more blood can be
filtered and purified.
• An arteriovenous graft (a looped,
plastic tube) may be implanted and
used for the same purpose if an
artery and vein can’t be joined together.

 The most common side effects of hemodialysis are low blood pressure,

muscle cramping, and itching.

Peritoneal dialysis

• In peritoneal dialysis, the peritoneum (membrane that lines the abdominal

wall) stands in for the kidneys.
 • A tube is implanted and used to fill the abdomen with a fluid called
dialysate.
• Waste products in the blood flow from the peritoneum into the dialysate.
• The dialysate is then drained from the abdomen.
• There are two forms of peritoneal dialysis:
• continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, where the abdomen is filled and
drained several times during the day, and continuous cycler-assisted
peritoneal dialysis, which uses a machine to cycle the fluid in and out of the
abdomen at night while the person sleeps.
• The most common side effects of peritoneal dialysis are infections in the
abdominal cavity or in the area where the tube was implanted.
• Other side effects may include weight gain and hernias.
• A hernia is when the intestine pushes through a weak spot or tears in the
lower abdominal wall.

What is the long-term outlook for someone with kidney disease?

• Kidney disease normally does not go away once it’s diagnosed.

• The best way to maintain kidney health is to adopt a healthy lifestyle and
follow your doctor’s advice.
• Kidney disease can get worse over time. It may even lead to kidney failure.
Kidney failure can be life-threatening if left untreated.
• Kidney failure occurs when your kidneys are barely working or not working
at all.
 • This is managed by dialysis. Dialysis involves the use of a machine to filter
waste from your blood.
• In some cases, your doctor may recommend a kidney transplant.

How can kidney disease be prevented?

Some risk factors for kidney disease — such as age, race, or family history — are
impossible to control. However, there are measures you can take to help prevent
kidney disease:

 drink plenty of water

 control blood sugar if you have diabetes

 control blood pressure

 reduce salt intake

 quit smoking

Be careful with over-the-counter drugs

• You should always follow the dosage instructions for over-the-counter

medications.
• Taking too much aspirin (Bayer) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) can cause
kidney damage.
• Call your doctor if the normal doses of these medications aren’t controlling
your pain effectively.
Get tested

• Ask your doctor about getting a blood test for kidney problems. Kidney
problems generally don’t
cause symptoms until
they’re more advanced.
• A basic metabolic panel
(BMP) is a standard blood
test that can be done as
part of a routine medical
exam.
• It checks your blood for creatinine or urea. These are chemicals that leak
into the blood when the kidneys aren’t working properly.
• A BMP can detect kidney problems early, when they’re easier to treat.
• You should be tested annually if you have diabetes, heart disease, or high
blood pressure.

Limit certain foods

Different chemicals in your food can contribute

to certain types of kidney stones. These
include:

 excessive sodium

 animal protein, such as beef and chicken

  citric acid, found in citrus fruits such
as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits

 oxalate, a chemical found in beets,

spinach, sweet potatoes, and
chocolate

What can I do to keep my kidneys healthy?

• you can protect your kidneys by

preventing or managing health conditions that cause kidney damage, such as
diabetes and high blood pressure. The steps described below may help keep your
whole body healthy, including your kidneys.

Make healthy food choices

• Fresh fruits, fresh or frozen

vegetables, whole grains, and low-
fat or fat-free dairy products.

• eat healthy meals, and cut back

on salt and added sugars.

• Aim for less than 2,300

milligrams of sodium each day.

• try to have less than 10 percent of your daily calories come from added sugars.

Tips for making healthy food choices

• cook with a mix of spices instead of salt

. • choose veggie toppings such as spinach, broccoli, and peppers for your pizza.

• try baking or broiling meat, chicken, and fish instead of frying.

• serve foods without gravy or added fats.

• try to choose foods with little or no added sugar.

• gradually work your way down from whole milk to 2 percent milk until you’re
drinking and cooking with fat-free (skim) or low-fat milk and milk products.

• eat foods made from whole grains—such as whole wheat, brown rice, oats, and
wholegrain corn—every day.

• use whole-grain bread for toast and sandwiches; substitute brown rice for
white rice for home-cooked meals and when dining out.

• read food labels. Choose foods low in saturated fats, Tran’s fats, cholesterol,
salt (sodium), and added sugars.

• slow down at snack time. Eating a bag of low-fat popcorn takes longer than
eating a slice of cake. Peel and eat an orange instead of drinking orange juice.

• try keeping a written record of what you eat for a week. It can help you see
when you tend to overeat or eat foods high in fat or calories.
Make physical activity part of your
routine

• be active for 30 minutes or more

on most days.

• If you are not active now, ask your

health care provider about the types
and amounts of physical activity that
are right for you.

• add more activity to your life with these tips to help you get active.

Aim for a healthy weight

• The NIH body weight planner is

an online tool to help you tailor
your calorie and physical activity
plans to achieve and stay at a
healthy weight.

• If you are overweight or have obesity, work with your health care provider or
dietitian to create a realistic weight-loss plan.

• view more weight control and physical activity resources to help you get and
stay motivated.
Get enough sleep

• Aim for 7 to 8 hours of sleep each

night.

If you have trouble sleeping, take

steps to improve your sleep habits

NIH external link.

Limit alcohol intake NIH external link

• drinking too much alcohol can increase your

blood pressure and add extra calories, which

can lead to weight gain.

• If you drink alcohol external link, limit yourself to one drink per day if you are a

woman and two drinks per day if you are a man.

One drink is:

• 12 ounces of beer

• 5 ounces of wine

• 1.5 ounces of liquor

Explore stress-reducing activities

• Learning how to manage stress NIH external link, relax, and cope with problems
can improve emotional and physical health.

• Physical activity can help reduce stress, as can mind and body practices such as
meditation NIH external link, yoga NIH external link, or tai chi NIH external link.

Manage diabetes, high blood

pressure, and heart disease

• if you have diabetes, high blood

pressure, or heart disease, the best
way to protect your kidneys from
damage is to

• keep blood glucose numbers close to your goal.

• checking your blood glucose, or blood sugar, level is an important way to

manage your diabetes.

• Your health care team may want you to test your blood glucose one or more
times a day.

• keep your blood pressure numbers close to your goal.

• The blood pressure goal for most people with diabetes is below 140/90 mm hg.
• take all your medicines as prescribed.

• talk with your health care provider about certain blood pressure medicines,

called ace inhibitors and arbs, which may protect your kidneys.

• be careful about the daily use of over-the counter pain medications.

• Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), such as ibuprofen

NIH external link and naproxen NIH external link, can damage your kidneys.

• To help prevent heart attacks and stroke, keep your cholesterol levels in the

target range.

• There are two kinds of cholesterol in your blood: LDL and HDL.

• LDL or “bad” cholesterol can build up and clog your blood vessels, which can

cause a heart attack or stroke.

• HDL or “good” cholesterol helps remove the “bad” cholesterol from your blood

vessels.

• A cholesterol test also may measure another type of blood fat called

triglycerides.
Conclusion:

I am concluding my project by giving some awareness to all about the kidney

disease and the types of kidney diseases. Also I am sure that I gave so much of

information about kidney diseases and how serve are these diseases .Also I

believe that I also gave the preventive measures that has to be taken care to get

rid of these diseases. Even I believe that all can understand the seriousness of

these diseases. And the common measures to prevent us from kidney diseases

are as follows:

Some risk factors for kidney disease — such as age, race, or family history — are

impossible to control. However, there are measures you can take to help prevent

kidney disease:

 Drink plenty of water

 Control blood sugar if you have diabetes

 Control blood pressure

 Reduce salt intake

 Quit smoking
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 www.niddk.nih.gov
 www.healthline.com
 www.google.com
 www.kidney.org
 www.upmc.com
 medlineplus.gov
 www.mayoclinic.org
 www.medindia.net
 www.kidney.org
 www.kidneyfund.org