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 Difference between
Resonant and
Resonant Antenna Non-resonant Antennas
1. These
correspond
transmission
to
resonant
line that is an
a
1. These
Non-resonant Antenna
of half wave exact number line correspond to a transmission
that is exited at one end and
both ends. length long and is open at terminated with characteristic
characteristic
impedance at the other end.
2. Because of incident and reflected
2. Due to the absence of
waves, standing waves exist. reflected waves,
standing waves do not exist.
3. The radiation pattern of this antenna is 3. The radiation
bi-directional. pattern of this antenna is
uni-directional.
4. These antennas are used
for fixed 4. These antennas are used for variable
frequency operations. and wide frequency operations.
5. Resonant antenna
5. Non-resonant antenna

2
N
TR&NSMISSION
LINE

w*tyyn YY

Long wire resonant antenna. Long wire non-resonant antenna

6. Radiation pattern 6. Radiation patterm

wwww*NAN
Awww.ww ***

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Uni-directional radiation patterm.

Bi-directional radiation pattern.
 Distinguish between travelling wave and standing wave antennas
Travelling Wave Antennas Standing Wave Antennas
1. Travelling wave antenna is one, in 1. In starnding wave antenna, standing
which standing waves does
not exist.
2. Travelling wave antennas are
wave exists.
also 2. Standing wave antennas are also known
known as aperiodic or non-resonant as periodic or resonant antennas.
antenna.
3. Reflected wave does not appear in 3. Reflected wave appears in standing
travelling wave antennas. wave antenna.
4. Radiation pattern of travelling wave 4. Radiation pattern of standing wave
antennais uni-directional. antenna is bi-directional.
5. Uni-directional pattern for n =4 is =3 is shown
shown in figure. Here, n = Number of
| 5. Bi-directional pattern for n
in figure.
wave lengths.

20
77777
6. Directivity is more. 6. Directivity is less.
7. The length of wire increases, major 7. Length of wire does not depend upon
lobes get closer and narrower to the the lobes.
Wire axis.

Distinguish between Narrow band and Wide band antennas.

Narrow band antennas Wide band antennas

1. Since, the bandwidth of receiving 1. Since, the bandwidth of receiving
antenna is narrow, it is difficult for antenna is very high, itis very easyfor
high-speed data communication. high-speed datacommunication,
2. These are bigger in size. 2. These are small in size.

3. Because of the constitution of narrow 3. These are less expensive than narrow
band radio module, these are more band antennas.
expensive,

4. These antennas realize stable

can
long 4.Because of large bandwidth, theseare
range communication. not Suitable for long rangecommunication
5.
These antennas lead to the high efficiency of 5. Theseantennas leadtothe lesseftictency of
radio wave use within same frequency band. radiowave use within same frequency band.
 Travelling Wave Antenna
Travelling wave or non-resonant or aperiodic antennas are those antennas in which
IS no reriected
wave i.e.,
standing wave does not travel over such antennas. there
are resonant or tuned or standing waves or periodic antennas in which As against
standing this, there
waves exist due
to
improper termination. Such antenna
tuned. operates properly on limited band for which they are
Since in radio communications which
employ ionosphere for reflection, frequently
require to operate on a
widely spaced frequencies and thus there is a need for an antenna having
greater bandwidth.
This need of larger bandwidth is met by these travelling wave antennas. In order to avoid
reflected waves from the radiator so that
only incident travelling wave travel on the
antenna, the antennas are terminated at one end other than the feed end. Although this
some powers but because of its
dissipates
simplicity it has its own attraction.

OIRECTION OF TRAVELLING WAVE

WiRE
AXIS
(a} A iravelling wave radiator. (b) Radiation pattern.
Now consider a two wire transmission line terminated at its far end its
by
characteristics impedance so that there is no reflected wave and travelling waves travel along the
line. The spacing between two wires transmission line and the other line (i.e. return conductor of
the line) can be disregarded for the moment, as radiation from a current clement can be
for a single wire. Further uniform current throughout the
applied
single wire is assumed. Thus a single
long wire may be thought as number of Hertzian dipoles joined end to end (Fig.4.1.1) with
current with phase lagging according to distance i.e. it is similar to an end fire array of collinear
Hertzian dipoles, if velocity of light is assumed to be same in the wire and the free space. Thus
travelling wave antenna is essentially an end fire antenna with a sharp null in the forward
direction Fig.4.1.1 (b). The field strength at a distance r from the wire at an angle 0 can be shown
to be

E= (60 Lm 1). (sin 6 /1-cos 0 ). sin (TL/A {1-cos 6 })

Where,
L Length of the wire,
Ims rms value of travelling wave current.
 are plotted as in Fig. 2,
it would be seen that
as the
lengu
radiation pattern for various lengths
narrower to the wire
axis.
of wire increases, the major lobes get closer and

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Radiation patterns for traveling

wave antenna of
different lengths
wave radiator from
2A to 8,
variation of length of travelling
It is further seen that for a of the lobe also increases.
from 17° to 68°. Besides, the amplitude
the angle of major lobe varies conductor. Since an
can be excited
without the second line or return
The travelling wave radiators a travelling wave
radiator if its other
wave so it can be made
end fed antenna possesses standing if terminated with
value resistor. Thus a single wire radiator,
end is terminated with a suitable as travelling wave
radiator.
characteristic impedance, will work
impedance of value equal to
Long wire or Harmonic antenna
An antenna will be resonant so long as its length is integral multiple of half wave length.

e n an antenna is more than a half-wave long it is called as a long-wire or a harmonic antenna.

husthelong wire antenna is a single long wire, generally two or more wave length (i.e. 4i/2 or
more /2) long at the operating frequency.
The higher the number of w2, the better its directivity. Since the wire is made longer in
terms of the number of half wave lengths (/2), the directional effect changes. The directional
characteristics split up into various lobes at different angles from wire axis as against "doughnut
shape ofa single 2 antenna. It radiates a horizontally polarized wave at low angles from about
170 to 24" relative to the earth surface.

M2
TRANSMISSION
LINE

(a) Long wire resonant anlenna. (b} Long wire non-resonant antenna

a) Long Wire Resonant Antenna (b)Long Wre non-Resonant Antenna

In long wire antenna, the currents in adjacent half wave section must be out of phase and
hence any feeder system can be used that does that disturb this condition. This condition can be
satisfied if long wire antenna is fed at either end or at any current loop. A long wire antenna is
generally made a half wave length at the lowest frequency of operation and fed at the end. Long
wire antennas are shown in Fig. above in which n is the number of half wavelength.
The long wire may assume two forms e.g. resonant (unterminated) and non-resonant
wave exists
(terminated at characteristics impedance). In resonant long wire antenna standing
to incident waves and reflected
along its length and the pattern is bidirectional corresponding in
waves. However, in case of non-resonant long
wire antenna all the incident waves are absorbed
is reflected This is why the pattern isonly due to
terminating impedance and there no wave.

and uniform current and voltage exist along the axis of the
incident waves. i.e. unidirectional only
Wire.
The directional patterns of resonant and non-resonant types of antennas are shown in Fig. 4.2.2.
i.e. even or
The angle of radiation with reference to wire axis depends on number of wavelength
odd. For n=3 and n =4 directional pattern is shown in figure.
For example maximum radiation from a long wire antenna of 8 7 long w.r.t. wire axis is
at 17.5° with many small minor lobes.

S 20

Unidirectional due to non-resonant antenna.

Bi-directional due to resonanl anlenna.

Radiation Patterns
The physical length ofa long wire antenna can be extended from the physical length of 2
follow from equation N2 (492 x 0.95)f(MHz) feet if one half wavelength in
antenna as =

wavelength. Hence for n half wavelength long wire antenna

(length)= 492(n - 0.05)/f(MHZ) feet

Where n is the number half wave length in the wire length.

What is a V- antenna? Explain its characteristies?

1.e.
transmission and reception
Resonant and non long wire antennas are used for
resonant
directional
effective method of obtaining
from 500 kHz to 30 MHZ. They provide a simple and
antennas are used as circuit
are utilized when long wire
pattern and power gain. These properties Hence a long wire antenna
has
or rhombic antennas.
element in an array such as V antennas of
and relatively low cost, irrespective
practical value because of its structural simplicity
theoretical complications.
FORWARD
BACKWARD N**** DIRECTION
DIRECTION

APEX ANGLE TO RIGHT

FEED LINE

rt 600 2
TRANSMISSION
LINE

Resonant V Antenna
Two long wire antennas (called
wire antennas.
The V antennais an extension of long in fig above. If the
a horizontal V, fed
at the apex as shown
in the form of
legs) are arranged to twice the angle
that the cone of maximum
between the two sides of the V, is equal cones will add up
in the
angle the axis of that wire, then the two
radiation of each wire makes with lobe of
a maximum
the apex angle of V, and there produce
direction of the line bisecting
radiation. gain and
each other. This provides These
with
The two wires are fed 180° out of phase
and gain. are

directivity. The higher the length of legs, the greater is the directivity and by
radiation lobes in each leg
directed corresponding
achieved by cancelling oppositely lobes in each leg.
adding the similarly directed corresponding which are sharper than the
same length single long
The resultant is bi-directional patterns twice in comparison to the single long
V an antenna is nearly
wire. The gain achieved with the of the V antenna. For example, nearly
to that of the legs
wire antenna, which has a length equal The apex angle
achieved over a / 2 dipole if theeach leg is 16 x W2 i.e. 8 à long.
12 db gain is
structure is also important.
for a particular V antenna varies between 36° to 72°
for
to length of the leg. It
This apex angle varies according over a wide range,
the
of 8 A to 2A long. If the V antenna is to be operated
a V antenna
structure in
for the highest and lowest frequencies
angle is made the average between the optimum
apex
terms of the number of N2
in each leg. V antenna
convenientlybe fed by tuned provides multiband operation so t can
feeders.
OIRECT ON

A
N O .

LEG

O F

DIRECTION OF MAX.
RAD. FROM ANTENNA

RESULTANT OIRECTION
PATTERN BY JOINT ACTION
OF BOTH LEGS A AND 8
OF
DNRECTON
LEG
NO. 8
Radiation Pattern of V antenna
If non resonant lines are to be used, probably a better matching system is to use a N4
matching section or stub. The resonant V antenna is perhaps the one of the cheapest forms of
beam for fixed frequency operation in
or transmitting antenna for providing a low angle
receiving lobes too.
HF band. One of the serious drawback of V antenna is that it provides strong minor

Write a short note on the inverted V antenna.

Inverted V antenna
antennas are
Antennas are to be operated on a number of allotted frequencies, travelling wave
antennas are those antennas in which there are no
employed for the purpose. Travelling
wave
distribution is obtained
one direction. Travelling
wave
in
standing waves and waves travel only non-inductive resistance of value equal to its
antennas by a
simply by terminating one end of non-resonant antennas. By
also called as aperiodic or
characteristic impedance. Such antennas are
antenna used in high frequency band, is one of
doing so, the band width is increased. Inverted V
antenna for low frequency reception is wave. As
the travelling wave antenna. A travelling
wave
mast.
antenna is easily installed on a non-conducting
shown in Fig 4.4.1 the inverted V

DIRECTION OF MAX
RADIATION OR GALN

90-e

Fig 4.4.1 Inverted V antenna

 Unlike flat V, inverted V
maximum radiation is towards requires only one mast as against 3 in the former. The
terminated end as shown. The direction or
through a transmission line. The other input from transmitter is fed at
the Antenna wire D is end is connected to
number of radial earth wires. The next end
a point
terminated with a resistor o
value of resistor is which itself is connected to the radial earth wide.
generally of 4002 and is adjusted to set The
of legs of V antenna is 8 /2 substantially travelling waves in the
antenna Wire CBD. The
the lowest length at the highest
frequency. Although legs of length 2 /2 is also frequency and 4 N2 at
The angle 6 is known as
tilt employed.
is a compromise between angle
and for a given number of wave
two factors e.g.
length L/A in leg CB
(i) Angle of major lobe corresponding to L/
(ii) Angle of tilt for which the fields from BC and BD will
combine to give maximum gain.
From the Fig.
4.4.l the lobes A and B' will be cancelled out but B and A'
should be made to
Combine at distance. But since these lobes are on
a
opposites of the wire,
needed. This can be achieved either by reversal of current fed at a point B or byphase
a reversal is
spacing towards
the Rx. Ultimately a optimum value of 0 is determined by taking a average value. This angle
ranges from 36° to 71°.

The disadvantages in the inverted V antenna are that it has considerable undesired nminor lobes
due to the other portion of the radiating lobes. These minor lobes emits horizontally polarized
wave in some directions and hence this inverted V antenna may also receive some horizontally
polarized waves from these waves.

Explain the constructional features and characteristics of a rhombic antenna?

Rhombic antenna
Consider the rhombic antenna which is placed horizontally over the ground as shown in the
figure 4.5.1.

FEEDERR
- AXIS

MAST S OR-
POLE

TERMINATING
RESISTANCE
Fig 4.5.1 Rhombie Anterna
It consists of two wires arranged in the form of diamond or rhombus. The basic principle of
rhombic antenna depends upon the travelling wave radiator. Rhombic antenna isusedfor both
transmission and reception. In case of transmission, the input is applied through a feed line and
receiving end is terminated by characteristic impedance. The rhombic antenna is similar to the
two V-antennas connected in series and is suitable for point-to-pointcommunication. The each
arm of the rhombic antenna produces a pattern as shown in figure 4.5.2.