INDIA

India has an area of 3,287,263 km2 and a total population of 1,210,193,422

habitants. With a capital called New Delhi.

India is a federal union with 29 states and 7 union territories:

STATE POPULATION AREA (km2)

1. Adhara Pradesh 49,506,79 160,205
2. Arunchal Pradesh 1,383,727 83,743
3. Assam 31,205,576 78,550
4. Bihar 104,099,452 94,163
5. Chandigarh 25,545,198 135,194
6. Goa 1,458,545 3,702
7. Gujarat 60,439,692 196,024
8. Haryana 25,351,462 44,212
9. Himachal Pradesh 6,864,602 55,673
10. Jammu & Kashmir 12,541,302 222,236
11. Karnataka 61,095,297 191,791
12. Kerala 33,406,061 38,863
13. Madhya Pradesh 72,626,809 308,252
14. Maharashtra 112,374,333 307,713
15. Manipur 2,855,794 22,347
16. Meghalaya 2,966,889 22,720
17. Mizoram 1,097,206 21,081
18. Nagaland 1,978,502 16,579
19. Odisha 41,974,218 155,820
20. Punjab 27,743,338 50,362
21. Rajasthan 68,548,437 342,269
22. Sikkim 610,577 7,096
23. Tamil Nadu 72,147,030 130,058
24. Tripura 3,673,917 10,492
25. Uttar Pradesh 199,812,341 243,286
26. West Bengal 91,276,115 88,752
27. Jharkhand 32,988,134 74,677
28. Uttarakhand 10,116,752 53566
29. Telangana 35,193,978 114,840
1.BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT IN INDIA.
-Legislative branch: The powers of the legislative branch in India
are exercised by Parliament. Parliament does not have complete
control its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court of
India. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the Lower of India’s
Parliament. Its members are the direct representatives of the Indian
people, having been elected by the vote of their electors, formed by
adult citizens with the right to vote.

-Executive branch: consists of the President of India, the Council of

Ministers, the Vice-President, the Union Ministries and the
Independent Executive Agencies.

-President of India: Ram Nath Kovind

-Vice-President: Venkaiah Naidu

-Judicial branch: The Government of India has three different

independent branches namely the Executive, the Legislative and the
Judiciary.
2. STATE INSTITUTIONS:
-Government: The Government of India (GoI) is the union government created
by the Constitution of India as the legislative, executive and judicial authority of
the union of 29 states and seven union territories of a constitutionally democratic
republic. It is located in New Delhi, the capital of India.

Emblem of India

-The Parliament: The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative

body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the
President of India and the houses:

Parliament of India (New Delhi)

3.DEMOCRACY IN INDIA:
India is the largest democratic country in the world. Democracy is
defined as a government of the people, by the people and for the
people.

There are two kinds of democracy – Direct and Indirect.

In Switzerland there is direct democracy where the head of the State is

directly elected by the people.

India is indirect democracy, the Government is formed by people’s

representatives elected as members of Parliament and such elected
representatives choose the Prime Minister. Similarly, at the State level
the members of legislative assembly are elected directly by the people
and they elect the Chief Minister.

In India, the President is elected through the Electoral College system

where the elected members vote on the basis of representation. The
Governors for the States are appointed by the President himself and
the elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India.

India’s experiments of democracy have taught the world a number of

lessons: the successful workings of coalition governments, the
unpredictability of voter behavior, the importance of an autonomous
and responsive electoral commission, and above all the possibility of
political sophistication among the poorest people.

Some examples of political parties in India:

- All India Trinamool Congress (1998)

- Bahujan Samaj Party (1984)

- Bharatiya Janata Party (1980)

-Communist Party of India (1925)

-Indian National Congress (1885)

-Nationalist Congress Party (1999)

State:
A registered party has to obey any of the following conditions for
recognition as a State Party:

1. A party should win minimum 3% of the total number of seats or

a minimum of three seats in the Legislative Assembly.
2. A party should win at least one seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25
seats or any fraction thereof allotted to that State at a general
election to the Lok Sabha.
3. A political party should secure at least six percent of the total
valid votes polled during general election to a Lok Sabha or State
 Legislative Assembly and should, in addition, win at least one
Lok Sabha, and two Legislative Assembly seats in that election,
4. Under the liberalized criteria, one more clause that it will be
eligible for recognition as State Party if it secures 8% or more of
the total valid votes polled in the State.addition to one seat in any
state[

4. Is India a monarchy or a republic?

First of all, what is a monarchy and what is a republic?

-Monarchy: In a monarchy the Head of State is the king or queen. There are
constitutional monarchies, like Spain and absolute monarchies like Saudi
Arabia.

-Republic: In a republic, the Head of State is the president. There are

democratic republics, like France , and single

India is a democratic republic. There’s a Republic day that honours the date
on which the Constitution of India came into effect on the 26th January
1950.

The original text of the Preamble to the Constitution of India.

(26th January1950)
5.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF INDIA
India's international relations initially aimed to work on a traditional
policy of nonalignment or be neutral, the exigencies of domestic
economic reform and development by being self-sufficient and not
allow any foreign business or investment, and lately the belief in
universal nuclear disarmament (disarmed).

The strategy of nonalignment is to keep India safe and away from the
powerful superpower struggle such as United States and Soviet Union.

However, relations with its neighbours, Pakistan, were often tense and
full of conflicts. In addition, globally India's nonaligned stance was not
possible for the political and economic role they wished to play at the
first place. Although India obtained substantial Soviet military and
economic aid, which helped to strengthen the nation, India's influence
was weaken regionally and internationally by the perception that its
friendship with the Soviet prevented a more direct condemnation of
the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. In the 1980s, India improved
relations with the United States and China while continuing close ties
with the Soviet.

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